MATHEMATICS in NATURE

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Classify the type of patterns that can be seen in nature.
2. Determine the next term or figure in a given sequence or pattern.
3. Identify the types of sequences.
4. Determine the nth term of an arithmetic or geometric sequence.
5. Find the sum of the terms in a given arithmetic or geometric sequence.
6. Determine the arithmetic or geometric mean/s between two numbers.
7. Solve problem sets involving arithmetic and geometric sequences and series.
 The laws of nature are but
the mathematical thoughts
of God.
Euclid

Presentation title 2
 ➢ Symmetry
Some Natural ➢ Radial Symmetry
Patterns that can ➢ Bilateral Symmetry
be seen in ➢ Spirals
Nature: ➢ Waves
➢ Sand Dunes
➢ Tessellations
https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=c8ccsE_IumM ➢ Stripes
SYMMETRY
- is
a figure having two
sides that are mirror
image of one another.

RADIAL SYMMETRY
- a rotational
symmetry around a
fixed point. It has
more than one line of
symmetry through the
center.
SYMMETRY
BILATERAL or
REFLECTIVE
SYMMETRY
- is when the mirrored
elements are
arranged around the
center line. In this
symmetry, an object
has two sides that are
mirror images of
each other.
SPIRAL
- patterns that are
attributed to
complicated
mathematical
algorithms,
sequences and
equations.
(Meanders represented
by bends in rivers and
channels but can also be
seen throughout the
natural environment)
OCEAN WAVES
- Waves are
disturbances that carry
energy as they move.
They are one of the
most powerful natural
phenomena on Earth,
and have a significant
impact on the shape of
the Earth’s coastline.
- Wind waves are
created as wind passes
over a large body of
water.
SAND DUNES

- Sand Dunes is a small

ridge of hill of sand
found in a desert or on
top of a beach.
- When the wind passes
over, it create dunes.
Dunes may form a
range of patterns as
well.
TESSELLATION
(TILING)

- Tessellations are
repeating tiles over a
surface. It can be seen
when we cover a surface
with one or more
geometric shapes (tiles)
so that there are no
overlaps or gaps.
 Other patterns:
CRACKS
- Cracks are linear openings
that form in materials to
relieve stress. When a
material fails in all directions
it results in cracks. The
patterns created reveal if
the material is elastic or not.

(Dendrochronology, or tree
-ring dating, is a scientific
method that uses these
rings to determine how old
a tree is.)
 Other patterns:

STRIPE
- The stripe pattern is
evolutionary in that it
increases the chances
of survival through
camouflage.
MAKING SENSE OF
PATTERNS
- Sequences and Patterns
- Patterns of Figures
 MAKING SENSE OF PATTERNS

SEQUENCE (PROGRESSION)
❑an ordered list of numbers of elements that are usually
determined using some functions or patterns.
❑A set of numbers (or other objects) that follow a
particular pattern.

❑The numbers in the ordered list are called ELEMENTS or TERMS of

the sequence.
 SEQUENCES and PATTERNS
Determine the next term in each
given sequence and explain the 1. The next term in the given
pattern that the sequences are sequence is -243. (Multiply by negative 3)
following: 2. The next term in the given
sequence is 35. (Add 2 in the second
1. 1, -3, 9, - 81, …, difference of consecutive numbers)

2. 0, 3, 8, 15, 24, … 3.

3. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, … 4.

4. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, …
5.
5. 0, 1, 8, 27, 64, …
 SEQUENCES and PATTERNS
The next term will have the given
How many dots will there be in illustration
the next term?

Therefore, the number of dots in the

next term is 21.
Determine the next figure:
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
and
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
 ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE The nth term of the

❑ a list of numbers or objects that arithmetic sequence:
follows a particular order or rule
which is adding or subtracting a 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 + 𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒅
constant number to the ordered list
where:
of numbers.
an = the nth term
❑ The constant number is called the a1 = first term
common difference. n = number of terms
❑ The members of he ordered list of d = common difference
numbers are called elements or terms.
 ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
Given:
a1 = 3
d=6
Find the 35th term in the n = 35
arithmetic sequence
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
3, 9, 15, 21, … 𝑎35 = 3 + 35 − 1 6
𝒂𝟑𝟓 = 𝟐𝟎𝟕

Therefore, the 35th term of the given

sequence is 207.
Find the common difference if the 12th term of
the sequence is 34 and the 35th term is 287.
Find the first term in a given arithmetic
sequence, if the 16th term is 36 and the 78th
term is 966.
 GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE

The nth term of the

GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
geometric sequence:
❑a list of numbers or objects that
follows a particular order or rule 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏−𝟏
which is multiplying or dividing a
constant number to the ordered where:
an = the nth term
list of numbers. a1 = first term
❑The constant number is called the n = number of terms
common ratio. r = common ratio
 GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE

Consider two consecutive terms:

30
10 and 30, then r = =3
Find the common ratio 10

in the sequence 30 and 90, then r =

90
=3
30

10, 30, 90, 270, …

270
90 and 270, then r = =3
90

Therefore, the common ratio is 3.

Find the 10th terms in the sequence

10, 30, 90, 270, …

 ARITHMETIC SERIES

The sum of the arithmetic sequence is

given by:
𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = 𝒂 + 𝒂𝒏
ARITHMETIC SERIES 𝟐 𝟏
or
𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = [𝟐𝒂𝟏 + 𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒅]
❑The sum of all the 𝟐
terns in an arithmetic
where:
sequence. Sn = the sum of the terms in the sequence
an = the nth term
a1 = first term
n = number of terms
d = common difference
 ARITHMETIC SERIES
1 + 2 + 3 + … + 75

Given:
a1 = 1
an = 75
What is the sum of n = 75 or
first 75 positive 𝑛
integers? 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2
75
2 𝑆75 = [2(1) + 75 − 1 1]
75 2
𝑆75 = 1 + 75 75
2 𝑆75 = 2 + 74
𝑆75 = 𝟐 𝟖𝟓𝟎 2
𝑆𝑛 = 𝟐 𝟖𝟓𝟎
The number of COVID cases after the
vaccination program is prepared below.
Determine the total COVID cases on the 16th
days of the program.
Day 1 2 3 4 n
COVID
10 200 10 000 9 800 9 600 7 200
cases
 GEOMETRIC SERIES

The sum of the geometric sequence

is given by:
GEOMETRIC SERIES
𝒂𝟏 (𝒓𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝑺𝒏 = ;𝒓 ≠ 𝟏
𝒓−𝟏
❑The sum of all the
terns in an geometric where:
Sn = the sum of the terms in the sequence
sequence. a1 = first term
n = number of terms
r = common ratio
 GEOMETRIC SERIES
Given:
a1 = -5
n = 10
r = -2
Find the sum of the first
10 terms of the given 𝑎1 (𝑟 𝑛 − 1)
geometric sequence 𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
−5 [ −2 10 − 1]
𝑆10 =
-5, 10, -20, 40, … (−2) − 1
(−5)(1 023)
𝑆10 =
−3
𝑆75 = 𝟏 𝟕𝟓𝟎
If the number of vaccinated residents in 16
barangays in Makati are 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, …,
how many residents are already vaccinated in
the 15 barangays?
 ARITHMETIC MEAN

ARITHMETIC MEAN Arithmetic Mean (A)

BETWEEN TWO NUMBERS 𝑺
𝑨=
𝑵
❑The sum of the
numbers in a list where:
divided by the A = arithmetic mean
number of terms in N = number of terms
S = sum of the numbers in the list
that list
 ARITHMETIC MEAN
Given:
S = 29 + (-31) = –2
N=2
Find the missing term or
terms in the arithmetic
𝑆
sequence: 𝐴=
𝑁
−2
𝐴=
…, 29, ____, -31, … 2
𝐴 = −𝟏

The missing term is -1, which is also the

arithmetic mean between 29 and -31.
Find the missing term or terms in the arithmetic
sequence:

…, -20, ____, -40, …

 ARITHMETIC MEAN

𝒃=𝒂+ 𝒏+𝟐−𝟏 𝒅
MULTIPLE ARITHMETIC MEANS 𝒃−𝒂
𝒅=
BETWEEN TWO GIVEN So,
𝒏+𝟏
NUMBERS 𝒃−𝒂
𝑨𝟏 = 𝒂 +
𝒏+𝟏
𝒃−𝒂
❑ Let a and b be the two given 𝑨𝟐 = 𝒂 + 𝟐
numbers and A1, A2, …, Am be 𝒏+𝟏
𝒃−𝒂
the arithmetic means between 𝑨𝒎 = 𝒂 + 𝒎
𝒏+𝟏
them. Then a, A1, A2, …, An, b
will be in the arithmetic where:
a = first term
sequence. If a is the first term, b = last term
then b will be the (n + 2)th term. m = missing arithmetic means
n = number of missing arithmetic means
 ARITHMETIC MEAN

Given:
Find the missing term or a = 10
terms in the arithmetic b = 130
sequence: n=3

𝑏−𝑎 130 − 10
𝐴1 = 𝑎 + = 10 + = 𝟒𝟎
…, 10, ____, ____, 𝑛+1
𝑏−𝑎
3+1
130 − 10
____, 130, … 𝐴2 = 𝑎 + 2
𝑛+1
= 10 + 2
3+1
= 𝟕𝟎
𝑏−𝑎 130 − 10
𝐴3 = 𝑎 + 3 = 10 + 3 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑛+1 3+1
 GEOMETRIC MEAN

GEOMETRIC MEAN
𝒃 𝒄
BETWEEN TWO NUMBERS =
𝒂 𝒃
𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝒄
❑The geometric mean 𝒃 = 𝒂𝒄
(b) between two
numbers a and c is
the square root of the
b is the geometric mean between a and
product of the c
numbers a and c.
 GEOMETRIC MEAN

Given:
a = –3
What is the c = –108

geometric mean
between -3 and - 𝑏= (−3)(−108)
108? 𝑏 = 324
𝑏 = ±𝟏𝟖
 GEOMETRIC MEAN

𝒎
MULTIPLE ARITHMETIC MEANS 𝒃 𝒏+𝟏
𝑮𝒎 = 𝒂
BETWEEN TWO GIVEN 𝒂
NUMBERS

❑ Let a and b be the two given where:

a = first term
numbers. Let G1, G2, G3 …, Gn b = last term
be the n geometric means m = missing arithmetic means
between them. n = number of missing geometric means
 GEOMETRIC MEAN
Given:
a=1
b = 256
What terms must be
𝑚
𝑏
n=3
𝑛+1
𝐺𝑚 = 𝑎
inserted in the 1
𝑎
2
256 3+1 256 3+1
numbers 1 and 256 𝐺1 = 1 = ±𝟒 𝐺2 = 1 = ±𝟏𝟔
1 1
for it to become an 3
256 3+1
arithmetic sequence. 𝐺3 = 1 = ±𝟔𝟒
1

If the common ratio is positive, then G1 = 4, G2 = 16 ang G3 =

64
If the common ratio is negative, then G1 = -4, G2 = 16 ang G3
= -64