Course Name: Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks

EL
Faculty Name: Prof. Dilip Kumar Pratihar

PT
Department : Mechanical Engineering

N
Week 1
Course Name: Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks

EL
Faculty Name: Prof. Dilip Kumar Pratihar

PT
Department : Mechanical Engineering

N
Topic
Lecture 01: Introduction to Fuzzy Sets
Concepts Covered:

 Classical Set/Crisp Set

 Properties of Classical Set/Crisp Set

EL
 Fuzzy Set

PT
 Representation of Fuzzy Set

N
Classical Set/Crisp Set (A)

• Universal Set/Universe of Discourse (X): A set consisting of all

possible elements

EL
Ex: All technical universities in the world
• Classical or Crisp Set is a set with fixed and well-defined

PT
boundary

N
• Example: A set of technical universities having at least five
departments each
Representation of Crisp Sets
• A={a1,a2,……,an}
• A={x|P(x)}, P: property
• Using characteristic function

EL
PT
1, if x belongs to A,
μA(x)=

N
0, if x does not belong to A.
Notations Used in Set Theory

• Φ : Empty/Null set
• x ∈ A : Element x of the Universal set X belongs to set A
• x ∉ A : x does not belong to set A

EL
• A ⊆ B : set A is a subset of set B
A ⊇ B : set A is a superset of set B

PT
•
• A = B : A and B are equal

N
• A ≠ B : A and B are not equal
• A ⊂ B : A is a proper subset of B
• A ⊃ B : A is a proper superset of B
• A : Cardinality of set A is defined as the total number of
elements present in that set
• p(A) : Power set of A is the maximum number of subsets

EL
including the null that can be constructed from a set A

PT
Note: p( A ) = 2 A

N
Crisp Set Operations

EL
PT
N
N
PT
EL
N
PT
EL
Properties of Crisp Sets

EL
PT
N
Fuzzy Sets

• Sets with imprecise/vague boundaries

• Introduced by Prof. L.A. Zadeh, University of California, USA, in 1965

EL
• Potential tool for handling imprecision and uncertainties

PT
• Fuzzy set is a more general concept of the classical set

N
Representation of a Fuzzy Set

A( x ) = {( x, µ A ( x )), x ∈ X }

Note:

EL
Probability: Frequency of likelihood that an element is in a class

PT
Membership: Similarity of an element to a class

N
Types of Fuzzy sets

1. Discrete Fuzzy set

n
A( x ) = ∑ µ A ( xi ) / xi ,
i =1
n: Number of elements present in the set

EL
PT
2. Continuous Fuzzy set

N
A( x ) = ∫ µ (x ) / x
A
X
Convex vs. Non-Convex Membership Function Distribution
A fuzzy set A(x) will be convex, if
µ A {λx1 + (1 − λ )x2 } ≥ min{µ A ( x1 ), µ A ( x2 )}
Where 0.0 ≤ λ ≤ 1.0

EL
PT
N
Various Types of Membership Function Distributions

1. Triangular Membership

  x −a c−x  
µ triangle = max min ,0 

EL
,
  b−a c−b  

PT
N
2. Trapezoidal Membership

  x−a d −x 
µtrapezoidal = max  min  ,1, ,0
  b−a d −c  

EL
PT
N
3. Gaussian Membership

1
µ Gaussian =

EL
2
1  x−m 
 
2 σ 

PT
e

N
4. Bell-shaped Membership Function

1
µ Bell − shaped =

EL
x−c
2b

1+

PT
a

N
5. Sigmoid Membership

1
µ Sigmoid =

EL
− a ( x −b )
1+ e

PT
N
Reference:

Pratihar D.K.: Soft Computing: Fundamentals and

Applications, Narosa Publishing House, New-Delhi,
2014

EL
PT
N
Conclusion:

Classical Set/Crisp Set has been defined

Properties of Classical Set/Crisp Set has been explained

EL
Fuzzy Set has been defined

PT
Deals with representation of Fuzzy Set

N
 EL
Course Name: FUZZY LOGIC AND NUERAL NETWORKS

PT
Faculty Name: Prof. Dilip Kumar Pratihar
Department: Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur

N
Topic
Lecture 02: Introduction to Fuzzy Sets (contd.)
Concepts Covered:

 A few terms of Fuzzy Sets

 Standard Operations in Fuzzy Sets

EL
PT
 Properties of Fuzzy Sets

N
 Fuzziness and Inaccuracy of Fuzzy Sets
 Numerical Example
Triangular Membership: Determine μ, corresponding
to x=8.0

EL
1.0

PT
μ

N
0.0
a=2 b=6 8 c=10
x
 EL
PT
We put, x=8.0

N
Trapezoidal Membership
•Determine μ corresponding to x = 3.5

EL
PT
N
   x−a d− x 
= max min ,1, ,0
  b−a d −c  

  x − 2 10 − x  
= max min ,1, ,0
 4−2 10 − 8  

EL


PT
  x − 2 10 − x  

N
= max min ,1, ,0
  2 2  
•We put x = 3.5

  1.5 6.5  
= max min ,1,  ,0 
  2 2  

= max[0.75,0]

EL
PT
= 0.75

N
1.0

EL
PT
N
0.0
N
PT
EL
 1.0

EL
PT
μ

N
0.0
c
x
Take c=10.0, a=2.0, b=3.0

EL
PT
We put x=8.0

N
Sigmoid Membership Function:

Determine µ corresponding to x = 8.0

µ sigmoid
=1
1 + e − a( x − b)

EL
Take b = 6.0; a = 2

PT
µ sigmoid
=1
1 + e −2( x − 6.0 )

N
we put x = 8.0

µ sigmoid
=1
= =
1
0.98
1 + e −2×2.0 1+ e −4
Difference Between Crisp and Fuzzy Sets

EL
PT
N
A Few Definitions in Fuzzy Sets

EL
PT
N
 EL
PT
• Strong α-cut of a Fuzzy Set

N
 Numerical Example
The membership function distribution of a fuzzy set is assumed to follow a
Gaussian distribution with mean m = 100 and standard deviation σ =20 .
Determine 0.6 – cut of this distribution.
Solution:

EL
Gaussian distribution :
µ= 1

PT
2
1  x −m 
 
2 σ 
e

N
where m : Mean ; σ : Standard deviation
By substituting the values of µ = 0.6, m = 100, σ =20 and
taking log (ln) on both sides, we get
 0. 6 =
1
2
1  x −100 
 
e 2  20 
2
1  x −100 
  1
⇒e 2  20 
=
0. 6

EL
By taking ln

PT
 1  x −100 2 

N
ln  e 2  20   = ln ( 1.6667 )
  Figure : 0.6-cut of a fuzzy set.
 
⇒x= ( 79.7846 , 120.2153)
• Support of a Fuzzy Set A(x)

EL
PT
• Scalar Cardinality of a Fuzzy Set A(x)

N
 Numerical Example

Let us consider a fuzzy set A ( x ) as follows:

EL
A(x) = {( x , 0.1) , ( x , 0.2) , ( x , 0.3) , ( x , 0.4)}

PT
1 2 3 4

N
Scalar Cardinality A ( x ) = 0.1 + 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.4 = 1.0
• Core of a Fuzzy Set A(x)
It is nothing but its 1-cut

EL
• Height of a Fuzzy Set A(x)

PT
It is defined as the largest of membership values of the elements

N
contained in that set.
• Normal Fuzzy Set
For a normal fuzzy set, h(A) = 1.0

EL
PT
• Sub-normal Fuzzy Set

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For a sub-normal fuzzy set, h(A) < 1.0
Some Standard Operations in Fuzzy Sets

• Proper Subset of a Fuzzy Set

EL
PT
N
Numerical Example

Let us consider the two fuzzy sets, as follows:

A(x) = {( x , 0.1) , ( x , 0.2) , ( x , 0.3) , ( x , 0.4)}
1 2 3 4

B ( x ) = {( x , 0.5 ) , ( x , 0.7 ) , ( x , 0.8 ) , ( x , 0.9 )}

EL
1 2 3 4

PT
As for all x ∈ X, µ A ( x ) < µB ( x ) ,

N
A ( x ) ⊂ B ( x ) , that is , A ( x ) is the proper subset of B ( x )
Some Standard Operations in Fuzzy Sets
(contd.)

• Equal fuzzy sets

EL
PT
N
Numerical Example

Let us consider the two fuzzy sets, as follows:

A(x) = {( x , 0.1) , ( x , 0.2) , ( x , 0.3) , ( x , 0.4)}

EL
1 2 3 4

B ( x ) = {( x , 0.5 ) , ( x , 0.7 ) , ( x , 0.8 ) , ( x , 0.9 )}

PT
1 2 3 4

µ A ( x ) ≠ µB ( x ) , A ( x ) ≠ B ( x )

N
As for all x ∈ X,
• Complement of a Fuzzy Set

EL
PT
N
Numerical Example

Let us consider a fuzzy set A ( x ) as follows:

EL
A(x) = {( x , 0.1) , ( x , 0.2) , ( x , 0.3) , ( x , 0.4)}

PT
1 2 3 4

N
Complement A ( x ) = {( x , 0.9) , ( x , 0.8) , ( x , 0.7 ) , ( x , 0.6)}
1 2 3 4
• Intersection of Fuzzy Sets

EL
PT
N
 EL
PT
N
x

Note: Intersection is analogous to logical AND operation

Numerical Example
Let us consider the two fuzzy sets as follows:
A(x) = {( x , 0.1) , ( x , 0.2) , ( x , 0.3) , ( x , 0.4)}
1 2 3 4

B ( x ) = {( x , 0.5 ) , ( x , 0.7 ) , ( x , 0.8 ) , ( x , 0.9 )}

1 2 3 4

EL
Now,= {
µ( A  B ) ( x 1 ) min µ A ( x=
1)
, µB ( x 1 ) =
min }
{0.1, 0.5} 0.1

PT
N
=
Similarly, µ( A  B ) ( x 2 ) min
= {0.2, 0.7} 0.2
µ( A  B ) ( x 3 ) min
= = {0.3, 0.8} 0.3
µ( A  B ) ( x 4 ) min
= = {0.4, 0.9} 0.4
• Union of Fuzzy Sets

EL
PT
N
 EL
PT
N
Note: Union is analogous to logical OR operation
Numerical Example
Let us consider the following two fuzzy sets:
A(x) = {( x , 0.1) , ( x , 0.2) , ( x , 0.3) , ( x , 0.4)}
1 2 3 4

B ( x ) = {( x , 0.5 ) , ( x , 0.7 ) , ( x , 0.8 ) , ( x , 0.9 )}

1 2 3 4

EL
µ( A  B ) ( x 1 ) max µ A (=
Now,= {
x 1 ) , µB ( x 1 ) =
max }
{0.1, 0.5} 0.5

PT
N
Similarly, µ( A  B ) ( x 2 ) = max {0.2 , 0.7} = 0.7
µ( A  B ) ( x 3 ) max
= = {0.3, 0.8} 0.8
µ( A  B ) ( x 4 ) max
= = {0.4, 0.9} 0.9
• Algebraic product of Fuzzy Sets

EL
PT
N
Numerical Example

Let us consider the following two fuzzy sets:

A(x) = {( x , 0.1) , ( x , 0.2) , ( x , 0.3) , ( x , 0.4)}
1 2 3 4

B ( x ) = {( x , 0.5 ) , ( x , 0.7 ) , ( x , 0.8 ) , ( x , 0.9 )}

EL
1 2 3 4

PT
A ( x ) .B( x ) = {( x , 0.05) , ( x , 0.14) , ( x , 0.24) , ( x , 0.36)}

N
1 2 3 4
• Multiplication of a Fuzzy Set by a Crisp Number

EL
PT
N
Numerical Example

Let us consider a fuzzy set

{=
( x , 0.1) , ( x , 0.2 ) , ( x , 0.3 ) , ( x , 0.4 )} and a crisp number d

EL
A(x) 1 2 3 4
0. 2

PT
d. A ( x ) = {( x , 0.02) , ( x , 0.04) , ( x , 0.06) , ( x , 0.08)}

N
1 2 3 4
• Power of a Fuzzy Set

AP(x): p-th power of a fuzzy set A(x) such that

EL
PT
Concentration: p=2

N
Dilation: p=1/2
Numerical Example

Let us consider a fuzzy set

{=
( x , 0.1) , ( x , 0.2 ) , ( x , 0.3 ) , ( x , 0.4 )} and power p

EL
A(x) 1 2 3 4
2

PT
A2 ( x ) = {( x , 0.01) , ( x , 0.04) , ( x , 0.09) , ( x , 0.16)}

N
1 2 3 4
• Algebraic Sum of two Fuzzy Sets A(x) and B(x)

EL
PT
where

N
Numerical Example

Let us consider the following two fuzzy sets:

A(x) = {( x , 0.1) , ( x , 0.2) , ( x , 0.3) , ( x , 0.4)}
1 2 3 4

B ( x ) = {( x , 0.5 ) , ( x , 0.7 ) , ( x , 0.8 ) , ( x , 0.9 )}

EL
1 2 3 4

PT
∴ A ( x ) + B( x ) = { }
( x1 , 0.55 ) , ( x 2 , 0.76 ) , ( x 3 , 0.86 ) , ( x 4 , 0.94 )

N
• Bounded Sum of two Fuzzy Sets

EL
PT
where

N
Numerical Example

Let us consider the following two fuzzy sets:

A(x) = {( x , 0.1) , ( x , 0.2) , ( x , 0.3) , ( x , 0.4)}
1 2 3 4

B ( x ) = {( x , 0.5 ) , ( x , 0.7 ) , ( x , 0.8 ) , ( x , 0.9 )}

EL
1 2 3 4

PT
∴ A ( x ) ⊕ B( x ) = { }
( x1 , 0.6 ) , ( x 2 , 0.9 ) , ( x 3 , 1.0 ) , ( x 4 , 1.0 )

N
• Algebraic Difference of two Fuzzy Sets

EL
PT
where

N
Numerical Example

•Let us consider the following two fuzzy sets:

A( x) = {( x1 , 0.1), ( x2 , 0.2), ( x3 , 0.3), ( x4 , 0.4)}

EL
B ( x) = {( x1 , 0.5), ( x2 , 0.7), ( x3 , 0.8), ( x4 , 0.9)}

PT
Now, B ( x) = {( x1 , 0.5), ( x2 , 0.3), ( x3 , 0.2), ( x4 , 0.1)}

N
∴ A( x) − B ( x) =
{( x1 , 0.1), ( x2 , 0.2), ( x3 , 0.2), ( x4 , 0.1)}
• Bounded Difference of two Fuzzy Sets

EL
where

PT
N
Numerical Example

•Let us consider the following two fuzzy sets:

EL
A( x) = {( x1 , 0.1), ( x2 , 0.2), ( x3 , 0.3), ( x4 , 0.4)}

PT
B ( x) = {( x1 , 0.5), ( x2 , 0.7), ( x3 , 0.8), ( x4 , 0.9)}

N
A( x)ΘB ( x) =
{( x1 , 0.0), ( x2 , 0.0), ( x3 , 0.1), ( x4 , 0.3)}
• Cartesian product of two Fuzzy Sets

Two fuzzy sets A(x) defined in X

and B(y) defined in Y
Cartesian product of two fuzzy sets is denoted by A(x)×B(y),
such that

EL
PT
N
Numerical Example
•Let us consider the following two fuzzy sets:

A( x) = {( x1 , 0.2), ( x2 , 0.3), ( x3 , 0.5), ( x4 , 0.6)}

EL
B ( y ) = {( y1 , 0.8), ( y2 , 0.6), ( y3 , 0.3)}

PT
N
min( µ A (=
x1 ), µ B ( y1 )) min(0.2,
= 0.8) 0.2
min( µ A (=
x1 ), µ B ( y2 )) min(0.2,
= 0.6) 0.2
min( µ A (=
x1 ), µ B ( y3 )) min(0.2,
= 0.3) 0.2
min( µ A (=
x2 ), µ B ( y1 )) min(0.3,
= 0.8) 0.3

EL
min( µ A (=
x2 ), µ B ( y2 )) min(0.3,
= 0.6) 0.3

PT
min( µ A (=
x2 ), µ B ( y3 )) min(0.3,
= 0.3) 0.3

N
min( µ A (=
x3 ), µ B ( y1 )) min(0.5,
= 0.8) 0.5
min( µ A (=
x3 ), µ B ( y2 )) min(0.5,
= 0.6) 0.5

EL
min( µ A (=
x3 ), µ B ( y3 )) min(0.5,
= 0.3) 0.3

PT
min( µ A (=
x4 ), µ B ( y1 )) min(0.6,
= 0.8) 0.6

N
min( µ A (=
x4 ), µ B ( y2 )) min(0.6,
= 0.6) 0.6
min( µ A (=
x4 ), µ B ( y3 )) min(0.6,
= 0.3) 0.3

EL
 0.2 0.2 0.2 

PT
 0.3 0.3 0.3
∴ A× B =

N
 0.5 0.5 0.3
 
 0.6 0.6 0.3 
 Composition of fuzzy relations
Let A = [aij] and B = [bjk] be two fuzzy relations expressed in the matrix form.

Composition of these two fuzzy relations, that is, C is represented as follows:

C=A о B

EL
PT
In matrix form
[cik] = [aij] о [bjk]

N
Where
cik =max[min(aij, bjk)]
Numerical Example
•Let us consider the following two Fuzzy relations:

[ ]
A = a ij
0.2
=
0.3

0.5 0.7 

EL
PT
[ ]
B = b jk
0.3
=
0.6 0.7 
0.6 

N
0.1 0.8

•Elements of [c ik ] matrix can be determined as follows:

c11 = max[min( a11 , b11 ), min( a12 , b21 )]

= max[min( 0.2,0.3), min( 0.3,0.1)]

EL
= max[0.2,0.1]

PT
N
= 0.2
c12 = max[min( a11 , b12 ), min( a12 , b22 )]

= max[min( 0.2,0.6), min( 0.3,0.8)]

EL
= max[0.2,0.3]

PT
N
= 0.3
c13 = max[min( a11 , b13 ), min( a12 , b23 )]

= max[min( 0.2,0.7 ), min( 0.3,0.6)]

EL
= max[0.2,0.3]

PT
N
= 0.3
c21 = max[min( a 21 , b11 ), min( a 22 , b21 )]

= max[min( 0.5,0.3), min( 0.7,0.1)]

EL
= max[0.3,0.1]

PT
N
= 0.3
c22 = max[min( a 21 , b12 ), min( a 22 , b22 )]

= max[min( 0.5,0.6), min( 0.7,0.8)]

EL
= max[0.5,0.7 ]

PT
N
= 0.7
c23 = max[min( a 21 , b13 ), min( a 22 , b23 )]

= max[min( 0.5,0.7 ), min( 0.7,0.6)]

EL
= max[0.5,0.6]

PT
N
= 0.6
 0.2 0.3 0.3
∴C = 
0.6

EL
0.3 0.7

PT
N
 Properties of Fuzzy Set
Fuzzy sets follow the properties of crisp sets except the following two:

• Law of excluded middle

EL
PT
N
• Law of contradiction

EL
PT
N
Measure of Fuzziness of Fuzzy Set

EL
PT
N
Numerical Example

EL
PT
N
Measure of Inaccuracy of Fuzzy Set

EL
PT
N
Numerical Example

EL
PT
N
References:
 Soft Computing: Fundamentals and Applications by D.K. Pratihar,
Narosa Publishing House, New-Delhi, 2014
 Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic: Theory and Applications by G.J. Klir,

EL
B. Yuan, Prentice Hall, 1995

PT
N
Conclusion:

• A few terms related to Fuzzy Sets have been defined

• Some standard Operations in Fuzzy Sets have been

EL
explained

PT
• Properties of Fuzzy Sets have been explained

N
• Fuzziness and Inaccuracy of Fuzzy Sets are

determined
N
PT
EL