Chapt

er1
Tr
ansmi
ssi
onandDi
str
ibut
ionSy
stems
Necessityoflong-l
inesar i
sef r
om t hef actthattheelectr
icalenergygeneratedby
waterandsupert hermalpowerst ations( bycoaletc.
)atav erylowrunningcostand
theseelect
ri
cplantsar ealway ssit
uat edatv er
yf ardi
stancefrom plai
nswher ethi
s
energyisrequi
redf orindustr
ialpurposes.Fundament all
y,therearetwosy st
emsby
whichtheelectr
icalenergycanbet ransmi tt
ed,theyare
(
a)HVDCSy
stem
(
b)HVACSy
stem
Thereisal argenetworkofconduct
orbetweenthepowerstat
ionwher
eelect
ri
cit
yis
generatedandt heconsumerwhoact ual
lyusedtheenergy.Thi
snetworkcanbe
broadlydivi
dedintotwoparts:
n
(a)Transmissi
on( X)Systems
(
b)Di
str
ibut
i Dn)Sy
on( stems
Fur
therdi
vi
sionundereachpar
tswi
l
lbepr
imar
yandsecondar
ysy
stems.

1.
1Ty picalPowerSy
stem:Fi
g.1repr
esent
satypi
calpowerschemebywhi
chthe
el
ect
ri
calener gyi
sobtai
nedf
rom wat
erpower(
thewatert
urbi
neacti
ngaspri
me-
mover
) .

Lett
heal
ter
nat
orgener
ates11kVwhi
chi
sst
ep-
upt
o220kV(
oranyot
herhi
gher

1
voltage)att hesendi ngendsubst at
ionl ocatedneargener ati
ngstat
ionsandt he
poweri st r
ansmi t
ted overt het wo t hree-phaseci rcui t
s(i .eDoubleCir
cuit)of
transmi ssi
onli
nef orensur ingcontinuityofsuppl yt ot her eceivi
ngendstat
ions(of
220/ 33kV).Thev ol
tageisr educedagai nt o33kV.Fr om t hesesubstati
onsagainwill
radiateoutanumberoff eeders,eachf eedingabul kconsumer sordistr
ibuti
on
subst ati
ons(33/11kV) ,wher ethev ol
tagei sfurt
herr educedt o11kVandanumber
ofhi ghv ol
tagedistri
butorswi l
lradiat
eoutf rom t
hesesubst ati
onstosuppl
ypower
tot r
ansf or
mingsubst ati
ons( l
ocatedatt hepol es,of11/ 0.4kV) ,al
soknownasPol e
mount edsubstat
ions,byreducingt hev oltaget o400V( line)or230V( phase)
.

Themostcommonsy stemsforsecondar ydistr

ibut
ionis400V,3- phase,4- wire
system.Si ngle-phaseresi
denti
all
ighti
ngloadi sconnectedbet weenanyonel ineand
theneut ral,wher e3-phase,400Vmot orl oadisconnectedacr oss3- phasel ines
dir
ectly
.I nl argemul tist
oragebuil
dings,thedistri
buti
ontr ansformersar el ocated
withinthebui l
dingitsel
f.The400Vdi str
ibuti
onlinear el
ai dalongt her oadsand
connectionst ot heconsumersaretapped-offfr
om thelowv oltagedist
ributors.

1.
2Di
ff
erencebet
weenTr
ansmi
ssi Xn)andDi
on( str
ibut
i Dn)Sy
on( stems
Thedif
ferencebetweenXnandDnlinesare
(a)
.Thet r
ansmissi
onlinestr
ansmitbulkel
ectr
icalpowerfrom S.
Est at
iontoR.end
st
ationwithoutsupply
inganyconsumerenr out
ewher easadi stri
but
ionl
ineor
di
stri
butorsuppl
iesconsumersdir
ectl
yatshortint
erv
alsalongtheli
ne.
(
b).Adistr
ibut
orissubj
ectt
othelegalr
equir
ementthatpowermustbesuppl
i
edata
vol
tagewithi
n±6% oft heratedvol
tagewhereasat r
ansmissi
onli
neasnot
subj
ecttoanysuchrest
ri
cti
onanditsvolt
agecanv ar
yasmuchas10%orev en
15%t ovari
ati
oninl
oads.

Thet r
ansmissionsystem ofanarea(orstate)i
sknownasgr i
d.Thediff
erentgri
ds
areinterconnectedthroughtiel
inestoform aregionalgr
idanddi f
fer
entregional
gri
ds aref urt
herinterconnected toform a nat i
onalgrid.Each gr
id operates
i
ndependently.Howev er
,thepowercanbetransmitt
edfrom onegri
dtoanother,over
ti
eli
nesundercondi t
ionofsuddenlossofgenerat
ionorincr
easeinload.

1.
3Pr
act
icalWor
kingVol
tages
Alt
houghi tismucheconomi caltousehi ghervolt
agesf ortr
ansmi ssi
on,butthereis
alimi tofwhi cht hisv ol
tagecanbei ncreased,sinceani ncreasesint r
ansmission
vol
tagei ntroducei nsulat
ionpr obl
emsasr egardssuppor t
ingoft heconductorsand
cl
ear ancebet weent hem andf ur
theritincreasest hecostoft heswi t
chgearand
tr
ansf ormerequi pment .Taki
ngi ntoconsiderati
ont heabovepr acti
calandeconomi c
dif
fi
cul ti
es,thefoll
owi ngarethev olt
agegener al
lyadopted.
(a).Forgeneration11or33kV( i
nadv ancedcount ry-
33kV)

(
b). For main or pr
imar
yt r
ansmi
ssi
on 66,
132,
220 and 400kV,
800kV
(1100kV,1500kVi
njapanandUSA)

(
c).
Forsecondar
ytr
ansmi
ssi
on11kVor33kVor66kVor132kV

2
 (
d). Fordi
str
ibut
ion(
H.V)11kVor33KV

Lowv
olt
agedi
str
ibut
ion-AC-400V,
3-phases,
4-wi
res
DC-400V,
3-wi
resy
stem
Thestandar
dfrequencyforacworki
ngis50Hzor60Hz( asinUSA)
.Forsi
ngl
e-
2
phasetr
acti
onworks,fr
equenci
esasl
owas25or16 Hzal soused.
3
1.
4UnderGr
oundandOv
erheadSy
stem
I
ngener al
,bothunder
groundaswellasov
erheadl
inescanbeusedf ortransmissi
on
ofelectri
calpower,butoverhead l
i
neshavethef ol
l
owing advantagesov erthe
undergr
oundcablesare:
(i
) Transmissi
onofpowerbyov er
headl
ineismuchcheaperthantheunderground
cables.

Tabl
e1

Sy
stem v
olt
agei
nKV 0.
4 11 33 66 132 220 400
Costr
atecabl
e/OHl
ine 2 3 5 7 9 13 24
(
ii
) Ast hetransmi
ssi
onv
olt
agei
ncr
easescostoft
hecabl
eincr
easesr
api
dly
(Tabl
e-1)

(
ii
i) Alt
hough the over
head l i
nes ar e subj
ected to supplyint
errupti
ons due t
o
l
ightni
ngorshortcircui
t,orthebr eakageoft heli
neet c.
,butsuchlinescanbe
easi
lyrepai
redandputi nt
oser viceagain,ontheotherhand,alt
houghf aul
tsar
e
rar
e,itisverydi
ffi
culttofindt heexactpoi ntoffaultandthusi ttakesmuch
l
ongertimetorepairifafaultoccurs.

(i
v) Duetoinsulat
iondiffi
cul
ti
es,cablesabove66KVar edif
fi
cul
ttomanufact
ure
andaretoobulkytouse,whereasi noverheadsyst
em,400KVli
nesar
ealsoin
use.
Themainadvantagesoft heunder
groundcablessystem ar
e:
(
a).
Thatt
hemai ntenancecosti
smi nimum.

(
b). Thatthecableisusefulf
orsuppressi
ngt
hel
inesur
ges,soitmustbe
usedforthelastf
ewy ardsoftheconnecti
onsi
nor
dertosavetr
ansfor
mers
andgener
atorfrom damage.

(
c).
In densi
ty popul
ated ar
eas,ov
erhead t
ransmi
ssi
on l
i
nes due t
othei
r
accessi
bil
i
tyareimpossi
ble.

(
d). Rel
iabi
li
tyofundergroundsystem i
smoreasundergr
oundcabl
eis
suscepti
bletolessnumberoffaul
tsi
ncompari
sont
oov
erheadli
nes.

(
e).
Itdoesnoti
nter
fer
ewi
thot
herr
adi
o&t
elev
isi
onsi
gnal
s.

1.
5 Di
ff
erentSy
stemsofTr
ansmi
ssi
onandDi
str
ibut
ion

3
Alt
hough onlyt hree-phase al
ter
nati
ng cir
cuit
si s mostl
yused fortransmi
ssi
on
purposes,sometimesf orspeci
alcases,
othersyst
em arealsousef
ul.
Thediffer
entpossiblesystemsofpowert r
ansmissi
onanddi st
ri
but
ionar
e:
(A)DCSy st
em

i
. DCt
wo-wi
resy
stem

i
i
. DCt
wo-
wir
ewi
thmi
dpoi
ntear
thed

i
i
i. DCt
hree-
wir
esy
stem

(
B)ACSy
stem

a.Si
ngl
ephaseacsy
stem:
-

i
.Si
ngl
ephaset
wowi
re

i
i
.Si
ngl
e-phase,
two-
wir
ewi
thmi
dpoi
ntear
thed

i
i
i.Si
ngl
e-phaset
hree-
wir
e

b.Twophaseacsy
stem:

i
. Two-
phase,
four
-wi
resy
stem

i
i
. Two-
phaset
hree-
wir
e

4
 c.Thr
ee-
phaseacsy
stem:
-

i
.Thr
ee-
phase,
thr
ee-
wir
e

i
i
.Thr
ee-
phase,
four
-wi
re

From suchabi gl istofpossi blesy stemsoft r

ansmi ssi
on,itisdif
fi
cul ttosaywhi chis
thebestsy stem unt i
l&unl esssomemet hodsofcompar i
soni sadopt ed.Usuallythe
generalsystem oft r
ansmi ssionadopt edisbasedont heeconomi cconsi der
ati
ons.
Sothebestsy stem oft r
ansmi ssionofpoweri sthatforwhi chthev olumeofcopper
usedismi nimum.Forcompar i
ngt heamountofcopperusedi ndi fferentsystems,
twocasesar ises.
(a)
.Whent hetr ansmissioni sbei ngcar r
iedonov erheadl i
nes,agr eatcar eistaken
toinsul at
et heconduct orsfr om thecrossar msandsuppor ti
ngt owerssince
thereisamaxi mum di sruptivest r
essbetweent hem.Ast hetower sar eearthed,
sot hemaxi mum v ol
tagebet weeneachconduct orandear t
hf ormst hebasisof
compar i
sonofv ol
umeofconduct orsforoverheadlines.

(
b).When the transmissi
on isthrough under
ground t
hree phase cables,the
max i
mum disrupt
ivest
ressi
sbet weenanytwoconductorsofthecabl
es, sof
or
compari
son ofv olumeofconduct or(copper)used in di
ff
erentsystem of
tr
ansmissi
on,t hemaximum v ol
tagebetweent heconductorsshoul
dbet he
bases.

1.
6 Comparisonofvol
umeofcopperusedi
ndif
fer
entsyst
emsoftransmissi
onof
power
,formaximum v
olt
agebet
weenanyconduct
orandear
thbeingthesame.
Forcompar
ison,
thefol
l
owingassumptionsar
emade:
 Thepowertr
ansmit
tedoveral
lthesyst
em i
ssame.

 Thedi
stanceov
erwhi
cht
hepoweri
str
ansf
err
edi
ssame.

 Thepowerl
ossesi
nal
lthesy
stem ar
esamei
.e,t
ransmi
ssi
onef
fi
ciencyi
s
same

5
  Maxi
mum v
olt
agebet
weenanyconduct
or&ear
thi
ssame.

(
a)DCsystem
i
. Twowi r
eDCsy stem wi
thoneli
neear
thed
Thesy
stem i
srepresent
edinfi
g.
Let
,Ibet
hel
oadcur
rent
,
R=r
esi
stanceofeachwi
re
Vm=Themaxi
mum v
olt
agebet
weent
heconduct
ors.
Thepowersuppl
i
ed=VmI (
1.1)
2 2 2
Copperl
ossesi
nthel
i
ne=IR+IR=2IR (
1.2)
(
lossesi
neachwi
rei
.e,
two-
wir
esorconduct
ors)
i
i. Twowi
reDCsy
stem wi
thmi
dpoi
ntear
thed

Let,Vm bet
hemaximum v ol
tagebet
weeneachconduct
or&ear
th,andI
1be
theloadcur
rent
,R1r
esi
stanceofeachconduct
or.
Sopowert
ransmi
tt
ed=2VmI
1 (
1.3)
Sincethepowertr
ansf
err
edissameasinatwowi r
eDCsyst
em wi
thonel
i
ne
earthedso,
invi
ewofequati
on(1.
1)&(
1.3)equat
eequal
l
y.
∴ 2VmI
1
=VmI (
1.4)

I
orI = (
1.5)
1 2
I
fR1i
sther
esi
stanceofconduct
or,
then
2
Copperl
osses=2I R
1 1
(
1.6)

I
nvi
ewofequat
ion(
1.5)&(
1.6)
CopperLosses=2I2
R =2(
1 1
I2)
2
R1
2
=(
I /2)
R1 (
1.7)

Copperlossesissameast wo wi
reDC sy
stem so
equat
ingcopperlosseswit
ht wowi
reDCsystem i
.e.
equat
ingequat
ion(1.2)&(
1.7)

()
2
2 I
2IR= R (
1.8)
2 1
R 1
= =0. 25 (1.9)
R1 4
Since r
esistance ar
ei nv
ersel
yproport
ionaltothe cr
oss secti
onalar
ea oft
he
conductori.
e
1
R∞
A
Theref
ore,crosssecti
onareaofconduct
orintwowir
eDCsystem =A
6
Crosssecti
onareaofconductorinoneli
neeart
hedt wowi r
eDCsy st
em=A1
1
A 1 A1 1
= or = (
1.10)
1 4 A 4
A1
2l
*A1 1 2l
= * ∴l
ength*Ar ea=Vol ume
2l*A 4 2l
v1
=0.
25 (1.11)
v
Theratioofvol
umeofcopperinat wowireDCsy stem wit
hmi dpointear
thed(v1)t
o
volumeofcopperinaonel i
neearthedt
wowi r
eDCsy st
em (v)is0.25
n
Wher e2lar
ethetwolengthsoftheconduct
orofX l i
ne.

i
ii
. Threewir
eDCsy st
em:
Let,
thel
oadbebal
anced
Cur
renti
nmi
ddl
econduct
or=0
Assuming tr
ansf
erred area of t
he mi
ddl
e
conduct
ori
s0.5oftheout
er.
So power t
ransmi
tt
ed = 2VmI
2
(1.
12)
Compari
ngthepowerwit
hat
wowi
reDCsy
stem
i
.eequat
ion(
1.12)&(
1.1)
2VmI
2
=VmI (
1.13)

I
orI = (
1.14)
2 2
LetR2bet her esi
stanceofeachout erconductorand,lett
heneut r
alconductorbeof
hal
fthecrosssect ional areaofout er.
2
So,copperlossesi nthesy stem=2I R
2 2
(
1.15)
PutvalueofI 2inequation( 1.15)f rom equation(1.
14)
2
So,copperlosses=2( I2)R2
2
=( I /2)R2 (1.16)
Compar i
ngt hecopperl osseswi that wowi r
eDCsy stem.i.e.eqs.(16)&(2)equat
e
2
IR2 2
=2I R (
1.17)
2
R2
=4 (
1.18)
R
1
A2 A
∴ =4or =4
1 A2
A
A2 1
or = =0. 25 (1.19)
A 4

7
 2.
5l*
A2 2.5l
=0.
25*
2l
*A 2l
v2 0.
25*2.
5
=
v 2
v
2
=0.
3125 (
1.20)
v
So,
Vol
umeofcu-
usedi
na3wi
reD.
C.sy
stem
=0.
3125
Vol
umeofcu-
usedi
na2wi
reD.
C.sy
stem

(
b)Si
ngl
ePhaseACsy
stem

(i)Singl
ePhaseTwoWi r
eSy st
em
Maximum vol
tagebet
weenconductorandear
th
=Vm
(
21)
V
RMS v
alue of t
his v
olt
age = m
2
(
22)
LetI
3bet
hel
oadcur
rentandCos(
∅)bet
hep.
f.oft
he
l
oad,
V
Then t
he power suppl
i
ed = m ICos(
∅)
2 3

(
23)
Si
ncepowersuppl
i
edi nthissyst
em andtwowi
reDC
sy
stem i
ssame,
soequateequat
ion(1)&(
23)
Vm
ICos(
∅)=VmI (
24)
2 3

or I = 2 I (
25)
3 Cos(
∅)
Let
,R3bet
her
esi
stanceofeachconduct
or.
2
So,
copperl
ossesi
nthesy
stem =2I R
3 3
(
26)

Put
ti
ngt
hev
alueofI
3fr
om eq.(
25)i
neq.(
26)
2
osses=2( 2I )R3
∴ copperl
Cos(
∅)
2
4IR3
= (
27)
Cos2∅

8
Compar
ingt
hesecopperl
osseswi
tht
het
wowi
reDCsy
stem i
.e.equat
eeq.(
27)&(
2)
2
4IR3 2
2 =2IR (
28)
Cos∅
R3 Cos2∅
= (
29)
R 2
R 2
or =
R3 Cos2∅

1
A 2 A 2
= 2 or 3 =
1 Cos∅ A Cos2∅
A3

A3 2l 2 2l
* = 2 *
A 2l Cos∅ 2l

Volumeofcu-usedi
n1∅,
2W system V 2
= 3= (
30)
Volumeofcu-uesedi
n2WD.C.system V Cos2∅

1.Singl
ephasetwowir
ewithmi
dpointeart
hed:
-
Let,
Maximum v
olt
agebet
weentheouterandear
thed=
Vm
Maxi
mum v ol
tage bet
ween t
wo out
er conduct
ors
=Vm +Vm =2Vm (31)

2V
RMSv
alueoft
hev
olage= m = 2*Vm
t (
32)
√2
I
fI4i
sthel
oadcur
rent
,&Cos∅ i
sthepowerf
act
or.
2V ICos∅
ed = m 4
Power suppl
i = 2VmICos∅
√2 4

(33)
Aspowersuppl
iedisconst
anti
nal
lthesy
stem,so
equat
eeq.(
33)&(1)

∴ 2VmI
4
Cos∅ =VmI

I
orI = (
34)
4
2Cos∅
I
fR4i
sther
esi
stanceofeachconduct
or,
2
Copperl
ossesi
nthesy
stem =2I R
4 4
(
35)

Put
ti
ngt
hev
alueofI
4ineq.(
35)

9
 2 2
I I
copperl
osses=2( )R = 2 R (
36)
2Cos(∅) 4 Cos∅ 4
Compar
ingt
hecopperl
osseswi
tht
wowi
reD.
C.sy
stem
2
I 2 R 1
R =2IR or = (
37)
Cos2∅ 4 R4 2Cos2∅

A4 0.
5
=
A Cos2∅
A4 2l 0.
5 2l
* = 2 *
A 2l Cos∅ 2l
v
4 0.
5
= (
38)
v Cos2∅
2.Singlephase,3wiresystem:-
Lettheneut r
alconductorbehalfoft hecr osssecti
onalareaofout er,andlet
,the
l
oadbebal anced,sothissy st
em oft ransmi ssi
onofpowerr educi
ngt oasi ngl
e
phasetwowi resyst
em withit
smi dpointearthedexceptthatinst
eadof2wi r
esthere
are2.5wires.
0.
5 2.5l
∴Rat i
oofv ol
umeofcuoft hissystem toatwowi r
eD.C.system = 2 *
Cos∅ 2l
v
5 0.
625
= (
39)
v Cos2∅

(
b)TwophaseACsy
stem:
-
i
. Twophasefourwir
esy st
em:-
Int
hissy
stem hal
fofthepowerwi
l
lbet
ransf
err
ed
byeachphase,ast
hev
olumei
ssameasi
na
si
ngl
ephaset
wowi
reswi
thmi
dpoi
ntear
thedso
t
he cur
rentwi
l
lbe hal
f.I
fthe cur
rentdensi
ty
r
emai
nsconst
ant
,thecr
osssect
ionalar
eawi
l
lbe
hal
fthatofsi
ngl
ephasesy
stem,butsi
ncewi
res
ar
efourt
hev
olumeofcopperr
emai
nst
hesameas

10
 i
nasi
ngl
ephaset
wowi
rewi
thmi
dpoi
ntear
thed.

Hence,

Vol
umeofcui
na2∅,4wi
resyst
em wi
thmi
dpoi
ntear
th 0.5
=
2wi
reD.
C.syst
em Cos2∅
(
40)

i
i. Two-phaset
hreewir
esystem
Themaximum volt
agebetweent
heout
erand
neut
ral
=Vm
V
TheVrms= m
2
I
fI5inl
oadcur
rentandCos∅ i
sthepower
f
act
or
V
∴Tot
al ed=2 m I
powersuppl
i Cos∅ (
41)
25
Compar
ingt
hepowerwi
th2wi
reDCsy
stem
V I
2mI Cos∅ =VmIor I= (
42)
2 5 5
2Cos∅
Themi
ddl
ewi
rewi
l
lactasacommonr
etur
nandt
hecur
rentt
hroughi
twi
l
lbe
2 2
=(
I5
+I
5
)= 2I
5

LetR5bet
her
esi
stanceofeachout
er,
assumi
ngt
hatt
hecur
rentdensi
tyr
emai
ning
const
ant

So,cross-
sect
ional
ofmi
ddl
ewi
rei
s 2t
imesofout
erwi
res(
i.
e 2A5,
soi
ts
resi
stanceisas
R5 1 1
A5 ∝ or A5 ∝
2 R5 R5

1
nceR5∝
si
A5

2R
Copperl
ossesi
nthi
ssy
stem =I2
R
5 5
+(2I
5
) 2
5

11
I2
R(
5 5
2+ 2) (
43)

Put
ti
ngt
hev
alueofI
5fr
om equat
ion(
42)&(
43)
2
I
Copperl
osses= R( 2+ 2)
2Cos2∅ 5
Compar
ethecopperl
osseswi
tht
wowi
redcsy
stem
2
I R ( 2+ 2)
2 R (2+ 2) =2I
2
R or =
2Cos∅ 5 R5 4Cos2∅

Cr
osssecti
onalar
eaofaconduct
orof2∅,
3wir
esy
stem (2+ 2)
=
crosssecti
onar
eaof2wireD.
C.sy
stem 4Cos2∅

R (2+ 2)
l (2+ 2) (2+ 2)
l
or * = 2 *
R5 2l 4Cos∅ 2l

v
5 11.
056 1.
457
= =
v 8Cos∅ Cos2∅
2

Vol
umeofcopperi
na2∅,3wi
resy
stem v 11.
056 1.
457
= 5= =
Vol
umeofcopperi
na2wi
reD.
C.sy em v 8Cos∅ Cos2∅
st 2

(
c)Thr
eephaseA.
Csy
stem

i
.Three-Phase,
3Wiresystem
The maxi mum v ol
tage between each
conduct
orandneut
ral=Vm
V
TheR.
M.S.v
alueofv
olageperphase= m
t
2
I
fI6ist
heloadcur
rent&cos∅ i
sthepower
f
actort
hen,
V
ed=3 m I
Thepowersuppl
i Cos∅
26
Compar
ethepowerwi
tht
wowi
redcsy
stem
V 2I
3mI Cos∅ =VmI orI=
2 6 6 3Cos∅
I
fR6istheresi
stanceofeachconduct or
2
Copperl
osses=3I R
6 6
Putt
ingtheval
ueofI 6
2 2
2I 2 I
=3( )R6= * 2 R6
3Cos∅ 3 Cos∅
Comparethecu-losswi t
htwowiredcsy st
em

12
 2
2 I 2 R 1
* 2 R6=2IR or =
3 Cos∅ R6 3Cos2∅
1
A 3l 1 3l
* = 2 *
1 2l 3Cos∅ 2l
A6
v
6 0.5
=
v Cos2∅
Vol
umeofcuusedi n3∅,3wir
esy
stem 0.
5
=
Vol
umeofcuusedi n2,
wiredcsy em Cos2∅
st
i
i.Three-Phase,
4-Wir
eSystem
Assumingt hel
oadtobebal
anced,t
herewi
l
lnotbeanycur
renti
ntheneut
ral
and
casereducestothr
eephase3wiresyst
em,

Let
,thecr
osssect
ional
areaoft
heneutr
alconduct
orbehal
fthatoftheouter
,
Vol
umeofcuusedina3∅ 4wiresyst
em 1 3.
5l 0. 583
∴ = 2 * =
Volumeofcuusedina2wir
eD.C.system 3Cos∅ 2l Cos2∅
v
6 0.
583
=
v Cos2∅

1.
8Compar i
sonofv
olumeofCuusedf ordi
ff
erentsy
stem ofpower
,formaxi
mum
vol
tagebet
weenouterconduct
ors(
i.
e.UGSy st
ems)
Thefol
l
owi
ngar
etheassumpti
oninthecase
i
. Themaxi
mum volt
agebetweenthetwoconduct
orsi
ssame.

i
i
. Powert
ransmi
tt
edi
nal
lthesy
stem i
ssame.

i
i
i. Thedi
stanceov
erwhi
cht
hepoweri
str
ansmi
tt
edi
ssame.

i
v. TheCu-l
ossesar
esamei
nal
lcasesi
.eef
fi
ciencyi
ssamef
oral
lsy
stem.

A. D.
CSy
stem

i
. D.
Ctwowi
resy
stem

13
 Let
,Vm bethemaximum vol
tagebet
weent
he
twoconduct
ors&Ibethel
oadcurr
ent
Powert
ransmi
tt
ed=VmI
LetRbet
her
esi
stanceofeachconduct
or
2
Copperl
osses=2IR

i
i. Twowi reD.Csy st
em withmidpoi
nteart
hed
Thissystem issameast hatof2wir
e,d.c.
system,sov alueofCuusedisalsosame.
Powert
ransmi
tt
ed=VmI
1

Equat
ethi
spowerwi
thD.
C2wi
resy
stem
VmI
1=VmI

2 2
Cu-
losses=2I
1
R=2IR

Equat
eitwi
thD.
C.t
wowi
resy
stem
2 2
2I
1
R=2IR

R
=1
R1

1
A A
=1or 1 =1
1 A
A1
A1*2l 2l
=1*
A* 2l 2l
v
1
=1
v
i
ii
. Thr
eewi
reD.
Csy
stem:
-

14
 Letthevolt
agebetweent
heout
erbeVm,Assumi
nga
bal
ancedloadsy
stem,
Thepowersuppl
i
ed=VmI
2

Compar
ingpowerwi
tht
wowi
reD.
Csy
stem
VmI
2=VmI
,I2=I

LetR2 bet
her esi
stanceofeachconduct
orandcross-
secti
onalarea ofmi ddl
e conduct
orbe hal
fthatof
outer
,
2
Copperl
osses=2I R
2 2

Putt
hev al
ueofI 2=I
2
So,
copperlosses=2I R2
Comparethecu- l
osseswi t
ht wowi reD.Csy stem
2 2
2IR2=2IR
R
=1
R2
1
A A
=1or 2 =1
1 A
A2
A2*
2l 2.5l
=1*
A*2l 2l
V2
=1.25
V
Volumeofcuusedi n3wi reD. C.system
=1.
25
Volumeofcuused2wi reD. C.system
B.Singl
ephaseSy st
em
(i
) 2wi r
esystem:-
V
ed= mI
Thepowersuppl
i Cos∅ (
4)
23
Si
ncepowersuppl
i
edi
nthi
ssy
stem andt
wowi
redcsy
stem
i
ssame,
Soequat
eequat
ion(
1)&(
4)
Vm
ICos∅ =VmI
23
2I
I=
3 Cos∅

LetR3bet
her
esi
stanceofconduct
or

15
 2
Copperl
osses=2I R
3 3
putv
alueofI
3
2
2I
=2( )R
Cos∅ 3
2
4I R3
=
Cos2∅
Equat
ingwi
tht
wowi
reD.
C.sy st
em
2
4I R3 2
=2I R
Cos2∅
R 2
=
R3 Cos2∅
1
A 2 A 2
= 2 or 3 =
1 Cos∅ A Cos2∅
A3
A3*2l 2 2l
= 2 *
A*2l Cos∅ 2l
v 3 2
=
v Cos2∅
(
ii
) Singl
ePhase,2-
Wirewit
hmi
dpoi
ntEar
thed
V
Powert
ransmit
ted= mICos∅
24
Equat
eitwi
th2wi
reD.
Csy
stem,
Vm 2I
ICos∅ =VmI orI=
2 4 4 Cos∅

2 2
2I 4I
cul
osses=2*( )R = R
Cos∅ 4 Cos2∅ 4
Compar
ecul
osseswi
th2wi
reD.
C.Sy
stem
2
4I 2
R =4I R
Cos2∅ 4
R 2
=
R4 Cos2∅
1
A 2
=
1 Cos2∅
A4
A 2
or 4 =
A Cos2∅
A4*
2l 2 2l
= *
A*2l Cos2∅ 2l

16
 v4 2
=
v Cos2∅
(
ii
i) Singl
ePhase,
3-Wi
reSyst
em
V
ed= mI
Thepowersuppl
i Cos∅
25
Equat
eitwi
th2wi
reDCsy
stem
Vm
ICos∅ =VmI
25
2I
I =
5 Cos∅
2
Copperl
osses=2I R
5 5
putv
alueofI
5

2
2I
=2( )R
Cos∅ 5
Compar
ewi
th2wi
reDCsy
stem cul
osses
2
4I 2
R =2IR
Cos2∅ 5

R 2 A 2
= 2 or 5 =
R5 Cos∅ A Cos2∅

A5*
2.5l 2 2.
5l
= 2 *
A*2l Cos∅ 2l
v
5 2.
5
=
v Cos2∅

C.ThreePhaseSyst
em
(i
)Threephase3wiresy
stem
Vm =max.val
ueofl
inevol
tage

V
RMSv
alueofl
i
nev
olage= m
t
2
Vm
RM Sv
alueofPhasev
olt
age==
32
Powert
ransmi
tt
edi
n3-
phasesy
stem
Vm
=3 ICos∅
2*36
Equat
ingt
hispowert
otwowi
reDCsy
stem

17
 Vm
3 ICos∅ =VmI
2*36

2I
orI =
6
3Cos∅
2
Cul
osses=3I R
6 6
2
2I
=3( )R (
put
ti
ngt
hev
alue
3Cos∅ 6
ofI
6)
2
2I R6
=
Cos2∅
Compar i
ngt
hisculossestothe2wi reDCsy stem
2
2IR6 2
=2I R
Cos2∅
R 1
=
R6 Cos2∅
1
A 1 A 1
= 2 or 6 =
1 Cos∅ A Cos2∅
A6
A6*
3l 1 3l
= 2 *
A*2l Cos∅ 2l
v6 1.5
=
v Cos2∅
(ii
) Thr eephase4wi resystem: -
Vm =max.v
alueofli
nev ol
tage

V
RMSv
alue= m
2
Vm
Powert
ransmi
tt
ed=3 ICos∅
2*37
Equat
ingt
hispowert
otwowi
reDCsy
stem
Vm
3 ICos∅ =VmI
2*37

2I
orI =
7
3Cos∅
2
Culosses=3I 7 7
R
2 2
2I 2IR7
=3( )R7 =
3Cos∅ Cos2∅
Compar
ingt
hiscul
ossest
ot he2wireDCsy st
em
2
2IR7 2
2 =2I R
Cos∅

18
 R 1
=
R7 Cos2∅
1
A 1 A 1
= 2 or 7 =
1 Cos∅ A Cos2∅
A7
A7*3.
5l 1 3.
5l
= 2 *
A*2l Cos∅ 2l
v7 1.
75
=
v Cos2∅

1.
9Resul
tofComparisonofdif
fer
entt
ransmi
ssi
onanddi
str
ibut
ionSy
stems
Ther
esul
tobt
ainedabovearesummari
sedasbel
ow:
-
Vol
umeofcopperr
equi
redwi
thbasi
sof
Sy
stem Maximum v ol
tage Maxi
mum vol
tagebet
ween
betweenconductorand anytwoconduct
or(
for
eart
h(foroverheadli
nes) under
-gr
oundcabl
e)
a)DCsy
stem

i
.Twowi
reDCsy
stem 1 1

i
i
.Twowi r
ewit
hmi d-poi
nt
0.
25 1
ear
thedDCsyst
em

i
i
i.Thr
eewi
reDCsy
stem
0.
3125 1.
25

b)AC Si ngl
e phase
sy
stem

i
.Twowi
re 2 2
Cos2∅ Cos2∅

i
i
.Twowi rewi
thmi
d-poi
nt 0.5 2
ear
thed Cos2∅ Cos2∅

i
i
i.Thr
eewi
re 0.625 2.5
Cos2∅ Cos2∅

c)ACTwophasesy
stem

i
.TwophaseFourwi
re 0.5 2
Cos2∅ Cos2∅

i
i
.Twophaset
hreewi
re 1.457 2.914
Cos2∅ Cos2∅

d)AC t hr
ee phase
sy
stem

i
.Three-
phase,
3 wi
re 0.5 1.5
sy
stem Cos2∅ Cos2∅

19
 i
i
.Three-
phase,
4 wi
re 0.583 1.
75
sy
stem Cos2∅ Cos2∅

From theabov et abl

e,itisobv i
oust hatfort ransmi ssionofel ectri
cpower ,D. C
system i
sidealonef r
om economi cpointofview, part
icular l
ywhenitisr emember ed
thatthepowerf actorofA. Csystem isusual l
yconsi der ablyl
esst hanuni t
y.Two-
phase,3-wi
reisunsui t
ableamongt her emainingA. Csy st em.Forov erheadsystem
thereisnodif
ferenceinsingl
e-phase,2wirewi thmi d-
poi nteart
hed&t hree-
phase,3-
wire.

20