Singhania University

Pacheri Bari, Distt. Jhunjhunu (Raj.)

Phone No.-01593 271299, 300, Fax No. – 01593 271003
M.Sc. in Microbiology

MSC MICROBIOLOGY SEMESTER I

1 Bacteriology & Phycology
2 Mycology & Virology
3 Immunology
4 Instrumentation & Its Biological Application
5 practicals
MSC MICROBIOLOGY SEMESTER II
1 INDUSTRIAL & Food Microbiology
RNA DNA TECHONLOGY &MICROBIOLOGY PRODUCATION
2 OF RECOMBINANT MOLECULE
3 Environmental Microbiology & Microbial Biodiversity
4 Biochemistry & Microbial Physiology
5 practicals
MSC MICROBIOLOGY SEMESTER III
1 Molecular Biology & Microbial Genetics
2 Biostatistics
3 Medical microbiology
4 Bioinformatics & computer Application
5 practicals
MSC MICROBIOLOGY SEMESTER IV
1 Project (Industrial & Training Project)

Semester – I
BACTERIOLOGY AND PHYCOLOGY
Unit – I
Classification of microorganisms; Haeckel's three kingdom concept, Whittaker's five kingdoms
concept. Modern trends in classification. Classification and salient features of Bacteria
according to Bergey's manual of systematic Bacteriology
Unit – II
-Gram- Nagative Bacteria: Spirochaetes, Aerobic or microaerophilic curved rods,
Aerobic rod and cocci, Facultative aerobic rods, Anaerobers, Rickettsias and
chalmydias,
Anoxygenic phototrophs, Oxygenic phototrophs, 'Gliding bacteria, Sheathed bacteria
Budding and/or appendages bacteria, and Chemolithotrophs.
-Gram- positive Bacteria :Cocci, Endospore forming bacteria, Regularly shaped rods,
irregularly shaped rods, Mycobacteria, Actinomycetes.
-Archaeobacteria: Methanotrophs, Halophiles, and Sulfur- dependent archaeobacteria.
Unit – III
Morphology & ultrastructure of bacteria; morphological types, cell walls, cell walls
synthesis, capsule, antigenic properties, cell membrane, Structure and functions of
flagella,
cilia, pili, chromosome, sporulation. Reserve food materials. Dormancy.
Cultivation of bacteria; anaerobic, aerobic culture media, growth curve, growth kinetics,
batch, continuous culture, growth measurements, factors affecting growth, control of
bacteria-physical and chemical agents. Types of bacteria on the basis of energy and
nutritional requirement. Pure culture techniques (spread plate, pour plate, streak plate),
preservation methods.
Unit - IV
An introduction of Algae, General features and classification of algae. Occurrence,
thallus
organization and reproduction in chlorophyceae euglenophyceae, phaeophyceae,
pyrrophyceae and diatoms.
Algal ecology & biotechnology. Economic importance of algae. Lichen, ascolichen,
basidiolichen, deuterolichen.
MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY
Unit – I
An Introduction to fungi-History, genral features of fungi, Classification of fungi.
Fungi and Ecosystem: Nutrition of fungi, Vitamin requirements, Saprophytism,
parasitism, mutualism. Symbiotic associations of fungi: The Mycorrihizae and Lichens.
Homothalism, Heterothallism, Heterokaryosis, The Parasexual cycle, Sex Hormones in
Fungi. Fungi as insect symbiont. Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicoses. Attack on fungi by
other microbes. Fungal diseases of Plants. Economic Importance of fungi.
Unit - II
General Virology Breif outline on discovery of viruses, nomencature and classfication
of
viruses : distinctive properties of viruses; morphology & ultrastructure; capsidids & their
arrangements; types of envelops and their composition-viral genome, their types and
stuctures; virus related agents (viroids, prions)
Genral methods of Diagnosis and serology Cultivation of viruses in embryonated
eggs,
experimental animals , cell cultures; Primary & secondary cell cultures; suspension cell
cultures and monolayer cell cultures; cell lines and transgenicsystems; serological
methods - heamagglutination & HAI; compliment
fixation;immunofluorescenemethods,ELSA and Rodiommunoassays; assay of
virusesphysical and chemial methods (Protein, nucleic acid, radioactivity,
trackers,electron mocroscipy)-Infectivity assay ( plague method, end point method)-
Infectivity of plant viruses.
Unit – III
Bacterial viruses Becteriophage structural organisation; life cycle;one step growth
curve;transcription; DNA replication; eclipse phase; phase production; burst size;
lysogenic cycle; bacteriophase typing; application in bacterial genetics; brief details on
M13,Mu, T3,T4 and Lamda P1
Plant viruses Classifications and nomenclature; effects of viruseson plant; appearence
of
plants;histology,physiology and cytology of plants; common virusesof cynabacteria,
algae, fungi;life cycle;type species of plant viruseslike TMVm, Cauliflower Mosiac Virus
and Potato virusX; transmission of plant viruses with vectors and with out vectors;
diagnostic techniques in seeds; seed stocks and diseased plants; Prevention of crop
loss
due to virusinfection - virus -free planting material; vector control
Unit – IV
Animal Viruses Classfication and nomenculture of animal human viruses;
epidemiology,
lifecycle, pathogenicity, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of RNA viruses Picorna,
Ortho myxo, paramyxo, Toga and other arthopod viuses, Rohabdo, Rota HIV and other
Oncogenic Viruses; DNA viruses; Pox, Herps, Adeno SV40; Hepatitis viruses, viral
vaccines (conventional vaccines, genetic recombinant vaccines used in national
immunisation programmes with examples, newer generation vaccines including DNA
Vaccines with examples) interferons and antiviral drugs.
IMMUNOLOGY
Unit –I
Historical background: Humoral and Cellular components of the immune system.
Innate
Immunity: Skin & mucosal surface, Physiological Barriers, Phagocytic barriers,
Inflammation, Adaptic immunity.
Cells and Organs of Immune System: Lymphoid cells; stem cells, B and T
Lymphocytes,
Natural killer cells, Mononuclear phagocytes, Granulocytic cells.
Organs: Thymus, Bone Marrow, Lymphatic system, Lymph nodes, Spleen.
Unit – II
Antigens and Antibodies:-Antigens: Structure, properites, types, Epitopes, Haptens.
Antibodies: Structure and function, Antibody mediated functions, Antibody classes and
biological activies, Monoclonal Antibodies
Antigen-Antibody Interaction:-Precipitation reaction, Agglutination,
Radioimmunoassay,
ELISA, Western Blotting, Major Histocimpatibility Complex, General structure and
function
of MHC, MHC Molecules and Genes, Antigen Processing and presentation-T-Cell
Receptors
T-Cell Maturation and Differentiation, B-Cell Generation, Activation & Differentiation.
Unit –III
Immune Effecter Mechanism-Cytokinesis (Properties, receptors, antagonisis &
secretion)
-The complement system (functions, components, activation, regulation and
deficiencies)
-Cell mediated effector responses: Cytotoxic T-cells, natural killer cells, antibody-
dependent
cell-mediated cytotoxicity
-Inflammation
-Hypersensitive reactions (Type I, II, III and delayed type (DTH)
Immunology in Health & Disease-Immune response to infectious diseases: viral,
bacterial
and protozoan.
-Vaccines, AIDS and other Immuno deficiencies, genetically designed vaccines. BCG,
TB &
Leprosy, DNA vaccines.
Unit –IV
Transplantation and Autoimmunity-Organ specific autoimmune diseases, Systemic
autoimmune diseases,
-Graft rejection, evidence and mechanism of graft rejection, prevention of graft rejection,
immunosuppressive drugs, HLA and disease, mechanism of immunity to tumor
antigens.
Autoantibodies in human pathogenic mechanism, experimental models of autoimmune
disease treatment of autoimmune disorders.
INSTRUMENTATION & ITS BIOLOGICAL APPLICATION
Unit 1
1. Spectroscopy: interaction of radiation with matter, absorption of radiation, emision of
radiation, Beer-Lambert relationship components of a spectrophotometer, type of
detectors; UV-Vis spectrophotometry,
2. Fluorimetric methods,atomic absorption spectroscopy techniques,flame emission
photometry, magnetic resonance spectroscopy,
3. Applications of different spectroscopic techniques.
Unit 2
1. Separation methods: principles of separation techniques, general methods of
separation;
methods based on polarity (absorption chromatography, liquid chromatography,
gasliquid
chromatography), methods based on ionic nature (ion-exchange chromatography),
methods based on shape (affinity chromatography), HPLC, ELISA.
2. Applications of chromatographic techniques in biology.
Unit 3
1. Membrane filtration and dialysis, electrophoresis: zonal techniques, supporting
medium,
vertical, submarine and gradient electrophoresis.
2. Isoelectric focussing, isotachophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, elution parameters,
immunoelectrophoresis,
3. Applications of electrophoresis in biology.
Unit 4
1. Centrifugation: Preparative and analytical centrifuges, sedimentation analysis, RCF,
zonal and equilibrium density gradients, Ultracentrifuge.
2. Microscopy: light, phase-contrast, fluorescence and electron microscopy.
Unit 5
1. Radioisotopes: nature of radioactivity, types of radioactivity, radioactive decay, units
of
radioactivity.
2. Detection and measurement of radioactivity. Geiger counters, scintillation counters,
autoradiography.
3. Biochemical uses of isotopes (tracers, radio immunoassay).
Semester – II
INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY AND FOOD
MICROBIOLOGY
Unit 1
Introduction, history and scope of industrial microbiology, major types of microorganism
used in
fermentation, primary & secondary screening, industrial strain improvement-strategies,
selection
and improvement of recombinant organisms.
Unit 2
Design and operation of various types of reactors, main components, peripheral parts
and
accessories, various control systems.
Unit 3
Media preparation, sterilization, kinetics of thermal death of Micro-organisms, batch,
continuous
and fed batch process, aeration and agitation, foam and antifoam, microbial growth
kinetics,
measurement of growth, effect of pH, temp, and nutrient conc. on growth.
Unit 4
Down stream processing, filtration of fermentation broths, ultra-centrifugation, recovery
of
biological products by distillation, superficial fluid extraction, Electrokinetic's dialysis,
flotation.
Unit 5
Industrial production of alcohol, citric, acid, solvents, amino acids, enzymes (amylase,
proteases,
celluloses) antibiotics, steroids and large-scale production of recombinant molecules -
interferon,
human proteins, vaccines.
Unit 6
Microorganisms important in food microbiology: Molds, Yeasts and Bacteria-General
characteristics, classification and importance. Principles of food preservaton. Asepsis-
Removal
of microorganisms, (anaerobic conditions, high temperatures, low temperatures, drying).
Factors
influencing microbial growth in food-Extrinsic and Intrinsic factors; Chemical
preservatives and
Food additives. Canning, processing for Heat treatment-D, Z, and F values and working
out
treatment parameters.
Unit 7
Contamination and spoilage; Cereals, sugar products, vegetables, fruits, meat and meat
products,
Milk products, fish and sea foods-poultry-spoilage of canned food. Detection of spoilage
and
characterisation. Food-borne infections and intoxications: Bacterial and nonbacterial-
with
example of infective and toxic types-Brucella, Bacillus, Clostridium,Escherichia,
Salmonella,
Staphylococcus,Vibrio, Yersinia; Nematodes, protozoa, algae, fungi and viruses.
Foodborne
outbreaks-laboratory testing procedures; Prevention measures-Food sanitation in
manufacture
and retail trade; Food control agencies and its regulations, Plant sanitation-Employee's
Health
standards-waste treatment-disposal-quality control.
Unit 8
Fermented foods: bread, cheese, vinegar, fermented vegetables,fermented dairy
products,
oriental Fermented foods, their quality standards and control; Experimental and
Induction
methods,microbial cells as food (single cell proteins) and mushroom cultivation.
Fermented
beverages: beer and wine. Genetically modified foods.
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY AND MICROBIAL PRODUCTION OF
RECOMBINANT MOLECULES
Unit 1
Core techniques and essential enzymes used in rDNA technology. Restriction digestion,
ligation
and transformation
Unit 2
Cloning vectors-plasmids, phages and comids. Cloning strategies. Cloning and
selection of
individual genes, gene libraries:cDNA and genomic libraries
Unit 3
Specialised cloning strategies, Expression vectors, promoter probe vectors, vectors for
library
construction - artificial chromosomes
Unit 4
PCR methods and application, DNA sequencing methods, dideoxy and chemical
methods
Sequence assembly. Automated sequencing Genome sequencing and physical
mapping of
genomes.
Unit 5
Requirement of recombinant molecules: in pharmaceutical, health, in research
laboratories,
agricultural and industrial sectors. Criteria of purity.
Unit 6
Rationale for the design of vectors for the over expressin of recombinant proteins:
selection of
suitable promoter sequences, ribosome binding sites, transcription terminator, fusion
protein
tags, purification tags, purification tags, protease cleavage sites and enzymes, plasmid
copy
number, inducible expression systems.
Unit 7
Over expression conditions, production of inclusion bodies, solubilization of insoluble
proteins
Purification protocols and up scaling. Determination of purity and activity of over
expressed
proteins.
ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
AND MICROBIAL DIVERSITY
Unit 1
Aero biology : Droplet nuclei, aerosal, assessment of air quality,-solid - liquid -
impingment
methods,- Breif account of air borne transmission of microbes - viruses - bacteria and
fungi, their
diseases and preventive measures.
Unit 2
Aquatic microbiology: Water ecosystems - types -fresh water(ponds, lake, streams)-
marinehabitats (estuaries, mangroves, deep sea, hydrothermal vents, saltpans,
coralreefs).
Zonations of Water ecosystems -upwelling -eutrophicaltion - food chain. Potability of
watermicrobial
assessment of water quality- water purification - brief account of major water borne
diseases and their control measures.
Unit 3
Soil Microbiology : Classification of Soil- Physical and chemicals characteristics,
microflora of
various soil types (bacteria and nematodes in revelence to soil types; rhizosphere-
phyllospherebrief
account of microbial interactions symboisis- mutualism- commensalism -competition -
amensalism- synergims - parasitims- predation ; biogeochemical cycles and their
organisms, -
carbon introgen - phosphorous and sulphur, biofertilizers- biological nitrogen fixation -
nitrogenase enzyme - nif genis; symbiotic nitrogen fixation - (Rhizobium, Frankia)-
nonsymbiotic
microbes- Azotobacter- Azospirillium - vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae-VAM)-
ecto, endo, entendomycorrhizae- rumen microbiology
Unit 4
Waste treatment : Wastes - types- solid and liquid wastes characterization- solid -
liquid;
treatments- physical, chemical, biological- aerobic- anaeorobic -primary - secondary-
tratiary;
solid waste tratment - saccharification- gasification- composting, utilization fo solid
wastes -
(SCP, mushroom,yeast): fuel(ethanol, methane) fertilizer(composting), liquid waste
treatmenttrickling-
activated sludge- oxidation pomd- oxidation ditch. Subterranean microbes and
biomediation
Unit 5
Positive and negative roles of microbes in environment: biodegradation of
recalcitrant
compounds - lignin - pesticides; bioaccumulation of metals and detoxification -
biopesticides;
biodeterioration- of paper- leather, wood textiles- metal corrosion- mode of
deteriorationorganisms
involved -its disadvantages- mode of prevention. Gmo and theirimpact
Unit 6
Introduction to microbial diversity, distribution, abundance, ecology. Oxygenic
photosynthetic
microbes adn anoxygenic photosynthetic microbes. Oxidative transformation of metals:
sulphur
oxidation, iron oxidation, ammonia oxidation and hydrogen oxidation. Unculturable and
culturable bacteria-conventional and molecular methods of studying microbial diversity.
Unit 7
Microbial diversity in anoxic ecosystem - methanogens - reduction of carbon monoxide -
reduction of iron, sulphur, manganese, nitrate and oxygen- Microbial transformation of
carbon,
phosphorus, sulphur, nitrogen and mercury. Extermophiles - acidophilic, alkalophilic;
thermophilic, and oxmophilic microbes, mechanisms and adoption. Halophiles-
membrance
variation - electron transport; application of halophiles and extremophiles.
BIOCHEMISTRY & MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY
Unit - I
Chemical foundation of (i)pH, pk, acids, bases, buffers, weak bonds, free energy
resonance,
isomerisation. Carbohydrates:Monosaccharides and their relationship structure of
sugars,
stereo isomerism and optical isomers of sugars. Reactions of aldehyde and ketone
group, ring
structure and tautomeric forms, mutarotation, reaction of sufars to OH groups. Important
derivatives of monosaccharides, disaccharides and trisaccharides. Structure,
occurrence and
biological importance of structural polysaccharides e.g. cellulose, chitin, agar, alginic
acids,
pectins, proteoglycans, sialic acids, blood group polysaccharides, bacterial cell wall
polysaccharides Storage food polysacchorides: glycogen, starch.
Unit - II
Lipids : Building block of lipids, fatty acids, glycerol, sphingosine. Definition and
classification of lipids, Classification of fatty acids, physico-chemical properties of fatty
acids. Systematic nomenclature and classes of glycerides. Properties and function of
phospholipids, prostaglandins. Classes, structure and synthesis. Lipoproteins-
classification,
composition and their importance. Role of liipids in cellular architecture and functions.
Unit - III
Nucleic acids Importance of nucleic acids in living systems, general composition of
nucleic
acids, purine and pyrimidine bases, tautomeric forms of bases, reactions of purines an
pyrimidines, structure of nucleosides and nucleotides, deoxynucleotides, cyclic
nucleotides
and polynucleotides. Interaction of nucleic acids with protein molecules.
Proteins: Covalent properties of proteins - Structure & chemistry of amino acids; Proteins
Sequencing, covalent modification, splicing Primary, Secondary, tertiary and quarternary
(folding patterns). Globular and fibrous proteins.
Unit - IV
Enzymes As biocatalyst, classification, specificity, active site,activity unit isozymes.
Enzyme kinetics; Michaelis-Menton: Mention equation for simple enzymes,
determination of
kinetic parameters, multistep-reactions and rate limiting steps, enzymes, inhibition,
allosterism, kinetic analysis of allosteric enzymes, principles of allosteric regulation.
Unit – V
Respiratory metabolism Embden Meyer Hof pathway-Entner Doudroff pathway -
glyoxalate pathway-Krebs cycle-oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation - reverse
TCA
cycle - gluconeogenesis - Pasteur effect; fermentation of carbohydrates-homo and
heterolactic fermentations.
Assimilation of nitrogen dinitrogen -nitrate nitrogen - ammonia- synthesis of major
amino
acids - polyamines; Synthesis of polysaccharides- peptidoglycan-biopolymers as cell
components.
Semester – III
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND MICROBIAL GENETICS
Unit – I
Nucleic acids as genetic information carries : experimental evidence. DNA structure
:
historical aspects and current concepts, melting of DNA replication: general principles,
various modes of replication, isolation and properties of DNApolymerases, proof reading
continous and discontinous sysnthesis, Asymmetric & dimeric nature of DNA
polymerases iii and simultaneous, synthesis of leading and lagging stands, DN
polymerases, exonuclease activity in eukaryotic DNA polymerases, superhelicity in
DNA, linking number, topological properties, mechanism of action of topoisomerases.
Unit – II
Initiation of replication of single standardDNA. Construction of replication fork in test
tube. Retroviruses and their unique mode of DNA synthesis. Relation between
replication
and cell cycle. Inhibitors or DNA replication. repair pathways-methyl-directed
mismatchrepair, very short patch repair, nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair,
recombination, repair SOS system. Structural features of RNA and relation to function .
Initiator and elongator class of tRNA, ribosome binding site on mRNA and
corresponding site on rRNA. peptidyl transferase activity of 23S tRNA. Transcription:
general principles, basic appartatus, types of RNA polymerases, steps : initiation,
clongation and termination, inhibitors of RNA syntheses. Polycistronic and
monocistronic RNAs. Control of transcription by interaction between RNA polymerases
and parometer regions, use of alternate sigma factors, controlled termination :
attenuation
and altitermination
Unit – III
Regulation of gene expression: operon concept, catabolite repression instability of
bacterial RNA, positive and negative regulation , inducers and corepressors. Negative
regulation - E. coli lacoperon; positive regulation . E.coli ara operon; regulation by
atenuation his and trp operons; antitermination - N protein and nut sites in I. DNA
binding sites on DNA, Global regulatoryresponses : heat shock response, stringent
response and regulation by small molecules such as ppGpp and cAMP, regulation of
rRNA and tRNA syntheses.
Unit – IV
Maturation and processing of RNA : methylation, cutting and trimming of rRNA;
capping, polyadenylation and splicing of m RNA; cutting and modification of tRNA
degradation system. Catalytic RNA group I and group II intron splicing RNase P
Basic features of the genetic code. Protein synthesis : steps, details of initiation,
elongation and termination, role of various factors in the above steps, inhibitors of
proteinssynthesis. Synthesis of exported proteins on membrane- bound ribosomes,
singal
hypothesis. In vitro transcription and translation systems.
Gene transfer mechanisms- transformation, transduction, conjugation and transfection.
Mechanisms and applications. Genetic analysis of microbes, Bacteria and yeast
Biostatistics
Importance and scope in biological experiments; Elements of Probability -
Mathematical,
Statistical and Axiomatic Definitions; Addition and multiplication. Therorems; Probability
Distribution Function-Binomial, Poisson and Normal; Area under Normal Probability
Distribution Curve.
Measures of Central Tendency - Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic Means; Measures
of
Dispersion - Range, Quartile Deviation, Variance, Standard Deviation, Coefficient of
Variation;
Confidence Limits of population Mean; Tests of Significance- Hypotheses and Errors;
Student t
test-Population mean equals a postulated value, Equality of 2 independent population
means
(Equal and Unequal Variances), Equality of 2 dependent means of a population.
Analysis of Variance-One way classification with equal and unequal sample sizes, Two
way
classification with one observation per cell, Completely Randomized Design,
Randomized Block
Design; Multiple Comparison-Isd and Duncan's New Multiple Range test; Introducation
to 2^
Factorial Design.
Relation between two variable; Linear Regression - Regression diagram and equation,
significance test, prediction of dependent variable from the independent one; Linear
Correlation-
Scatter diagrams, correlation coefficient standard error, significance tests: Relationship
between
Correlation and Regression coefficients; Chi-square tests for goodness of fit, tests for
association
between attributes, Yate's Correction factor; Analysis of Covariance (One way
classification)
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Unit 1
Early discovery of panthogenic microorganisms; developmentof bacteriology as
scientific
discipline; contributions made by eminent scientists. Classification of medically
important micro organisms; Normal microbial flora of human body; role of the resident
flora; normal flora and the human host
Unit 2
Estsblishment, spreading, tissue damage and anti- phagocytic factors; mechanism of
bacterial adhesion , colonization and invasion of mucous membranes of respritory,
enteric and unogenital tracts, Role of aggressins, deplymerising enzymes,
organotropisms, variation and virulence. Organs and cells involved immune system and
immune response
Unit 3
Clasifications; pathogenic bacteria. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pncumococcus,
Neisseria, Cornebacterium Bacillus, clostridium, Non-sporing Anaerobes, Organisms
belonging to Enterbacteriacca, Vibrios, Non fermenting gram negative bacilli Yersinsa;
Haemophilus; Bordetella, Brucella; Mycobacteria, Spirochaetes, Anctiomycetes;
Rickettsiac, Chalmdiac
Unit 4
General properties of Viruses; Viruses Host interactions ; Pox viruses ; Herps virus;
Picarno Viruses; Orthomyxo viruses; Paramyxo viruses; Arboviruses, Rhabdo viruses,
Hepatitis viruses; Oncogenic viruses; Human Immuno deficiency viruses(AIDS).
Dermatophytes, dimophic fungi, opportunistic fungal pathogens. Description and
classification of pathogenic fungi and their laboratory diagnosis
Unit 5
Laboratory control of antimicrobial therapy; various methods of drug susceptiblity
testing, antibiotic assay in body fluids. Brief account on available vaccines and
Schedules; passive prophylactic measures; Noscomical infection, common types of
hospital infections and their diagnosis and control
Unit 6
Prolaryotic & eukaryotic signalling mechanissms: eukaryatic cell to cell signaling,
endocrine signaling, Ajlikins, prokaryotic signaling, quoreem sensing and bacterial
pheromones, intracellular signaling, signaling pathways.
Unit 7
Injection and cell -cell interactions; bacterial adherence: basic principles, effects of
adhesion on bacteria, effect of adhesion on host cells. Bacterial invasion of host cells;
mechanism, consequence of invasion, and survival after invasion. Protein toxins: agents
of diseases.
Bioinformatics and Computer Application
Introduction of Bioinformatics: The nature of chemical bonds, Introduction to Genes
and
Proteins, Nucleotides, Orientation, Base pairing, The central dogma, Promoter
sequences,
Genetic Code, ORFs, Introns and Exons, Slice variants, Protein structure, Primary,
Secondary,
Tertiary and Quaternary, The notation of homology. Introduction to Data Generating
Techniques: Restriction Enzymes, Gel Electrophoresis, Blotting and Hybridization,
Cloning,
PCR. Biological databases, Search engines, Public databases: PubMED, EMBL,
GenBanK,
PDB, Swiss-Port. Genomics and Proteomics: Prokaryotic genomes, Eukaryotic
Genomes, Gene
Structure, GC Content in Eukaryotic genomes, Gene Expression, Protein Classification,
2D–
Electrophoresis, Mass spectrometry, Microarray technology, X–ray crystallography,
NMR,
Sequence and Phylogeny Analysis, Detecting ORFs, Outline of sequence alignment,
Introduction
to BLAST, Multiple sequence alignment, Phylogenetic analysis.
Introduction to computer fundamental, Organization, low- Level and high-level
languages,
Permanent storage of number system, flow charts and programming techniques (Logic
and
algorithm) Decimal to binary and vice-versa; binary coded decimal number.
Introduction to MS-Office software covering word-processing, spreadsheets and
presentation
software. Introduction to Hardware graphics/ Corel draw.
Application of computer in Biostatistical problems. Frequently table of single discrete
viable,
bubble sort, computation of mean, variance and standard deviation, t-test, correlation
coefficient.
Computer in biology: Sequence databases; sequence analysis of proteins and nucleic
acids,
structure prediction, simple molecular modeling, computer aided drug designing.
Project & Training
Dissertation.The Project work will involve in depth practical work on a problem
suggessted by
the supervisor of the candidate.The student will submit the dissertation of the work
done.The
dissertation submitted by the candidate shall be evaluated by one external expert,head
of the
department and supervisor of the candidate.The seminars, in-plant training and
industrial visit
reports will also be submitted by the candidate to the Head of the Department who will
submit
these to the external examiner.The examination shall be held in the department and the
disertation etc.will NOT be required to be mailed to the external examiner.The
distribution of the
marks will be as under.