BIO DERIVED CATALYST TO PRODUCE BIODIESEL TO

PRODUCE BIODIESEL
A Project Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the

Award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
(DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)

Submitted
By
K. CHANDRA MOULI (19341A0384) G. SAI YESWANTH (19341A0364)

K. PAVAN KUMAR (19341A0372) M. VENKATESH KIRAN (19341A03A9)

V.V.LOKENDRA MUKESH(20345A0318) I.PAVAN (19341A0366)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr. V.RAMBABU
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering

GMRIT

GMR Institute of Technology

An Autonomous institute, affiliated to J.N.T. University Kakinada
(NAAC “A” Graded, NBA Accredited, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)
G.M.R. Nagar, Rajam-532127,
Andhra Pradesh, India
 Department of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project entitled report titled “bio derived catalyst to produce biodiesel to
produce biodiesel” submitted by K. Chandramouli, K. Pavan kumar, V. V. lokendra mukesh, G. Sai
yeswanth, M. Venkatesh kiran ,I. pavan, has been carried out in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical engineering of GMRIT, Rajam affiliated to
JNTU KAKINADA, embodies original work done by them under my supervision.

Signature of the Supervision Signature of the H.O.D

Prof . Dr. V. Rambabu Prof. Dr.V.Rambabu
Professor&HOD Professor&HOD
Dept.of.Mechanical Engineering Dept.of.Mechanical Engineering
GMRIT, GMRIT,
RAJAM. RAJAM.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us an immense pleasure to express deep sense of gratitude to my guide Dr. V

Rambabu Department of Mechanical Engineering of whole hearted and invaluable guidance
throughout the project work. Without his sustained and sincere effort, this project work
would not have taken this shape. He encouraged and helped us to overcome various
difficulties that we have faced at various stages of our project work.

We would like to sincerely thank our Head of the department Dr. V Rambabu for providing all
the necessary facilities that led to the successful completion of our project work.

We would like to take this opportunity to thank our beloved

Principal Dr.C.L.V.R.S.V.Prasad, for providing all the necessary facilities and a great support to
us in completing the project work.

We would like to thank all the faculty members and the non-teaching staff of the
Department of Mechanical Engineering for their direct or indirect support for helping us in
completion of this project work.

Finally, we would like to thank all of our friends and family members for their continuous
help and encouragement.

K. CHANDRA MOULI (19341A0384)

K. PAVAN KUMAR (19341A0372)
V.V.LOKENDRA MUKESH (20345A0318)
G. SAI YESWANTH (19341A0364)
M.VENKATESH KIRAN (19341A03A9)
I.PAVAN (19341A0366)
 ABSTRACT

Continuous increase in world’s population, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and economic

growth force for continuously increase in fossil fuel consumption to meet growing energy demand.
Continuous emissions from burning of fossil fuel will create the need to find the appropriate and sustainable
replacement for fossil fuels. Biodiesel is unarguably one of the most considered substitutes for fossil-based
liquid fuels. Biodiesel is appropriate alternate solution for diesel engine due to its renewable, non-toxic and
eco-friendly nature Biodiesel is generally produced from vegetable oils, yellow grease, used cooking oils, or
animal fats. The used cooking oil are generally the least expensive feedstocks for the production of
biodiesel.

Waste cooking oil is disposed into the landfills or discharged into the sewer systems this could cause
severe environmental challenges. To reduce the environmental pollution the used cooking oil is used to
produce biodiesel using sodium-hydroxide as a catalyst by transesterification process. A catalyst is prepared
from the onion peel waste for the purification of the prepared biodiesel using the sodium hydroxide. The
biodiesel is purified using bio derived catalyst (onion peel ash) which is environmentally friendly and
biodegradable.

Key words: Biodiesel, Transesterification, cooking oil.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF SYMBOLS & ABBREVIATIONS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BIofuel
1.1.1 Ethanol
1.1.2 Biodiesel
1.1.3 Biogas

1.2 Transesterification

1.3 Acid esterification

1.4 Enzyme esterification
1.5 Pyrolysis
1.6 Super critical methanol
1.7 Hydrogenation
2 2.1 BIODIESEL

2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODIESEL 2.2.1 properties of g-C3N4

2.3 PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL
2.4 ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL

3 LITERATURE SURVEY

4 Material and Equipment’s

4.1 Material
4.1.1 Waste cooking oil STANNOUS CHLORIDE
4.1.2 methanol
4.1.3 chemical properties of methanol
 4.1.4 Sulfuric acid
4.1.5 Ssodium hydroxide
4.1.6 Distilled water
4.1.7 Onion peel ash
4.2 EQUIPMENTS
4.2.1 Magnetic stirrer
4.2.2 Conical flask
4.2.3 Magnetic Stirrer
4.2.4 Thermometer
4.2.5 Decanter
4.2.6 Air bubbler
4.2.7 Pipette
4.2.8 Funnel
4.2.9 Filter paper

5 .METHODOLOGY
5.1 Experimental procedure

6 Results

7 Conclusions

8 References

CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
The major issue with the fossil fuels is increasing in price of petroleum, and the environment
concerns, the search for alternative renewable fuels is gaining considerable attention. Biodiesel has the same
properties as conventional diesel in terms of viscosity, flash point, cetane number, and many more, which
make this green fuel one of the most promising among new energy resources. However, biodiesel still has
not been commercialized globally. The high cost of feedstocks is a major restricting factor in the
development of biodiesel because the most common commercial process for biodiesel production is
homogeneous alkali-catalyzed transesterification using refined vegetable oils as raw materials. Synthesis of
biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) can effectively use biomass waste and will lower the production
cost of biodiesel. However, a considerable amount of free fatty acids (FFAs) is present in WCO, which will
be saponified by the alkali catalyst, so resulting in difficulty in product separation and causing a low
biodiesel yield. Concentrated sulfuric acid shows a better performance with WCO because the acid can
simultaneously catalyze esterification and transesterification. However, sulfuric acid has several drawbacks,
such as equipment corrosion and the discharge of waste water. Biodiesel produced from vegetable oils,
animal fat or trap grease is gaining importance as a renewable and substitute to petrodiesel. It is prepared by
the transesterification of triglycerides, which represent the main constituent of vegetable oils and animal
fats, or the esterification of free fatty acid with methanol or ethanol to lesser extent. Biodiesel can offset a
significant portion of fossil fuel in places less fortunate to have it. Yet, as China and India edible vegetable
oil consumption exceed 30 million tones, it is becoming less favorable to tap more on the soybean, palm or
sun flower oil as a biodiesel feedstock. Waste oils, however, is produced at enormous quantities as a
byproduct of vegetable oil refineries, restaurants, trapped grease from treatment plants and animal slaughter
house, thereby it is economically competitive as biodiesel feedstock.

Waste cooking oil is primarily composed of triglycerides or lipids that comprised of three fatty acid
molecules attached to a glycerol backbone, and to a lesser extent diglycerides and monoglyceride.
Transesterification is the reaction wherein oil or fats react with alcohol, in the presence of a catalyst, to form
alkyl ester and glycerol as a byproduct. As the level of fee fatty acid is low (below 0.3%), the base catalyst,
NaOH or KOH, accelerate the reaction to produce a high yield and purity Fatty Acid Methyl Easter (FAME)
with a traceable level of soap, intermediate water, unreacted triglycerides and intermediates mono- and tri-
glycerides. At higher FFA contents, which is commonly present in waste oil, base catalyst is consumed in
soap formation and in an emulsified FAME/glycerol that hinders their separation. In these conditions acid
catalyst, H2SO4, has shown better yield and higher purity as it steers both esterification and
transesterification reactions leading to more FAME

The methanolysis reaction proceeds following equation:

1.1 Biofuel:

Biofuel is a type of fuel that is produced from organic materials or biomass. It is a renewable and
sustainable source of energy, which can be used as an alternative to traditional fossil fuels. Biofuels can be
produced from a variety of feedstocks, including agricultural crops, forestry residues, waste materials, and
algae.
 Soyabean

Rapseed

Biodiesel
Palm

Sunflower

Wheat

Biofuel Bioethanol Maize

Potatoes

Sugar beet

Sewage

Biogas Landfills

Agriculture waste

Figure-1 classification of Biofuels.

There are three main types of biofuels:

1.1.1 Ethanol:
Ethanol is an alcohol-based fuel that is made from a variety of crops, such as corn, sugarcane, and
wheat. It is primarily used as a transportation fuel and is commonly blended with gasoline.
1.1.2Biodiesel:
Biodiesel is a renewable diesel fuel that is made from vegetable oils or animal fats. It can be used
in any diesel engine without modification and is often blended with petroleum diesel.

1.1.3 Biogas:

Biogas is a gaseous fuel that is produced by the breakdown of organic materials, such as
agricultural waste, sewage, and landfill waste. It is primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide
and can be used for heating, cooking, and electricity generation.
Different types of methods for the preparation of biodiesel:

1.2 Transesterification:

Transesterification is a chemical reaction that involves the exchange of ester groups between an
alcohol and an ester. The process can be catalyzed by an acid or a base, and it results in the formation
of a new ester and an alcohol. This reaction is commonly used in the production of biodiesel, which is
a renewable alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuel.

Transesterification is a multi-step process that involves the following steps:

Preparation of the reactants: The alcohol and the ester are typically mixed together in a reactor vessel.
The ester is often a triglyceride, which is a molecule that contains three fatty acid chains attached to a
glycerol molecule.

Addition of a catalyst: The catalyst is added to the mixture of alcohol and ester. The catalyst can be
either an acid or a base. If an acid is used, the reaction is called acid-catalyzed transesterification. If a
base is used, the reaction is called base-catalyzed transesterification. Commonly used bases include
sodium or potassium hydroxide.

Reaction: The mixture is heated and stirred, allowing the catalyst to facilitate the exchange of ester
groups between the alcohol and the ester. This results in the formation of a new ester and an alcohol.

Separation of the products: Once the reaction is complete, the mixture is allowed to cool and the
products are separated. The new ester is typically lighter and less dense than the starting ester, so it can
be easily separated from the reaction mixture. The alcohol, catalyst, and any unreacted starting
materials are typically removed by distillation.

The primary application of transesterification is in the production of biodiesel. Biodiesel is a

renewable fuel that can be produced from a variety of vegetable oils, animal fats, and other sources of
triglycerides. The transesterification reaction is used to break down the triglycerides in these raw
materials into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), which can then be used as a substitute for petroleum-
based diesel fuel.

In addition to biodiesel production, transesterification is also used in other industrial applications. For
example, it is used in the production of ester-based lubricants and in the synthesis of some
pharmaceuticals.

Transesterification has several advantages over other methods of biodiesel production. One of the
primary advantages is that it is a relatively simple and straightforward process that can be carried out
using relatively inexpensive equipment. Additionally, transesterification produces relatively high
yields of biodiesel and can be carried out using a wide range of feedstocks.
1.3 Acid esterification:

Acid esterification is a chemical reaction that involves the conversion of a carboxylic acid and an
alcohol into an ester and water. This reaction is widely used in the production of biodiesel, which is a
renewable and sustainable fuel made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or used cooking oils.

The acid esterification reaction is catalyzed by a strong acid such as sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid.
The acid catalyst protonates the carbonyl group of the carboxylic acid, which makes it more reactive
towards the alcohol. The alcohol then attacks the carbonyl group, resulting in the formation of an ester
and a molecule of water. This reaction is reversible and can reach equilibrium, which means that the
amount of ester produced will depend on the relative concentrations of the starting materials, as well
as the reaction conditions.

In the production of biodiesel, acid esterification is often used to convert free fatty acids (FFA) into
fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), which are the main component of biodiesel. Free fatty acids are
typically present in the feedstock, especially in low-quality oils and fats, and can cause problems
during the transesterification reaction, which is the main process used to produce biodiesel. Free fatty
acids can react with the base catalyst used in the transesterification reaction, forming soaps and other
unwanted byproducts. Therefore, it is important to remove or convert the free fatty acids before the
transesterification process.

Acid esterification is an effective way to convert free fatty acids into FAME. In this reaction, the free
fatty acid reacts with the alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst, forming the corresponding ester
and water. The ester product can be separated from the water and the acid catalyst, and can be further
processed to produce biodiesel by using a base catalyst in a transesterification reaction.

The acid esterification reaction is typically carried out under mild conditions of heat and agitation, and
the reaction progress can be monitored by measuring the amount of water produced during the
reaction. The reaction rate can be increased by using a higher concentration of the acid catalyst, a
higher temperature, or a longer reaction time. However, higher reaction conditions may also lead to
side reactions and the formation of unwanted byproducts, such as acetal and ketal derivatives, which
can affect the quality of the final product.

In addition to the production of biodiesel, acid esterification is also used in various other applications,
such as the production of fragrances, flavors, and surfactants. For example, the esterification of fatty
acids with alcohols is used to produce fatty acid esters, which are widely used as emulsifiers,
lubricants, and solvents in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Acid esterification can
also be used to modify the physical and chemical properties of oils and fats, such as their melting
 point, viscosity, and oxidative stability, by producing structured lipids, interesterified oils, and other
functional derivatives.

In summary, acid esterification is a versatile and widely used chemical reaction that has many
applications in the production of biodiesel, fragrances, flavors, and other industrial products. Acid
esterification is an important step in the conversion of free fatty acids into biodiesel, and it can help to
improve the overall yield and quality of the biodiesel product. However, acid esterification should be
carefully controlled and optimized to minimize the formation of unwanted byproducts and to ensure
the sustainability and economic viability of the process.

1.4 Enzyme esterification:

Enzymatic esterification is a process that involves the use of enzymes to catalyze the formation of
ester bonds between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. The process has many applications in industry,
including in the production of flavors and fragrances, as well as in the synthesis of biodiesel.

Enzymatic esterification is typically carried out in the presence of an enzyme catalyst, which can be
either a lipase or an esterase. These enzymes catalyze the formation of ester bonds by binding to the
carboxylic acid and the alcohol and facilitating the transfer of an acyl group from the acid to the
alcohol.

The process typically involves several steps:

Preparation of the reactants: The carboxylic acid and the alcohol are typically mixed together in a
reactor vessel. The reaction can be carried out in a solvent or in the absence of a solvent.

Addition of the enzyme catalyst: The enzyme catalyst is added to the mixture of acid and alcohol. The
enzyme can be either immobilized or free in solution. Immobilized enzymes are typically preferred in
industrial applications, as they are more stable and can be reused multiple times.

Reaction: The mixture is heated and stirred, allowing the enzyme to facilitate the formation of ester
bonds between the acid and the alcohol. This results in the formation of a new ester and a molecule of
water.

Separation of the products: Once the reaction is complete, the mixture is allowed to cool and the
products are separated. The new ester is typically lighter and less dense than the starting materials, so
it can be easily separated from the reaction mixture. Any unreacted starting materials, as well as the
enzyme catalyst, can be removed by filtration or other separation techniques.
 Enzymatic esterification has several advantages over other methods of esterification. One of the
primary advantages is that it can be carried out under mild reaction conditions, which can reduce the
formation of byproducts and increase product yields. Additionally, enzymatic esterification can be
carried out using a wide range of substrates, including fatty acids and alcohols derived from renewable
resources.

Enzymatic esterification is also environmentally friendly, as it does not require the use of harsh
chemicals or solvents that can produce toxic waste products. Additionally, enzymes are biodegradable
and can be easily removed from the reaction mixture.

1.5 Pyrolysis:

Pyrolysis is a thermal decomposition process that involves the breaking down of organic materials in
the absence of oxygen. The process typically involves heating the material to high temperatures,
causing it to decompose into volatile gases, liquids, and solids. Pyrolysis is used in a variety of
industrial applications, including the production of biofuels, the treatment of waste materials, and the
production of chemicals and materials.

Pyrolysis can be carried out on a wide range of organic materials, including biomass, plastics, rubber,
and waste materials. The process involves heating the material in the absence of oxygen, typically at
temperatures between 400°C and 800°C. At these temperatures, the organic material begins to
decompose, releasing a mixture of gases, liquids, and solids.

The exact composition of the pyrolysis products depends on several factors, including the temperature
and duration of the process, the composition of the starting material, and the presence of any catalysts
or additives. Generally, the pyrolysis products can be divided into three categories:

Gases: Pyrolysis produces a mixture of gases, including carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, and
other hydrocarbons. These gases can be used as fuel or as a feedstock for the production of chemicals.

Liquids: Pyrolysis also produces a range of liquid products, including oils, tars, and other organic
compounds. These liquids can be further processed to produce biofuels, chemicals, and other
materials.

Solids: The solid residue left behind after pyrolysis, called char or biochar, can be used as a soil
amendment or as a carbon-rich material for industrial applications.

Pyrolysis has several advantages over other methods of waste treatment and chemical production. One
of the primary advantages is that it can be carried out using a wide range of feedstocks, including
waste materials that would otherwise be difficult or expensive to dispose of. Additionally, pyrolysis
can be used to produce a range of valuable products, including biofuels, chemicals, and materials,
which can help to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

Pyrolysis is also an environmentally friendly process, as it does not produce harmful byproducts or
emissions. Additionally, the solid residue left behind after pyrolysis, called biochar, can be used as a
soil amendment to improve soil quality and sequester carbon. with ongoing research and development,
pyrolysis is likely to play an increasingly important role in the future of waste treatment, bioenergy
production, and chemical synthesis.

1.6 Super critical methanol:

Supercritical methanol is a chemical reaction process that involves the use of methanol at high
temperatures and pressures in a supercritical state. This process has gained attention in recent years
due to its potential to produce biodiesel from a variety of feedstocks, including waste cooking oil,
animal fats, and vegetable oils.

Supercritical methanol is a type of transesterification reaction, which is the process of converting one
type of ester to another by exchanging its alcohol group with another alcohol group. In the case of
biodiesel production, the transesterification reaction involves reacting the feedstock oil with methanol
to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), which are the primary components of biodiesel.

The reaction is carried out in a high-pressure vessel called a reactor, which is typically operated at
temperatures between 250°C and 350°C and pressures above 80 bar. At these conditions, methanol
exists in a supercritical state, meaning that it has properties of both a liquid and a gas. In this state,
methanol has increased solubility and diffusivity, making it highly effective for catalyzing the
transesterification reaction.

The supercritical methanol process offers several advantages over traditional transesterification
methods. One of the primary benefits is that it can be carried out using a wide range of feedstocks,
including low-quality or high-acid feedstocks that are not suitable for conventional biodiesel
production. This can make the process more economically viable and reduce the environmental impact
of waste oils and fats.

Another advantage of supercritical methanol is that it can be carried out in a single step, which reduces
the processing time and equipment needed compared to traditional transesterification processes. This
can result in lower capital and operating costs for biodiesel production.

The supercritical methanol process also has several challenges and limitations. One of the primary
challenges is that it requires specialized equipment capable of operating at high temperatures and
pressures. This can make it more expensive to implement compared to traditional transesterification
processes, which can be carried out at ambient conditions.

Additionally, the process can be sensitive to the composition of the feedstock and the presence of
impurities, which can affect the efficiency of the transesterification reaction. The reaction can also
produce impurities and byproducts that can affect the quality of the biodiesel and require additional
purification steps. supercritical methanol shows promise as a sustainable and environmentally friendly
method for biodiesel production. Its ability to utilize a wide range of feedstocks and reduce processing
time and equipment make it an attractive alternative to traditional transesterification methods.

1.7 Hydrogenation:

Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction process that involves the addition of hydrogen to a molecule or
compound, resulting in the formation of a new product. This process has a wide range of applications
in various industries, including food processing, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemicals.

One of the most common examples of hydrogenation is the hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids,
such as vegetable oils, to produce saturated fatty acids. This process involves adding hydrogen gas
under high pressure and temperature to the unsaturated fatty acid molecule, resulting in the removal of
the double bond and the addition of hydrogen atoms to the molecule. The resulting saturated fatty acid
has a higher melting point and is more stable, making it suitable for use in food products and other
applications.

Hydrogenation can also be used in the production of chemicals and pharmaceuticals. For example, the
hydrogenation of nitro compounds can produce amines, which are important intermediates in the
production of drugs and other chemicals. The hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones can produce
alcohols, which are used in the production of solvents and other chemicals.

The hydrogenation process can be carried out using various catalysts, such as nickel, palladium, and
platinum, which are capa ble of promoting the addition of hydrogen to the molecule. The reaction
conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and reaction time, can also affect the efficiency and
selectivity of the hydrogenation reaction.

One of the benefits of hydrogenation is that it can be used to convert renewable resources, such as
vegetable oils and biomass, into value-added products, such as biodiesel and biofuels. Hydrogenation
can also be used to upgrade low-quality or contaminated feedstocks, such as heavy oils and tar sands,
into high-quality products, such as gasoline and diesel.
However, the hydrogenation process also has some drawbacks and limitations. One of the primary
concerns is the use of hydrogen gas, which is often produced from fossil fuels and can contribute to
greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, hydrogenation can result in the formation of unwanted
byproducts, such as trans fats and other isomers, which can be harmful to human health and the
environment.

To address these concerns, researchers are exploring alternative methods for hydrogenation, such as
the use of renewable hydrogen sources, such as electrolysis and biomass, and the use of alternative
catalysts, such as enzymes and metal-organic frameworks. These methods have the potential to reduce
the environmental impact of hydrogenation and make it more sustainable and efficient.

In conclusion, hydrogenation is a versatile and important chemical reaction process that has a wide
range of applications in various industries. Its ability to convert renewable resources and low-quality
feedstocks into high-value products makes it an attractive alternative to traditional chemical processes.
However, its use of hydrogen gas and potential for unwanted byproducts highlight the need for
ongoing research and development to make hydrogenation more sustainable and efficient.

CHAPTER-2
2.1 BIODIESEL:
Biodiesel is a type of alternative fuel made from renewable sources such as vegetable oil, animal
fats, and even recycled cooking oil. It is a clean-burning, biodegradable, non-toxic, and sustainable
fuel that has gained attention as an alternative to traditional fossil fuels.Biodiesel is made through a
chemical process called transesterification, where vegetable oils or animal fats are mixed with an
alcohol, such as methanol or ethanol, and a catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium
hydroxide. This process breaks down the triglycerides in the oil or fat and replaces them with methyl
or ethyl esters, resulting in a usable fuel.

One of the major benefits of biodiesel is that it produces significantly fewer emissions compared to
traditional fossil fuels. Biodiesel combustion releases lower levels of carbon monoxide, particulate
matter, and other harmful pollutants that contribute to air pollution and climate change. This makes
biodiesel a cleaner and more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fuels.Another benefit
of biodiesel is that it is a renewable fuel source, unlike fossil fuels which are finite resources. Biodiesel
can be made from a variety of sustainable sources such as soybeans, rapeseed, canola, sunflowers, and
even algae. This means that biodiesel can help reduce dependence on fossil fuels, increase energy
security, and support local agriculture.

Biodiesel can also help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as the production process and transportation
of biodiesel emits significantly fewer greenhouse gases than traditional fossil fuels. Additionally,
biodiesel can be used in existing diesel engines without the need for major engine modifications,
making it a feasible option for many industries and transportation applications.However, there are
some challenges associated with biodiesel production and use. One of the biggest challenges is the
cost of production, which can be higher than traditional fossil fuels due to the complex production
process and the need for specific equipment and infrastructure. Additionally, the availability of
feedstocks, such as vegetable oils and animal fats, can be limited in some regions, which can further
increase costs.

Another challenge is the potential impact of biodiesel production on land use and food production. As
biodiesel feedstocks are often crops such as soybeans and rapeseed, there is concern that large-scale
biodiesel production could lead to land-use changes and food shortages in some areas. However, some
biodiesel feedstocks, such as algae, do not compete with food crops and can be grown in non-arable
areas.

In conclusion, biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel source that has several benefits, including
reduced emissions, increased energy security, and support for local agriculture. However, there are
also challenges associated with biodiesel production and use, including higher production costs and
the potential impact on land use and food production. As research and development in biodiesel
technology continues, it is likely that the benefits of this renewable fuel source will continue to grow
while the challenges are addressed.
 Figure2.1: biodiesel

2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODIESEL:

 Chemical composition: Biodiesel is typically composed of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) or
fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), which are produced by reacting vegetable oils or animal fats with
an alcohol, typically methanol or ethanol, in a process called transesterification.
 Physical properties: Biodiesel is a clear, yellowish liquid with a density of around 0.88 g/cm3. It
has a higher boiling point and flash point than petroleum diesel, and a lower sulfur content.
 Energy content: Biodiesel has a similar energy content to petroleum diesel, with a calorific value of
around 38.6 megajoules per liter (MJ/L).
 Lubricity: Biodiesel has a higher lubricity than petroleum diesel, which can reduce engine wear and
extend the life of engine components.
 Cold weather performance: Biodiesel has a higher cloud point than petroleum diesel, which means
it can solidify at low temperatures. To improve cold weather performance, biodiesel is often
blended with petroleum diesel or additives are used.
 Environmental impact: Biodiesel has lower emissions of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and
other pollutants than petroleum diesel, and it is biodegradable and non-toxic.
2.3 PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL:

 Biodegradability: Biodiesel is a biodegradable fuel, which means it can break down naturally and
does not persist in the environment for long periods of time.
 Lower emissions: Biodiesel produces significantly lower emissions compared to traditional fossil
fuels. It produces fewer particulate matter, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides, which can reduce air
pollution and improve air quality.
 Renewable: Biodiesel is a renewable fuel source and can be produced from a variety of sustainable
sources, such as soybeans, canola, and algae.
 Compatibility with existing diesel engines: Biodiesel can be used in existing diesel engines with
little or no modifications required, making it a viable alternative to traditional diesel fuel.
 High lubricity: Biodiesel has high lubricity, which means it can provide better protection to engines
and reduce wear and tear.
 Good storage stability: Biodiesel has good storage stability, which means it can be stored for long
periods of time without degrading or losing its quality.
 Non-toxic: Biodiesel is non-toxic and poses fewer health risks compared to traditional fossil fuels,
which can contain harmful chemicals and pollutants.
 Lower carbon footprint: Biodiesel production emits less carbon dioxide compared to traditional
fossil fuels. The carbon dioxide emitted during biodiesel combustion is offset by the carbon dioxide
absorbed during the growth of the feedstock used to make biodiesel, resulting in a lower net carbon
footprint.
 Cetane number: Biodiesel has a higher cetane number than petrodiesel, which indicates its ability to
ignite and combust more easily. This can lead to smoother engine operation and reduced emissions.
 Flash point: Biodiesel has a higher flash point than petrodiesel, which means it is less likely to
ignite spontaneously. This property can improve safety during transportation and storage.

2.4 ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL:

 Renewable energy source: Biodiesel is a renewable energy source that can be produced from a
variety of sustainable feedstocks such as vegetable oils, animal fats, and algae.
 Reduces greenhouse gas emissions: Biodiesel reduces greenhouse gas emissions compared to
petroleum diesel because it emits fewer pollutants and CO2 during combustion, and the carbon
released during combustion is balanced by the carbon absorbed during the growth of the feedstock.
 Biodegradable: Biodiesel is biodegradable and can break down naturally without harming the
environment.
 Low toxicity: Biodiesel is less toxic than petroleum diesel and is not harmful to human health or the
environment.
 Engine compatibility: Biodiesel can be used in existing diesel engines with little or no modification,
making it a drop-in replacement for traditional diesel fuel.
 Reduces dependence on foreign oil: Biodiesel can be produced locally, reducing dependence on
foreign oil imports and promoting energy security.
 Economic benefits: Biodiesel production creates jobs and supports local agriculture, which can
have a positive economic impact on communities.
 Improved engine performance: Biodiesel has a higher lubricity than petroleum diesel, which can
reduce engine wear and improve performance.
 Good storage stability: Biodiesel has good storage stability and can be stored for long periods
without degrading or losing its quality.
 Supports sustainable farming practices: Biodiesel feedstocks such as soybeans, canola, and
sunflowers can be grown using sustainable farming practices, promoting environmental
stewardship and conservation.

2.4 DISADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL:

 Land use impact: Biodiesel production requires significant amounts of land to grow feedstocks such
as soybeans, palm oil, and canola. This can lead to deforestation, habitat destruction, and
competition for land use between food and fuel production.
 Impact on food prices: The use of food crops as feedstocks for biodiesel can increase food prices,
especially in developing countries where food security is already a concern.
 Energy-intensive production: Biodiesel production requires energy-intensive processes such as
harvesting, transportation, and refining, which can have a negative impact on the environment and
contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.
 Cold weather performance: Biodiesel has a higher cloud point than petroleum diesel, which means
it can solidify at low temperatures, making it more difficult to use in cold climates.
 Limited availability: Biodiesel production is still relatively small compared to petroleum diesel
production, and there are limited distribution and availability infrastructure for biodiesel, making it
less accessible to consumers in some areas.

CHAPTER-3
3.1 LITERATURE SURVEY:

Niraj S.Topare, V.C.Ranje, Satish.V, S.L. Bhagat [1] In the current investigation, it has
confirmed that Algae oil may be used as resource to obtain biodiesel.The experimental reslts shows
that transesterification process is promising area of research for the production of biodiesel in large
scale.It reduces the green house effect on our environment by reducing corbondioxide gas emission.

Abdal Rahman B.Fadhil. Mohammed M. M.Ahmed,Marwa H.Yayha[2] In the present

study ,spent fish fryin oil chemically converted to biodiesel fuels via two step transesterification ,
namely acid-base catylized transesterification usin hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide with
methanol.after acid treatment of the oil,the condition of the base catylist step were optimize.however
the result indicate that 0.50 % of KOH by weight was the best choice.

Amirthvalli Velmrgan,Anita R.Warrier[3] In this paper Mgo and Sno2 nano composites were
synthesised by thermal decompostion followed by methanol with calcination at 600 derees for a
dration of 2 hrs.Element analysis of Mo-Sno2 nano composites shows the presence of M and Sn free
from other impurities which is also confirmed with the help of XPS survey.

Min Li, Yan Zhen, Chen Xifeng Zhu[4] In this paper the solid catylist derived from rice husk char
catylist can efficiently and simultaneously of free fatty acids and transesterification of TG.In the
presence of catylist ,the FFA conversion was more than 98% after 3hrs and FAME yield was nearly
90% after 15hrs.

Sukumar Puhana, N Vedaramana, Boppana V.B.Rama[5] In this paper Mahua oil was
transesterified using methanol in presence of alkali and the biodiesel obtained was studied for fuel
properties and exhaust emission characterstics.And the emission of green house gases like carbon
monoxide is also less.

Sumit Kumar Josh, Pradip kumar Hadya,Manan Shah,Anirbid Sircir[6] In the current
investigation biodiesel was obtained from waste cooking oil by transesterification. The optimum
parameter value for catalyst concentration was 1.0wt% of KOH;reaction temperature was 60
degrees ;methanol-oil ratio was 9:1; reaction time was 50 mi9n for the yield of maximum biodiesel
which was 93% of used cooking oil.The total cost producing 1L of biodiesel from waste cookin oil is
28.55 INR.

Thi Tuong Vi, Kong Parakul, Snanta Kaiprommrat[7] In this paper catylitic activity was tested
for biodiesel production from wasre cooking oil via two step reaction to overcome reaction
equilibrium.The highest biodiesel yield (89.6%) was found at the reaction temperature of 110 degrees
of 4hs time and catylist loading of 10%wt under elevated pressure 2.3bar and 1.4 bar for first and
second step respectively.

R.Abu Rabu, I.Janarje,D.Honnery[8] In this presentation the preparation biodiesel from waste
cooking oil was done by using methanol and the best results for WCO were achieved with high
alcohol ratio of 12:1. 1% and 0.5% catylist for 2 hrs continuous mixing reaction time.At 60 degrees
the activation energy was found to be 25496J/mol.

Jabbar Gardya, Ali Hassanpour, H.Muktar[9] In this paper the production of biodiesel from Tio2/
PrSo3H was done and the efficient recyclable mesoporous solid acid nano catalyst was synthesised by
the post-synthetic grafting of propyl sulfonic acid groups onto a mixed phase of a Tio2 support. The
solid acid nano catalyst was reused in four consecutive runs without significant loss of catalytic
efficiency.

Sana Sadab, Javed Iqbala, Inam Ullahd, Haq Nawaz,Shazia Nourine[10] In the current study the
production of biodiesel was done by using methanol as catalyst.And observed that was successfully
converted into biodiesel production. The FFA’S of WCO were esterifed using mineral acid
pretreatment. 94% FAME yield was achieved with 1:3 methanol to oil ratio,1% catylist dose and 6-
degrees reaction temperature.

M.Rakib Uddin, Kaniz Ferdos, M.Rahim, Maksudar R.Khan[11] In the present study biodiesel
was synthesised from waste cooking oil by three step method and regressive analyses of the process
was done. The oil containing 1.9wt% free fatty acids and viscosity was 47.6mm/s.The optimum molar
ratio for saponification by aqeous sodium hydroxide was 1:2 oil to NaoH and reaction time was 2.0 hrs
at 100 degrees. In acidification the molar ratio of soap to hydrochloric acid was 1:2 for sodium soap.
The properties of produced biodiesel such as viscosity,specific gravity,cloud point etc are nearest to
the petro-diesel.

Narisa Binhayeeding, Sappasith Klomklo,Poonusk Prasersan,[12] This study describes the

production of biodiesel from the enzymatic transesterification reaction, using waste cooking oil as a
substrate. Lipases from Candida rugosa and Rhizomucor meihei were immobolised on
polyhydroxybutryter to serve as environment eco-friendly catalysts. This enzyme mixture serves as
highest biodiesel production. The optimum conditions for production include a reaction temperature of
45 degrees, 5% water content, 1% of mixed lipase.

Ehsan Parandi, Maryam Safaripour, Magda H Abdellatiff, Majid Saidi[13] In the present study
was to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil in the presence which was immobolised on a
magnetic hybrid sol-gel nano composite.For this purpose the ferrous oxide magnetic nano particles
synthesised by the co-precipitation technique and were coated with silica and then functionalized with
organic-inorganic hybrid tetraethyl ortho silicate and ethylenediamine.Based on the result the
maximum yield obtained by this process is 86%.

Omar Aboelazayem, Mamdouh Gaddala, Basudeb Saha[14] Biodiesel production using super
critical methanol in the absence of catalyst has been analysed by studying the main factors affecting
biodiesel yield. A quadratic polynomial model has been developed using response surface
methodology. The optimum biodiesel yield is 91% at molar ratio 37:1, temperature 253 degrees,
pressure at 198.5 bar and reaction time is 14.8 minutes. A kinetic reactor has been simulated on
HYSYS using the obtained kinetic data resulting.
 CHAPTER-4
4. Material and Equipment’s:
4.1. Material:

4.1.1: Waste cooking oil:

The food sector produces waste cooking oil, which has the potential to be a significant resource.
When cooking oil is used for frying, baking, or other types of cooking, it picks up food residue and
degrades. This spent cooking oil can be recycled to make biodiesel, a sustainable fuel that can be
utilised in diesel engines, rather than being disposed of. Recycling used cooking oil has a number of
advantages, including lowering waste and keeping it out of landfills and other environmentally
hazardous disposal methods. Food service organisations like restaurants, hotels, and other businesses
that use a lot of cooking oil for frying, baking, and cooking usually produce waste cooking oil.
Cooking oil loses quality after being used several times because it picks up food residue. This used
cooking oil can be gathered and taken to a recycling facility rather than being thrown out.
Waste cooking oil must be collected, transported, and stored correctly to guarantee that it can be
recycled and is free of pollutants that can degrade the quality of the biodiesel that is made from it. To
avoid contamination and spoiling, used cooking oil needs to be preserved in sealed containers and kept
in a cold, dry location. Most frequently, authorised collectors carry used cooking oil to recycling
facilities after collecting it. After being gathered, the used cooking oil is filtered to get rid of any
impurities including water, food, and other contaminants. This procedure is essential to ensuring that
the used cooking oil can be recycled and does not adversely affect the quality of the biodiesel that is
made from it. Transesterification is a procedure used to further treat the filtered leftover cooking oil.
Transesterification is a chemical process that turns oil into biodiesel by reacting it with an alcohol,
usually methanol or ethanol, and a catalyst. The waste cooking oil is broken down into its constituent
fatty acids, which are then combined with alcohol to create methyl or ethyl esters, the primary building
blocks of biodiesel. After that, either alone or in a blend with petroleum diesel, the resultant biodiesel
may be utilised in diesel engines.
Reusing trash Cooking oil offers a number of favourable economic and environmental effects. Waste
reduction aids in resource conservation and pollution prevention. In addition, generating biodiesel
from used cooking oil can lower greenhouse gas emissions and aid in climate change mitigation. It has
been demonstrated that the use of biodiesel in diesel engines lowers emissions of hazardous pollutants
including nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. In addition to being non-toxic and biodegradable,
biodiesel provides a safer option to petroleum-based fuel. By establishing a market for a waste product
and lowering disposal costs for restaurants, recycling used cooking oil also has a positive economic
impact. Also, generating biodiesel from used cooking oil may boost local economies and provide jobs.
In addition to increasing demand for diesel engines and diesel fuel, the use of biodiesel in diesel
engines may also assist boost the development of renewable energy technologies and lessen reliance
on fossil fuels. In addition to being recycled, leftover cooking oil may also be used to make biodiesel.
Many advantages of recycling used cooking oil include waste reduction, pollution prevention, and
economic and environmental advantages. To guarantee that the used cooking oil is safe for recycling
and has no harmful effects on the environment or human health, it is crucial to collect, store, and
handle it properly. Waste cooking oil may be an useful and sustainable resource for the creation of
renewable fuels with proper management and control.

Figure 4.1 Waste cooking oil

4.1.2 methanol:

Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, or CH3OH, is a colorless, volatile, and
flammable liquid that is commonly used as a solvent, fuel, and antifreeze. It is one of the simplest
alcohols and is produced from the destructive distillation of wood, hence its name wood alcohol.
However, today, most of the methanol produced commercially is made from natural gas or coal.

Methanol has many applications, including as a feedstock for the production of formaldehyde, acetic
acid, and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), which is used as a gasoline additive. Methanol is also used
as a solvent for dyes, resins, and inks, as well as a fuel for internal combustion engines, particularly in
racing cars and boats.

One of the unique properties of methanol is its ability to be blended with gasoline in various
proportions, making it a promising alternative fuel. Methanol is also used as a feedstock for the
production of biodiesel, as it can be derived from renewable sources such as wood, sugarcane, and
other biomass. Methanol can also be produced from carbon dioxide through the use of renewable
energy sources such as solar or wind power, making it a promising solution for reducing greenhouse
gas emissions.Despite its many uses, methanol can be hazardous to human health if ingested, inhaled,
or absorbed through the skin. Methanol can cause severe poisoning, which can lead to blindness,
coma, and death. Therefore, it is important to handle and store methanol with care, and follow
appropriate safety procedures when working with it.

Figure-4.2: methanol

4.1.3 chemical properties of methanol:

 Solubility: Methanol is highly soluble in water, making it a useful solvent for polar and ionic
compounds. However, its solubility decreases as the temperature increases.
 Acidity: Methanol is a weak acid and can donate a proton to a base. This property makes it
useful in the production of esters and other organic compounds.
 Reactivity: Methanol is a highly reactive compound and can undergo various chemical
reactions, including esterification, oxidation, and dehydration.
  Combustibility: Methanol is highly flammable and can ignite at relatively low temperatures. It
can also burn with an almost invisible flame, making it a potential fire hazard.
 Hydrogen bonding: Methanol molecules can form hydrogen bonds with each other and with
other polar molecules, such as water. This property makes methanol useful as a solvent and for
other applications that require hydrogen bonding.
 Toxicity: Methanol is toxic and can cause serious health problems if ingested, inhaled, or
absorbed through the skin. Methanol can cause blindness, coma, and even death in severe
cases.

4.1.4 sulfuric acid:

Concentrated sulfuric acid is a form of sulfuric acid that has a high concentration of the acid.
Typically, concentrated sulfuric acid is a solution that contains between 90% and 98% sulfuric acid by
weight. It is an extremely corrosive and reactive substance that poses significant risks to human health
and the environment. Another significant application of concentrated sulfuric acid is in the petroleum
industry. It is used to remove impurities from crude oil and to process petroleum products such as
gasoline and diesel fuel. It is also used in the refining of metals such as copper, zinc, and
aluminum.Concentrated sulfuric acid is a highly hazardous substance and must be handled with
extreme caution. It is a strong oxidizing agent and can react violently with many other chemicals,
including organic compounds and metals. It can also cause severe burns and respiratory problems if it
comes into contact with human skin or is inhaled.

Figure 4.3 sulfuric Acid

4.1.5 sodium hydroxide:
 sodium hydroxide is also known as NaOH, is a highly alkaline and corrosive compound with the
chemical formula NaOH. It is commonly referred to as caustic soda and is one of the most widely used
industrial chemicals worldwide. NaOH is also used in the petroleum industry to remove impurities
from crude oil and to process petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel fuel. It is also used to
remove sulfur from diesel fuel in the refining process. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) plays a critical role
in the production of biodiesel, a renewable fuel source derived from vegetable oil or animal fats.
Biodiesel is an attractive alternative to traditional petroleum-based diesel fuel because it is renewable,
has a lower carbon footprint, and can be produced domestically.

NaOH is used in the transesterification reaction, which is the process of converting triglycerides, such
as vegetable oil or animal fat, into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), which are the main component of
biodiesel. During the transesterification process, NaOH is used as a catalyst to facilitate the reaction
between the triglycerides and methanol, which results in the formation of FAMEs and glycerol.

The transesterification reaction is typically carried out in a batch reactor or continuous flow reactor,
where the reactants are mixed together with NaOH and heated to a specific temperature. The reaction
typically takes several hours to complete and produces FAMEs and glycerol as the main products.

The NaOH catalyst plays a critical role in the transesterification reaction by increasing the reaction
rate and improving the yield of FAMEs. NaOH is a strong base that reacts with the triglycerides and
methanol to form an intermediate product known as an alkoxide. This intermediate product then reacts
further to form the FAMEs and glycerol.

One of the key advantages of using NaOH as a catalyst in biodiesel production is that it is relatively
inexpensive and readily available. NaOH is also highly effective and efficient as a catalyst, resulting in
high yields of FAMEs.

Figure 4.4 sodium hydroxide pallets

 4.1.6 Distilled Water:

Distilled water is a type of purified water that has undergone a distillation process to remove
impurities and contaminants. The process involves heating water to boiling point, which causes it to
evaporate and form steam. The steam is then cooled and condensed back into a liquid, which is
collected as distilled water.One of the primary benefits of using distilled water is that it is free from
impurities and contaminants, including minerals, bacteria, and viruses. This makes it a safe and
reliable source of drinking water, particularly in areas where the local water supply may be
contaminated.

Distilled water is also commonly used in laboratory settings, as it is free from impurities that could
interfere with experimental results. It is used in experiments that require precise measurements, such
as titrations, and in equipment that is sensitive to mineral deposits, such as autoclaves and water
baths.One of the key steps in the transesterification process is the separation of the glycerin byproduct
from the biodiesel. This is accomplished by adding a small amount of distilled water to the reaction
mixture, which helps to create a distinct layer of glycerin that can be easily removed.

Distilled water is also used in the washing and drying stages of the biodiesel production process. After
the glycerin has been separated, the biodiesel must be washed to remove any remaining impurities and
contaminants. This is typically done using a series of water washes, in which distilled water is added
to the biodiesel and then mixed thoroughly before being drained off. Once the washing process is
complete, the biodiesel must be dried to remove any residual water that may be present. This is
accomplished by heating the biodiesel to a temperature of around 120°C and blowing dry air through
it. Any remaining water is converted into steam and removed through a vent.The use of distilled water
in biodiesel production is important because it ensures that the fuel is free from impurities and
contaminants that could interfere with engine performance. Any impurities or contaminants that are
left in the fuel can lead to clogged fuel injectors, reduced engine efficiency, and increased emissions.
 Figure 4.5 Distilled Water
4.1.7 Onion peel ash:

Onion peel ash is a type of ash that is produced by burning onion peels. Onion peels are the outer
layers of an onion that are removed before the onion is used for cooking. They are usually discarded,
but they can be used to make onion peel ash, which has a variety of uses. The ash contains a high
concentration of potassium. Onion peel ash can also be used as a natural fertilizer. The ash contains a
variety of nutrients that are beneficial for plant growth, including potassium, phosphorus, and calcium.
To use the ash as a fertilizer, it is usually mixed with soil or compost before being applied to plants.

In addition, onion peel ash can be used in the production of soap. The ash contains a high
concentration of potassium hydroxide, The use of onion peel ash in the purification of biodiesel
involves the adsorption of impurities onto the ash's surface, which can then be easily separated from
the biodiesel. The ash has a high surface area and is rich in alkaline earth metals, which can act as
active sites for the adsorption process. The adsorption process can be carried out by mixing the ash
with biodiesel, allowing the impurities to adsorb onto the ash's surface, and then filtering the mixture
to separate the purified biodiesel.
 Figure 4.6 Onion peel ash

4.2 EQUPMENT’S:

4.2.1 Magnetic stirrer:

A magnetic stirrer is a device widely used in all the chemical and biological laboratories in
various shapes and sizes. It consists of a rotating magnet or a stationary electromagnet that creates
a rotating magnetic field. The rotating field may be created either by a rotating magnet or a set of
stationary electromagnets. A magnetic stirrer consists of a magnetic bar placed within the liquid which
provides the stirring action.

Figure 4.7 Magnetic stirrer

Stir bar: The term “stir bar” or “spin bar” refers to a tiny, Teflon-coated, white, rectangular magnet.
The sole function of these bars is to stir solutions.

Figure 4.8 Stir bar

4.2.2 conical flask:

 conical flask, also known as an Erlenmeyer flask, is a type of laboratory glassware that is
commonly used for mixing, heating, and storing chemicals. It is made of borosilicate glass, which is
resistant to thermal shock and chemical corrosion. The conical flask is commonly used in chemistry
experiments, such as titrations, where precise measurements of liquids are required. It is also used in
the preparation of solutions, as the conical shape allows for the addition of solid chemicals and the
swirling of liquids to aid in dissolution.

Figure 4.9 conical flask

4.2.3 Measuring jar:

A measuring jar is a type of laboratory glassware that is used to measure the volume of liquids
accurately. It is usually made of clear, transparent glass, and has graduations marked on the side to
indicate the volume of liquid in milliliters or fluid ounces. Measuring jars come in different sizes,
ranging from small jars used to measure small volumes of liquids to large jars used to measure larger
volumes. They are commonly used in chemistry experiments, as well as in the food industry for
measuring ingredients such as oil, water, and other liquids used in cooking and baking.
 Figure 4.10 measuring cylinder

4.2.4 THERMOMETER:

A thermometer is a device used for measuring temperature. There are many Common types of
thermometers include liquid-in-glass thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, digital thermometers,
and infrared thermometers. Liquid-in-glass thermometers use a column of liquid, typically mercury or
alcohol, to indicate temperature changes. Bimetallic thermometers use two different metals with
different coefficients of thermal expansion to create a physical displacement that is used to indicate
temperature changes. Digital thermometers use electronic sensors to detect temperature changes and
display the result on a digital readout. Infrared thermometers use infrared radiation emitted from an
object to determine its temperature.Thermometers are used in a wide range of applications, from
monitoring the temperature of the human body to measuring the temperature of industrial processes.

Figure 4.11 Thermometer

4.2.5 DECANTER:
 A decanter is a vessel used to separate the mixtures. It is typically made of glass or crystal and has a
wide base that tapers to a narrow neck. It allowing a mixture of solid and liquid or two immiscible
liquids to settle and separate by gravity. The basic principle of decanter is that heavier(denser)
substance sink, while lighter (less dense) substance float. In its simplest form, decanter uses gravity to
separate a solid and liquid or two immiscible liquids.

Figure 4.12 Decanter

4.2.6 AIR BUBBLER:

An air bubbler is a device that pumps air into a liquid, usually water, to create bubbles. The device
typically consists of a small pump that is submerged in the liquid and a tube or diffuser that releases
the air bubbles into the water to remove the contaminates from biodiesel. the best quality biodiesel will
contain some level of contaminants.

Many of these are water soluble such as soaps, glycerol, methanol and catalyst. Water washing
removes these contaminants quite effectively however it leaves the biodiesel containing trace amounts
of water which needs to be removed by an additional drying process.
 4.2.7 PIPETTE:

A pipette is a laboratory tool commonly used in chemistry, biology and medicine to transport a
measured volume of liquid, often as a media dispenser. Pipettes come in several designs for various
purposes with differing levels of accuracy and precision, from single piece glass pipettes to more
complex adjustable or electronic pipettes. Many pipette types work by creating a partial vacuum above
the liquid-holding chamber and selectively releasing this vacuum to draw up and dispense liquid.
Measurement accuracy varies greatly depending on the instrument

Figure 4.13 pipette

4.2.8 FUNNEL:

A funnel is a tube or pipe that is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, used for guiding liquid or
powder into a small opening. Funnels are usually made of stainless steel, aluminium, glass, or plastic.
The material used in its construction should be sturdy enough to withstand the weight of the substance
being transferred, and it should not react with the substance. For this reason, stainless steel or glass are
useful in transferring diesel, while plastic funnels are useful in the kitchen and chemical laboratory.
 Figure 4.14 funnel

4.2.9 FILTER PAPER:

Filter paper is a semi-permeable paper barrier placed perpendicular to a liquid or air flow. It is used
to separate fine solid particles from liquids or gases.The raw materials are different paper pulps. The
pulp may be made from softwood, hardwood, fiber crops, mineral fibers.

Figure 4.15 filter paper

 CHAPTER-5
METHADOLOGY
5.1 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Preparation of Biodiesel :

 Initially waste cooking oil (WCO) is collected from various households, street food
centers, restaruants etc.and stored in to container.

Figure 5.1 Waste cooking oil (WCO)

 The oil is then filtred using a filter paper to remove the waste, dust particles and small
food particles in the oil. and 1 litre of filtred oil is taken using measuring cylinder.
 Figure 5.2 one litre of filtred oil

 The filtred oil is transferred into a conical flask and preheated using magnetic stirrer
with heater upto 450c temperature and then added 100 ml of methanol is added to
heated oil and 2-3ml of sulfuric Acid (H2SO4).

Figure 5.3 preheated oil is added with methanol and Acid (H2SO4).

 The oil is then heated upto 600c temperature and continuously stirred at 1600 rpm for
90 min and then the oil is transferred into a separating funnel (Decanter) and kept it
still for 3-4 hours, the black pulp is settled in the bottom.
 Figure 5.4 separation of black pulp from oil

 The oil is separated from the pulp and then taken into a conical flask and kept on the
magnetic heater and heated upto 450c temperature.
 simultaneously 6-7 gm of Sodium hydroxide pallets(NaOH) are added into a 120 ml
of methanol and mixed well so that all the pallets are dissolved in the methanol. The
solution is then added into the oil when the oil reaches a temperature of 450c.
continued the heating of oil to 600 c with continuous stirring at 1600 rpm for 90 min.

Figure 5.5 sodium methoxide solution

 Figure 5.6 oil added with sodium methoxide solution

 Then the oil is transferred into a separating funnel kept still for 6-8 hours. Therefore
then biodiesel and the glycerine got separately formed into two layers. The glycerine
is settled at the bottom and biodiesel is at the top layer, the biodiesel is then separated
from the glycerine.
 Figure 5.7 separation of glycerine and Biodiesel

 Six Biodiesel samples are prepared the first sample biodiesel sample is taken and
distilled water is added and water washed using a air bubbler to remove the excess
glycerine particles, the separated biodiesel sample is then taken into a beaker and
heated upto 1000c for sometime to remove the water molecules in it.
 Figure 5.8 water washing of Biodiesel using a air bubbler.

Figure 5.9 purified Biodiesel sample prepared through water washing.

 The remaining five samples are taken and each sample is mixed with 0.5 gm,1 gm,
1.5 gm,2 gm, 2.5 milligrams of onion peel ash respectively the samples are mixed
well with the onion peel ash to purify the biodiesel to remove the excess impurities in
the biodiesel samples.
 The samples are the then filtred using filter paper for several times, and separated the
onion peel ash and then stored in containers.

Figure 5.10 mixing of onion peel ash with biodiesel.

Figure 5.11 Purified Bio diesel sample using 0.5 grams of onion peel ash.

Figure 5.12 Purified Bio diesel sample using 1 grams of onion peel ash.
Figure 5.13 Purified Bio diesel sample using 1.5 grams of onion peel ash.

Figure 5.14 Purified Bio diesel sample using 2 grams of onion peel ash.
Figure 5.15 Purified Bio diesel sample using 2.5 grams of onion peel ash.

Figure 5.11 biodiesel samples using onion peel ash.

 Chapter -6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
 Chapter-7
CONCLUSIONS
 Chapter-8
REFERENCES
Synthesis of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil M. Rakib Uddin1,* , Kaniz Ferdous1 , M. Rahim
Uddin1 , Maksudur R. Khan1,2, M. A. Islam1[11]

CO-PO Mapping

Title of the project: BIO DERIVED CATALYST TO PRODUCE BIODIESEL TO PRODUCE

BIODIESEL
Course Outcomes for Project

At the end of the project work the students will be able to

1. Identify a contemporary engineering application to serve society at large.
2. Apply complex engineering concepts and use computational tools to get the desired solution.
3. Analyze the assembled/fabricated/developed products intended.
4. Prepare documents and present the project report articulating the applications of the concepts
and ideas coherently.
5. Demonstrate ethical and professional attributes during the project implementation.
6. Evaluate & execute the project in a collaborative environment.

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PS PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 O 2
0 1 2 1
CO 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 3
 LIST OF FIGURES

GGGG

Sl.No Figure name Page no

1 Classification of Biofuels

2 Biodiesel

3 Waste cooking oil

4 Methanol

5 Sulfuric acid

6 Sodium hydroxide pallets

7 Distilled water

8 Onion peel ash

9 Magnetic stirrer

10 Stir bar

11 Conical flask

12 Measuring cylinder

13 Thermometer

14 Decanter

15 Pipette

16 Funnel

17 Filter Paper
18 Waste cooking oil

19 One litre filtered oil

20 Preheated oil is added with methanol and acid(H2SO4)

21 separation of black pulp from oil

22 Sodium methoxide solution

23 Oil added with sodium methoxide solution

24 Seperation of glycerine and Biodiesel

25 Water washing of biodiesel using a air bubbler

26 Purified Biodiesel sample prepared through water

washing

27 Mixing of onion peel ash with biodiesel

28 Purified biodiesel sample using 0.5 grams of onion peel

ash

29 Purified biodiesel sample using 1 gram of onion peel

ash

30 Purified biodiesel sample using 1.5 grams of onion peel

ash

31 Purified biodiesel sample using 2 grams of onion peel

ash

32 Purified biodiesel sample using 2.5 grams of onion peel

ash

33 Biodiesel samples using onion peel ash