Lecture Note Electrical Drives

Prepared By: Dr.Shaikh Mohammed Suhel

Ph.D, GATE, M.Tech, B.E. Electrical
Q: Basic principle of induction Motor
 The stator of the motor consists of overlapping winding that are displaced by 120o with
respect to time and space.

 As a results of this rotating magnetic field is created in the stator that rotates with a
120×𝑓
speed of 𝑁𝑠 = 𝑝 . This speed is called synchronous speed.

 According to Faraday’s law an emf induced in any circuit is due to the rate of change of
magnetic flux linkage through the circuit. As the rotor winding in an induction motor are either
closed through an external resistance or directly shorted by end ring, and cut the stator
rotating magnetic field, an emf is induced in the rotor copper bar and due to this emf a current
flows through the rotor conductor.
 When a wire carrying an electric current (Rotor conductor) is placed in a magnetic field
(Rotating magnetic field by the stator), each of the moving charges, which comprise the
current, experiences the Lorentz force.

Prepared By: Dr. Shaikh Mohammed Suhel, Associate Professor and Head, RNGPIT, Bardoli
 𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙 × 𝐵
 Here the relative speed between the rotating flux and static rotor conductor is the cause of
current generation; hence as per Lenz’s law, the rotor will rotate in the same direction to
reduce the cause, i.e., the relative velocity.

Q. Equivalent Circuit and Important Equation

Fig. Per phase equivalent circuit (All quantities refer to stator side)

Synchronous speed: Slip

120 f Ns  N
Ns  S 
P Ns
Air gap Power Copper Loss

Pg  3I 22
R2 Pcu  3I 22 R2  S  Pg
s
Mechanical Power d
Pm  (1  S ) Pg T  Tl  J
dt
Torque developed by the motor
Pm (1  S ) Pg 3 R2
T   T  I 22
m (1  S )s s S

Now, Rotor Current

V1
I2 
R2
( R1  )2  ( X1  X 2 )2
s

Prepared By: Dr. Shaikh Mohammed Suhel, Associate Professor and Head, RNGPIT, Bardoli
 From the rotor current Torque can be obtained
as
R2
V12 
3 S
T 
s R2
( R1  )2  ( X1  X 2 )2
s
Slip at which maximum torque occurs
(Obtained by differentiating torque and equate
to zero)
 R2
S max T 
R12   X 1  X 2 
2

Maximum torque
3 V12
Tmax 
2s R  R12   X 
2
1

Q. Speed Torque Characteristic equation of Induction motor:

Q. Speed Control Method of Induction motor:

Stator side control:

1) Variable terminal voltage control

2) Variation of supply frequency
3) Introduction of resistor or inductor in the stator circuit

Rotor side control:

4) Addition of balance Resistor in the circuit
5) Injection of voltage in the circuit

Q. Speed Control Method (Variable terminal voltage control):

Prepared By: Dr. Shaikh Mohammed Suhel, Associate Professor and Head, RNGPIT, Bardoli
The speed of a three-phase induction motor can be varied by varying the supply voltage. As it is
known from the below equation that by reducing the supply voltage torque and maximum torque
will reduced (torque developed is proportional to the square of the supply voltage).

R2 3 V12
V12  Tmax 
3
T  S 2s R  R12   X 
2
s R2 1
( R1  )  ( X1  X 2 )
2 2

But, slip at which maximum torque is occur is independent of supply voltage.

 R2
S max T 
R12   X 1  X 2 
2

Dynamics involved when we reduce the supply voltage:

As we decrease the supply voltage as a result of this current will decrease immediately and thus
3 R2
machine torque will reduce T  I 22 ; so speed of the machine will falls (𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝐿 =
𝑑𝜔 s S
𝐽 ; and thus Slip ‘s’ will increase and again Current ‘I’ start to increase and
𝑑𝑡
as a result machine torque increases to meat the load torque.

At Low value of Slip torque and current can be written as:

3 V12 SV1
T  S I
s R2 R2

𝑇
So, ∝ 𝑉1
𝐼
Now as we decrease the voltage to negotiate the same load torque machine current has to be
increase and thus efficiency is poor. This is major disadvantage of stator voltage control method.

Disadvantages:

Prepared By: Dr. Shaikh Mohammed Suhel, Associate Professor and Head, RNGPIT, Bardoli
 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 (1−𝑠)𝑃𝑔
1) Efficiency poor. 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑛 = = = (1 − 𝑠) .
𝑒𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑔
; 𝑐𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑃𝑔 =↑ 𝑆𝑃𝑔 + (1 − 𝑆)𝑃𝑔 ↓
2
2) Speed range is very poor (used for fan type load where 𝑇𝐿 ∝ 𝑉1 )
3) Allow controls only below base speed.
4) Starting torque and maximum torque production capability decreases as we decrease the
supply voltage

Advantage:

1) Cost effective and simplicity

Prepared By: Dr. Shaikh Mohammed Suhel, Associate Professor and Head, RNGPIT, Bardoli