CHAPTER(1)

Table of physical quantities, their symbols, and units of

measurement

Physical quantity symbol Unit of measurement

• Displacement or distance d meter m

• Mass m Kilogram Kg
• Volume vol 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 −𝟑 m3
• Density 𝛒 Kilogram/𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫 −𝟑 Kg/ m3
• Force F Newton = N=
Kilogram. meter/𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝟐 Kg. m/s2
• Area A 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝟐 m2
Newton/𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝟐 = N/m2 =
Kilogram/meter. 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝟐 = Kg/m.s2
• Pressure P Joule/𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝟑 = J/m3
Pascal Pascal
• Energy (work) W Joule = J
Kilogram. 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝟐 Kg.m2/s2
• Free fall acceleration g meter/𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝟐 m/s2
• The depth of a point h meter m
• Atmospheric pressure pa Atmospheric pressure atm
• Mechanical advantage η __ __
• Temperature on Kelvin Kelvin degree K
scale T
• Temperature on Celsius t Celsius degree °𝑪
scale
• Volume expansion 𝛂v Kelvin-1 K-1
coefficient of a gas
• Pressure increasing 𝛃P Kelvin-1 K-1
coefficient of a gas

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 CHAPTER(1)

Conversion symbols

Deci (d) centi (c) mili (m) micro (μ) nano (n) pico (p) femto (f) kilo (k)
X 10-1 X 10-2 X 10-3 X 10-6 X 10-9 X 10-12 X 10-15 X 103

Mega (M) Gega (G) gm ton Angstrom liter (L) Kg weight X acceleration
X 106 X 109 A0 X 10-10 m X 10-3 m3 due to gravity → (N)
X 10-3 kg X 103 kg

Centimeter
x102 x10

x10-2 x10-1
x103
Meter Millimeter
-3
x10

1m = 1 x 102 cm = 103 mm
1m2 = 1 x (102)2 cm2 = (103)2mm2
1m2 = l x l04 cm2 = 106 mm2

1m3 = 1 x (102)3 cm3 = (103)3mm3

1m3 = 1 x 106 cm3 = 109 mm3

Liter

x103 x103

x10-3 x10-3
x106
m3 Cm3
x10-6

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 CHAPTER(1)

Conversion of some units

Length Area
(m) (m2)

x10-10 x103 x10-6

x10-3 x10-2 x10-4

Angstrom(A°) mm cm km mm2 Cm2

Volume Mass
(m3) (Kg)

x10-9 x10-6 x10-3 x10-6 x10-3

mm3 Cm3 liter mg g

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CHAPTER(1)

Perimeter, areas and volumes of some geometric shapes

L
L
L
L L

L h

L W

Y
Z

Height

Base

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 CHAPTER(1)

Graphical representations of some relations between two variables

Relation Graph

y = mx y

- At x = zero y = zero
- The straight line passes by the origin (0,0)
∆𝒚
Slope = =m x
∆𝒙
(0,0)

y = a + mx
- At x = zero y = a (positive value)
a
- The straight line intersects y-axis at point (a)
𝒂
- At y = zero, x = b (negative value) = -
𝒎 b
∆𝒚
Slope = =m
∆𝒙

y = mx - d
𝒅
- At y = zero x= = c (positive value)
𝒎

- The straight line intersects x-axis at point (c) (0,0) x

c
- At x = zero y = -d (negative value)
d
∆𝒚
Slope = =m
∆𝒙

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 CHAPTER(1)

y=a–x
a
- The sum of the two quantities x, y at
any point = constant value (a)
- At x = zero y = a (constant value)
- At y = zero x = a (constant value)
(0,0) x
∆𝒚 a
Slope = = -1
∆𝒙

y
𝒂
Y=
𝒙
- The product of two quantities x, y at
any point equals constant value (a).
x

y
y = a sin (x)
a
g
- The value of (y) varies between (a, - a)
x
regularly with the change of x.

-a

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 CHAPTER(1)

- The density
Lesson one
- The relative density

Lesson two The pressure

The pressure at a point inside

Lesson three
liquid

Application on the pressure

Lesson four
inside a liquid (u-shaped tube)

Lesson five - The barometer

- The manometer

Lesson six - pascal’s principle

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 CHAPTER(1)
UNIT (1) CHAPTER

Chapter(1)
Lesson One
Hydrostatics

Fluids
are materials that can flow, that take the shape of the container such as gases , and
liquids.

Compare between the liquids and gases:

Liquids Gases

1- They are incompressible. 1- They are compressible.

2- Have a fixed volume. 2- Take the volume of its container.
3- Take the shape of its 3- Take the shape of its container
container

Properties of static liquids:

The density:

(𝛒) It is the mass per unit volume of substance.

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑀
The density = Kg/ 𝑚3 ,𝛒= Kg/ 𝑚3
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙

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 CHAPTER(1)

For liquid or solid the density does not change by changing mass or volume

What’s meant by ?

The density of Aluminium = 2700

2700 Kg is the mass of 1 𝑚3 of Aluminium.

Density is the basic property for all solids and liquids because it depends on:
a) Type of material because :
1- The difference in their atomic weight.
2- Different elements have different inter molecular distance between their molecules or
their atoms.
b) Temperature because:
As temperature changes, volume changes, so the density changes.

Remarks

1) Fresh water at 4° C has a density of 1000 Kg/ 𝑚3 or gm/ 𝑐𝑚3 .

𝑔𝑚 10−3 Kg 𝑔𝑚 Kg Kg
x = x 10−3 = , While gm/liter =
𝑐𝑚3 10−6 𝑚3 𝑐𝑚3 𝑚3 𝑚3

2) The density for gases varies according to pressure applied on it , so density of gas is
not basic property.
3) For a fixed mass of different substance , the volume of the substance is inversely
proportional to its density its density
Example: Vol of 1 Kg oil > Vol of 1 Kg of water : ∴ 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 < 𝜌𝑤

4) The solid bodies of less density can float over more dense liquids.
Example: 𝜌𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 < 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 So wood can float over water.

5) The weight (𝐹𝑔 ) = Mass x gravity ∵ M = ρ x Vol ∴ 𝐹𝑔 = ρ x Vol x g Newton

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UNIT (1) CHAPTER

The relative density:

(R.d) or specific weight or specific density or specific gravity .
density of material at a certain temprature
➔ R. d =
density of water at same temprature
ρsubstans
= at same temperature
ρwater
OR
mass of a certain volume of a substansat certain temprature
➔ R. d =
mass of same volume of water at same temprature
M
= sub. at same volume ate same temp.
ρwater

Remarks

1) The relative density has no units

2) The relative density of water = 1.
ρ
3) ሺR. d)sub. = substans at same temperature
ρwater
∴ ρsubstans = ሺR. d)sub. × ρwater = ሺR. d)sub. × 1000 Kg/m3

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 CHAPTER(1)

Application to density

Life application :

1) Car batteries charge level :

The density of the electrolytic solution inside the car battery
changes by the change of its level of charge due to the
chemical reaction of the solution (diluted sulfuric acid ) with
the lead plates which forms lead sulfate during the discharge
of the battery. And when the battery is recharged, the sulfate gets separated from
lead plates and go back into the solution where the density of the electrolytic
solution in the battery indicates its charging level.

2) Diagnoses of some diseases :

- Anemia :

Normal blood density ranges from 1040 Kg/𝒎𝟑 to 1060 Kg/𝒎𝟑 ,

so if the blood density is less than the normal density , this
indicates low count of red blood cells which means the patient
has anemia.

- The increase of salts concetration in urine :

Normal urine density is about 1020 Kg/𝒎𝟑 , if the density of the urine is larger than
the normal value , the concentration of the salts in urine is higher than the normal
which some diseases.

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UNIT (1) CHAPTER

Solved problems
ems
1) A cuboide of dimensions (20cm × 10cm × 5cm) has a relative density 2.7 find
its weight. (g =10m/s2)

Solution:

∴ Fg = m x g ∵ m = 𝜌.V
∴ Fg =𝜌.V.g
∴ R.d = 2.7 , 𝜌 = 2.7 x 103 kg/m3
∴ Fg = 2.7 x 103 × 20 × 10 × 5× 10 – 6 × 10
∴ = 27 Newton

2) Find the volume of a quantity of mercury of mass 408 gm. If the relative
density of mercury is 13.6.
Solution:
M = 408× 10-3 kg R.d = 13.6
∴ ρ = 13.6 × 10 Kg/m
3 3

M
∵ρ=
Vol
M 408 × 10−3
Vol = = = 3 × 10−5 m3
ρ 13.6 × 103

3) Empty container of mass 20 Kg, when it is filled with oil, its mass becomes 820
Kg, but when it is filled with water instead of oil its mass becomes 1020 Kg Find:
a- The relative density of oil.
b- The density of oil.
c- The volume of the container.
Solution:
density of material at a certain temprature 820 − 20 800
R. d = = = = 0.8
density of water at same temprature 1020 − 20 1000
∴The density of oil = 0.8 × 1000 = 800 kg/m3
800
Voloil = Volwater = Volcontainer = = 1m3
800

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 CHAPTER(1)

4) A quantity of mercury is inserted in a thin tube of mass 3.25 gm, the mass of the
tube and the mercury became 3.59gm, the length of the mercury column is
140/44 cm. Find the diameter of the tube
(𝜌𝐻𝑔 = 13600 kg/m3)
Solution:
Mass of mercury = 3.59 – 3.25 = 0.34 gm ρHg = 13600 Kg/m3
M 0.34 × 10−3
Vol = = = 2.5 × 10−8 m3
ρ 13600
Vol 2.5 ×10−8
Vol = A. L = πr 2 . L r2 = = = 0.25 × 10−6
π.L 3.14×140ൗ44×10−2
r = 0.5 × 10-3 m
The diameter = 2r = 2 × 0.5 × 10-3 = 0.001 m

5) Fat milk has volume 0.001 m3 and mass 1.032 Kg, if the density of cream is
865Kg/m3 and occupy volume 40cm3 find the density of the pure milk?
Solution:
ρcream = 865 Kg/m3, Vfat = 0.001 m3 , Mfat = 1.032 kg
Vcream = 40 cm3.

∴ Mcream = ρcream . Vcream = 865 × 40 × 10-6 = 0.0346 kg

∴ Mpure = Mfat - Mcream = 1.032 – 0.0346 = 0.9974 kg

Vpure = Vfat - Vcream = 0.001 – 40 x 10-6 = 9.6 × 10-4m3

Mpure 0.9979
ρpure = = =1038.95 kg/m3
Volpure 9.6×10−4

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UNIT (1) CHAPTER

6) A flask of volume one liter is filled with two liquids (a) and (b), the relative
density of the mixture is 1.4. If the R.d of liquid (a) is 0.8 and of (b) is 1.8. Find the
volume of (a) and (b).

Solution:

- When mixing two or more materials (liquides):

The mass of the mixture equals the The volume of the mixture equals the
summation of masses of the materials before summation of volumes of the materials
mixing: before mixing:
(m)mixture = m1 + m2 + …… (vol)mixture = V1 + V2 + ……
(𝜌𝑉𝑜𝑙 )mixture = 𝜌1 ሺ𝑣𝑜𝑙)1 + 𝜌2 ሺ𝑣𝑜𝑙)2 + …..
𝑚 𝑚1 𝑚1
( ) mixture = + + ……..
𝜌 𝜌1 𝜌1

Mtotal = M(a) + M(b) Vt = Va + Vb , 1 × 10-3 = Va + Vb

𝜌𝑇 . 𝑉𝑇 = 𝜌𝑎 . 𝑉𝑎 + 𝜌𝑏 . 𝑉𝑏
1.4× 103 × 1 × 10−3 = 0.8 × 103 × 𝑉𝑎 + 1.8 × 103 × ሺ10−3 − Va)
1.4 = 800Va + 1.8 – 1800 Va - 0.4 = - 1000 Va
Va = 0.4 × 10-3 m3 = 0.4 liter
Vb = VT - Va = 1- 0.4 = 0.6 liter
= 0.6 × 10-3 m 3

7) 50 𝑚3 of water, whose density is 1000 Kg / 𝑚3 , is mixed with 40 𝑚3 of a liquid

of density 800 Kg / 𝑚3 where the total volume of the mixture equals the summation
of the volumes of the liquids before mixing . calculate the density of the mixture .

Solution:

(𝑉𝑜𝑙 ) (Mix) = [ ( 𝑉𝑜𝑙)𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + (𝑉𝑜𝑙)𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 ] = 50 + 40 = 90 𝑚3

(𝑚) (Mix) = [ ( 𝑚)𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + (𝑚)𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 ]

(𝜌𝑉𝑜𝑙 )mixture = 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ሺ𝑣𝑜𝑙)𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 ሺ𝑣𝑜𝑙)𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝜌 x 90 = (1000 x 50) + (800 x 40) = 911.11 Kg / 𝑚3

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 CHAPTER(1)

8) A container of mass 6 kg , its mass when it is filled with water is 56kg and mass
when its filled with glycerin is 69 kg Calculate the relative density of glycerin .

Solution:
The mass of a certain volume of glycerin
R. d = 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝.
The mass of same volume of water
69 − 6
= 1.26
56 − 6

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UNIT (1) CHAPTER

Homework

Lesson one : - The Density

- The relative density

1 Choose the correct answer:

1) From the units of measuring density ……

a) N.𝑚−3 b) g.m𝑚−1 c) kg.𝑐𝑚−2 d) g. 𝑐𝑚−3

2) If the density of the gold is 19300 Kg / 𝑚3 and assuming that one atom of gold
takes the shape of a cube of side length 2.6 x 10−8 cm, what is the mass of the atom
gold? …………

a) 3.4 x 10−28 Kg. b) 3.4 x 10−25 Kg c) 1.3 x 10−20 Kg d)1.3 x 10−17 Kg

3) The ratio of the density of the electrolytic solution inside a car battery after
discharging the battery to its density after recharging the battery is ………

a) greater than 1. b) equal to 1. c) less than 1. d) indeterminable.

4) Metallic sheet of a square shape whose material density is 7000 Kg / 𝑚3 . The square
of the sheet is cut off as in the figure, so the ratio of the density of the material of the
part which is cut off to the density of the whole sheet is …….

1 1
a) 4 b) 1 c) d)
3 4

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 CHAPTER(1)

5) The graph that represents the relation between the masses of solid iron pieces and
their densities at constant temperature is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

6) A volume 𝑉𝑜𝑙 of a liquid of density 𝜌 is poured in a cylinerical vessel , if another

quantity of same liquid of volume 2 𝑉𝑜𝑙 is added to the Vessel , the density of the liquid
becomes…….
1 3
a) 𝜌 b)𝜌 c) 𝜌 d) 2 𝜌
2 2

7) The following table shows the density of some substances at the same temperature :

Substance Mercury Copper Iron Water

Kerosene

Density 13.6 8.9 7.9 1 0.87

(gm/𝒄𝒎𝟑 )

* Which of the following statements is correct ?..........

a) Volume of 1 g of mercury is greater than the volume of 1 g of copper.

b) Volume of 1 g of iron is less than the volume of 1g of copper.

c) Mass of 1 𝑐𝑚3 of mercury is greater than the mass of 1 𝑐𝑚3 of any other substance in
the table.

d) Mass of 1 𝑐𝑚3 of water is less than the mass of 1 𝑐𝑚3 of any other substance in the
table.

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UNIT (1) CHAPTER

8) The opposite figure shows four graduated cylinders, each of them contains a liquid
whose volume and mass are labelled on its cylinder are in a room whose temperature is
25𝜊 C , so the two cylinders which contain the same liquid are……

a) A , D. b) B , C c) A , C d) D , B.

9) In the opposite figure , the masses of two groups of balls are equal where one group is
made of metal (x) and the other group of metal (y). if all balls are solid and have the
𝜌
same volume , the ratio between the densities of the two metals 𝑥 is ……….
𝜌𝑦

3 5
a) b)
5 3

8
c)1 d)
3

10) Titanium has density of 4500 Kg / 𝑚3 , so the volume of 200 g of titanium is ………
a) 22.2 𝑐𝑚3 b) 44.4 𝑐𝑚3 c) 22.2 𝑚3 d) 44.4 𝑚3

11) The opposite diagram shows a cuboid block made from a metal of density 2.5
gm/𝑐𝑚3 .
What is the mass of the block?........
a) 8 g b) 16 g
c) 50 g d) 100 g

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 CHAPTER(1)

12) If the relative density of ice is 0.91, What will be the decrease in volume when 50 g
of ice melt?..........

a) 3.2 𝑐𝑚3 b) 4.9 𝑐𝑚3 c) 5.6 𝑐𝑚3 d) 7.4 𝑐𝑚3

13) when equal volumes of two substances are mixed, the relative density of the mixture
becomes 4. And when equal weights of the same substances are mixed, the relative
density of the mixture becomes 3. If the volume of the substances doesn’t change after
mixing, the relative densities of the two substances could be ………

a) 6 and 2. b) 3 and 4 c) 2.5 and 3.5 d) 5 and 3

14) A metallic alloy of mass 750 g is made of 60 % of its mass from magnesium and the
other part is from copper. If the density of magnesium is 1.7 g.cm-3 and the density of
copper is 9 g.cm-3. If assuming that the total volume of the alloy equals the volumes of
the two metals before mixing, so the density of the material of the alloy is …….

a) 2.5 g.cm-3 b) 4.6 g.cm-3 c) 5.4 g.cm-3 d) 10.7 g.cm-3

15) A graduated cylinder contains 40 𝑐𝑚3 of glycerin whose density is 1.3 g.cm-3, then
an amount of water of density 1 g.cm-3 is added to the glycerin, so that the density of the
mixture becomes 1.1 g.cm-3. If the volume of the liquids does not change after mixing
them, the volume of the added water equals…….

a) 40 𝑐𝑚3 b) 44 𝑐𝑚3 c) 52 𝑐𝑚3 d) 80 𝑐𝑚3

16) Three liquids of densities 𝜌 , 2𝜌 , and 3𝜌 are mixed in equal masses.

If the volume of the liquids after mixing them equals the summation of their volumes
before mixing, the density of the mixture is ………….

11 18 13 23
a) 𝜌 b) 𝜌 c) 𝜌 d) 𝜌
7 11 9 18

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UNIT (1) CHAPTER

17) The diagram shows an experiment to find the density of a liquid . What is the
density of the liquid ?...........

a) 500 Kg/ 𝑚3 . b) 2000 Kg/ 𝑚3 . c) 4000 Kg/ 𝑚3 . d) 8000 Kg/ 𝑚3 .

18) Two cylinders are made of the same material. Both cylinders have the same
cross-sectional area but one is longer the other.
Which quantity is the same for both cylinders?.............

a) Density b) Mass c) Resistance. d) Volume

19) A student wants to find the density of a rock that he found so he carries out an
experiment as shown in the opposite diagram. So the density of the rock is …………

a) 1000 Kg/ 𝑚3 . b) 2500 Kg/ 𝑚3 . c) 4000 Kg/ 𝑚3 . d) 8000 Kg/ 𝑚3 .

20) The diagram shows two cubes made from the same material. One cube has sides that
are twice as long as the sides of the other cube. The weight of the small cube is W.
What is the weight of the larger cube ?.........

a) 1 W b) 4 W

c) 8 W d) 16 W

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 CHAPTER(1)

21) Two balls are made of metals, the first has radius r and density 𝜌 and the second has
radius 2 r and density 2 𝜌 , so the ratio between their masses 𝑚1 / 𝑚2 equals ………

1 1 1 1
a) b) c) d)
2 4 8 16

22) The opposite figure shows a cube and a cylinder. If both are made of solid iron , the
ratio between the mass of the cube to that of the cylinder is ………..

1 2 4
a) b) c) d)1
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋

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UNIT (1) CHAPTER

2 Miscellaneous Questions:

1) The opposite figure shows spherical balls which are made of two materials, Which of
the balls will sink? And which will float in water?

2) Explain the following statements:

a) The type of anemia can be diagnosed by measuring the density of blood.
b) Some diseases can be diagnosed by measuring the density of urine.

3) Depending on the concept of density, how can you determine if the battery Of a car is
charged or not ?

4) The opposite diagram shows two cubes, each of volume 1000 𝑐𝑚3 . One is made of
iron and its mass is 7.9 Kg and the other is made of aluminum and its mass is 2.7 Kg:

a) Calculated the density of each the iron and the

aluminum.
b) Why are the densities of the cubes’ material
different?
c) Great efforts have been done to make stronger
aluminium alloys to be used in building aircrafts, explain why?

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 CHAPTER(1)

5) The opposite graph shows the change of mass with

respect to the change of volume for a number of glass
plates. If the density of water is 1000 Kg/ 𝑚3 , calculate
the relative density of glass.

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 CHAPTER(1)
UNIT (1) CHAPTER

3 Problems

1) A block of stone of dimensions (2×2×1) m3, it has a mass of 8000 Kg, if g = 10

m/sec2. Calculate:
(a) Its weight (b) Its density [8×104 N, 2000 Kg/m3]

2) A metallic vessel has a mass of 4 Kg when it is empty, and 54 Kg when it is

filled with water, while its mass 67 Kg when it is filled with glycerin. Find its
relative density and its density. [1.26, 1260 Kg/m3]

3) An empty metal container has a mass of 3 Kg. If its mass when it is filled
with water is 50 Kg and when it is filled with Oil is 40 Kg, Calculate :
a) Relative density of oil .
b) The volume of the container.
(Where : 𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 1000 Kg/m3 ) [ 0.787 , 0.047 m3 ]

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 CHAPTER(1)

4) An empty metal container has a mass of 10 Kg has a volume capacity of 60

liters, What will be its mass when it is filled with gasoline of relative density
0.72 ?
(Where : 𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 1000 Kg/m3 ) [ 53.2 Kg]

5) The opposite graphs shows the relation between

the mass and the volume for two different liquids
A and B.

a) Which liquid is denser ? and why ?

b) Which liquid has higher volume when they have
equal masses?

6) If you have two identical buckets one is filled with water and the other with
oil, Which of them requires larger force to be lifted ? Explain your answer.

( Where 𝝆𝒐𝒊𝒍 < 𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 )

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 CHAPTER(1)
UNIT (1) CHAPTER

7) A liquid of density 𝝆 and volume Vol is mixed with another liquid of density 2
𝝆 and volume 2 Vol . Calculate the density of the mixture in terms of 𝝆 , if the
total volume of the mixture equals the summation of the volumes of the two
liquids before mixing.

8) The opposite table represent the density

of water at different temperature :

a) At which temperature does a cubic meter

of water have the biggest mass ?

b) At which temperature does one Kilogram

of water have the biggest Volume ?

c) Explain the difference of water density

at different temperatures.

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 CHAPTER(1)

9) To determine the inner radius of a uniform glass tube, the tube is filled with
mercury. A column of mercury 2.375 cm long has mass 2.42 gm. What is the
inner radius (r) of the tube if Hg = 13600 Kg/m3. [1.544 × 10-3 m]

10) An alloy of gold and aluminum, its mass is 1 Kg , if the relative density of
the alloy is 6.8 and the relative density of gold is 19.3 and that of aluminum is
2.7. Find the mass of the gold in the alloy. [0.7 kg]

11) A beaker has a mass m when it is empty , its mass becomes 10 m when it is
filled with a liquid of density 𝝆𝟏 and it filled with another liquid of density 𝝆𝟐 ,
Its mass becomes 19 m. Calculate the ratio between the density of the first
𝟏
liquid to that of the second liquid ( )
𝟐

27
 CHAPTER(1)
UNIT (1) CHAPTER

12) A beaker of capacity 0.5 liter is filled with a mixture of two liquids ( a , b )
Whose relative densities are 0.8 , 1.8 respectively, if the volume of liquid (a) is
0.2 liter, Calculate the relative density of the mixture assuming that the volume
doesn’t change shrink. (1.4)

𝟒 𝝄C
13) A displacement can has a mass of 750 g when it is filled with water. When a
piece of copper of mass 531.25 g was put in the can, it displaced 62.5 g of water.
Calculate the density of copper .
( Where 𝝆𝒐𝒊𝒍 < 𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 ) ( 8500 Kg/m3 )

14) How many grams of iron are required to make a hollow

sphere whose inner radius is 15 cm and outer radius is
25 cm as in the opposite diagram ?
( where 𝝆𝒊𝒓𝒐𝒏 = 𝟕. 𝟖 g.cm-3 )

( 400.4 x 103 g )

28
 CHAPTER(1)

15) A flask of volume 60 mL is filled completely

with mercury at 𝟎 𝝄 C and when its temperature
is raised to 𝟖𝟎 𝝄 C , about 1.47 g of mercury
is spilled out from the flask as shown
in the opposite figure.

Calculate the density of mercury at 80 𝜊 C, if the density

Of mercury at 0 𝜊 C is 13595 Kg/m3 with assuming that the volume of the flask
remains constant. ( 13570.5 Kg/m3 )

16) A volume of 1 m3 of water has density 1000 Kg/m3 at 𝟒 𝝄 C and when

freezes, it converts into an ice of density 917 Kg/m3 at 𝟎 𝝄 C.

Calculate the increase in volume when this amount of water has converted into ice.

29
 CHAPTER(1)
UNIT (1) CHAPTER

17) The following table shows the relation between mass (m) of copper pieces
and its volume vol :

A) Draw the relation between the mass (m) at the ( x- axis ) and the volume (v)
at the ( y – axis ).
B) From the graph find the density of copper. ( 8600 Kg/m3 )

18) The following table shows the relation between mass (m) and the

volume vol for different quantities of distilled water at 𝟒 𝝄 C :

Draw a graph between the mass (m) on the ordinate and the volume (v) on the
abscissa, from the graph find :
A) The mass of 0.007 m3 of water.
B) The volume of a mass of 9 Kg of water.
C) The density of water.

30
Model Answer

(1)
 Model answer
Chapter { 1 }
lesson 1
1 Choose the correct answer:

1) d) g.cm-3
3.4 x 10–25 Kg
𝜌𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 19300 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝐿 = 2.6 𝑥 10−8 𝑐𝑚
Vol = L3 = (2.6 𝑥 10−8 )3 𝑐𝑚3
2) b) = 17.58 𝑥 10−24 𝑥 10−6 𝑚3
= 17.58 𝑥 10−30 𝑚3
M
∵𝜌= , ∴ M = 𝜌 𝑥 𝑉𝑜𝑙 = 19300 𝑥 17.58 𝑥 10−30
𝑉𝑜𝑙
= 3.4 x 10–25 Kg
3) c) Less than 1

4) b) 1

5) c)

6) b) 𝝆
For different materials:
at constant mass ρ ↑ , Vol ↓
at constant Vol ρ ↑ , mass ↑
(a) 1 gm constant mass:
ρHg > ρcopper , (Vol)Hg < (Vol)copper
7) c) (b) 1 gm constant mass:
ρiron < ρcopper , (Vol)iron > (Vol)copper
(c) 1 cm constant volume:
3

ρHg > ρany sub. , (M)Hg >> (M)any sub.

(d) 1 cm constant volume:
3

ρW > ρkerosene , (M)W > (M)Kerosene

A,D
M 80 𝑥 10−3
(A) ρ = 𝑉 = 80 𝑥 10−6 = 1000 kg/m3
𝑜𝑙
M 80 𝑥 10−3
(B) ρ = 𝑉 = 100 𝑥 10−6 = 800 kg/m3
8) a) M
𝑜𝑙
100 𝑥 10−3
(C) ρ = 𝑉 = 80 𝑥 10−6
= 1250 kg/m3
𝑜𝑙
M 100 𝑥 10−3
(D) ρ = 𝑉 = 100 𝑥 10−6 = 1000 kg/m3
𝑜𝑙
ρA = ρD

(2)
 𝟓
𝟑
M
( )
𝜌𝑥 𝑉𝑜𝑙 M𝑥 M𝑦 M𝑥 (𝑉𝑜𝑙 )𝑦
= M
𝑥
= (𝑉 ÷ (𝑉 = (𝑉 × ,MX = MY
𝜌𝑦 ( ) 𝑜𝑙 )𝑥 𝑜𝑙 )𝑦 𝑜𝑙 )𝑥 M𝑦
𝑉𝑜𝑙
𝑦

9) b) = (𝑉
(𝑉𝑜𝑙 )𝑦
, ∵ (Vol)y > (Vol)x , Total (Vol) = no. x (Vol)one ball
𝑜𝑙 )𝑥
(Vol)y = 5 x (Vol)one ball , (Vol)x = 3 x (Vol)one ball
𝜌𝑥 (𝑉𝑜𝑙 )𝑦 5 𝑥 (𝑣𝑜𝑙 )one ball
= (𝑉 = , ∵ (Vol)one ball (Y) = (Vol)one ball (X)
𝜌𝑦 𝑜𝑙 )𝑥 3 𝑥 (𝑣𝑜𝑙 )one ball
𝜌𝑥 5
=
𝜌𝑦 3
44.4 cm3
Mass
𝜌=
10) b) Volume
Mass 200 𝑥 10−3
∴ Vol = = = 0.0444 𝑥 10−3 m3 = 44.4 cm3
𝜌 4500
100 gm
∵ Vol = 2 x 2 x 10 x 10–6 = 40 x 10–6 m3
11) d)
ρ = 2.5 x 103 kg/m3
∴ M = ρ . Vol = 40 x 10–6 x 2.5 x 10–3 = 100 x 10–3 Kg = 100 gm
4.9 cm3
ρice = 910 kg/m3 , ρw = 1000 kg/m3
∆Vol = (𝑉𝑜𝑙 )𝑖𝑐𝑒 − (𝑉𝑜𝑙 )𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
12) b) M𝑖𝑐𝑒 M𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 50 𝑥 10−3 50 𝑥 10−3
∆Vol = − = −
𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 910 1000
∆Vol = 54.9 x 10–6 – 50 x 10–6 = 4.9 x 10–6 m3 = 4.9 cm3
6 and 2
(1) ρmix = 4000 kg/m3
(2) ρmix = 3000 kg/m3
(1) Mmix = M1 + M2
ρmix Vmix = ρ1 V1 + ρ2 V2 , ∵ V1 = V2 = V
ρmix x 2V = ρ1 V + ρ2 V , 2 ρmix = ρ1 + ρ2
ρ1 + ρ2 = 8000
(2) ρ mix = 3000 kg/m3 , M1 = M 2
M𝑇 M1 M2 2M M M
= + , = +
13) a) 𝜌mix 𝜌1 𝜌2 𝜌mix 𝜌1 𝜌2
2 1 1 2 𝜌2 + 𝜌1
= + , =
𝜌mix 𝜌1 𝜌2 𝜌mix 𝜌1 𝜌2
2 8000
= , 𝜌1 𝜌2 = 12000000
3000 𝜌1 𝜌2

𝜌1 (8000 − 𝜌1 ) = 12000000 , 8000𝜌1 − 𝜌1 2 = 12000000

𝜌1 2 − 8000𝜌1 + 12000000 = 0
(𝜌1 − 6000)( 𝜌1 − 2000)=0 , ∴𝜌1 = 6000 , 𝜌1 = 2000
∵𝜌1 + 𝜌2 = 8000 , 𝜌2 = 2000
(R.d)1 = 6 , (R.d)2 = 2
(3)
 2.5 gm.cm–3
VT = V1 + V2
M𝑇 M1 M2
= +
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝜌1 𝜌2

60 40
750 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 750 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 750 𝑥 10−3
100 100
14) a) = +
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 1.7 𝑥 103 9 𝑥 103

750
= 0.265 + 0.033
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥
750 = 0.298 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥
∴𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 2516.8 kg/m3
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 2.5 𝑥 103 kg/m3 = 2.5 gm/cm3
80 cm3
MT = Mgly. + Mwater
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 VT = 𝜌𝑔𝑙𝑦. 𝑥 𝑉𝑔𝑙𝑦. + 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑥 𝑉𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
15) d) 1.1 (Vgly. + VW) = 1.3 x Vgly. + 1 x VW
1.1 x 40 + 1.1 VW = 1.3 x 40 + VW
0.1 Vwater = 52 – 44
0.1 Vwater = 8 , ∴ Vwater = 80 cm3
𝟏𝟖
𝝆
𝟏𝟏
VT = V1 + V2 + V3
M𝑚𝑖𝑥 M1 M2 M3
= + +
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝜌1 𝜌2 𝜌3

16) b) ∵MT = 3M
3M M M M 3 1 1 1
= + + , = + +
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝜌 2𝜌 3𝜌 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝜌 2𝜌 3𝜌
3
3 3+2+1
=
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 3𝜌
11 18
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 9𝜌 , 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝜌
2 11
2000 kg/m3
17) b) Mliq = 250 – 200 = 50 gm , (Vol)liq = 25 cm3
M 50
∴ ρ liq = = = 2 gm/cm3 = 2000 kg/m3
𝑉𝑜𝑙 25
Density
18) a)
Same material , ρ1 = ρ2 , V2 > V1 , M2 > M1
8000 kg/m3
Mliq + Mcont = 250 gm
Mliq + Mcont + Mrock = 290 gm
19) d) Mrock = 290 – 250 = 40 gm
(Vol)rock = 30 – 25 = 5 cm3
M 40
𝜌rock = (V rock
)
= = 8 gm/cm3 = 8000 kg/m3
ol rock 5

(4)
 8w
Weight = ρ x Vol x g
20) c)
- cube (1) , W = ρ x (X)3 x g = ρ . X3 . g = W
- cube (2) , weight = ρ x (2X)3 x g = 8 ρ . X3 . g = 8W
𝟏
𝟏𝟔
Mass = ρ . Vol
4
21) d) M1 = ρ x π r3
3
4
M2 = 2 ρ x π (2r)3
3
M1 1
=
M2 16
𝟒
𝝅
Mass = ρ . Vol
22) c) Mcube = ρ x l3
1 1
Mcylinder = ρ x π x ( l )2 x l = ρ x π x l3
2 4
Mcube 4
=
Mcylinder 𝜋

(5)
2 Miscellaneous questions

(1)
M
𝛒=
volume

4 4 22
M1 = 15 gm (Vol)1 =  (r1 )3 = x x (1.5)3 = 14.14 cm3
3 3 7

15
∴ ρ1 = = 1.06 gm / cm3
14.14

4 4 22
M2 = 5 gm (Vol)2 =  (r2 )3 = x x (3)3 = 113.14 cm3
3 3 7

5
∴ ρ2 = = 0.044 gm / cm3
113.14

∵ ρwater = 1 gm / cm3 ρ1 > ρwater ( Sink )

ρ2 < ρwater ( float )

(2)
(a) Because the decrease of blood density from the normal levels indicates the
decrease of the number of red blood cells and that the person is affected by anemia.

(b) Because some diseases cause an increase in salts in urine so that its density
increase than the normal.

(3)
By measuring the density of the electrolytic solution in the battery so that if it is :

a) close or equal to the normal value, the battery of the car is charged.

b) less than the normal value, the battery of the car is not charged.

(6)
(4)
The student who gives the answer of 0.8 is right because the relative density has no
measuring unit because it is a ratio between two similar quantities.

(5)
(a)

mCu 344 −1 72
(b) ρcu = = slope = = 8600 Kg/m3
Vol 0.04 − 0.02

(7)
 Chapter { 1 } Problems
lesson 1

1) (Vol) = (2 x 2 x 1) m3
(M) = 8000 Kg
g = 10 m/sec2
a) weight = M x g = 8000 x 10 = 8 x 104 N
M 8000
b) ρ density = = = 2000 kg/m3
Vol 2𝑥2𝑥1

2) Mvessel = 4 kg , Mvessel+water = 54 kg , Mvessel+gly = 67 kg

Mwater = 54 – 4 = 50 kg
Same volume
Mgly = 67 – 4 = 63 kg
Mgly. 63
∴ (R.d)gly. = M = 50 = 1.26
water

ρgly = R.d x 1000 = 1.26 x 1000 = 1260 kg/m3

3) Mcontainer = 3 kg , Mcontainer + water = 50 kg , Mcontainer + oil = 40 kg

Moil
(R.d)oil = → same volume and temp.
Mwater

40−3 37
(R.d)oil = = = 0.787
50−3 47

ρoil = (R.d)oil x 1000 = 0.787 x 1000 = 787 kg/m3

Moil
∵ ρoil = (V
ol )oil

∴ (Vol)oil = (Vol)container = (Vol)water

𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑙 40−3
= = = 0.047 m3
𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 787

(8)
4) Mcontainer = 10 kg , 𝜌gasoline = 720 kg/m3
(Vol)container = (Vol)gasoline = 60 x 10-3
∴ Mgasoline = 𝜌gasoline x (Vol) = 720 x 60 x 10-3 = 43.2 kg
∴ MT = Mcontainer + Mgasoline = 10 + 43.2 = 53.2 kg

M
5) ∵ slope = =𝜌
Vol

a) ∵ (θA) > (θB) , (tanθ)A > (tanθ)B , (slope)A > (slope)B

ρA > ρB (A) is denser
b) ∵ ρA > ρB , when they have same masses , VA < VB

6) ∵ ρW > ρoil
- two identical buckets , Vol is constant
MW > Moil
Weight of water > weight of oil
- water need larger force

7) ρ1 = ρ , ρ2 = 2 ρ , V1 = V , V2 = 2V
∴ VT = V1 + V2 = V + 2V = 3V
∵ MT = M1 + M2 , ρmix x Vmix = ρ1 V1 + ρ2 V2
ρmix x 3V = ρ V + 2 ρ x 2V
ρmix x 3V = ρ V + 4 ρ x V
5
ρmix x 3V = 5ρ V , ∴ ρmix = ρ
3

(9)
8) (a) cube of 1m3 , same volume
ρ↑ ,M↑
∵ ρ at 3.98o C = 1000 kg/m3
so has biggest mass.
(b) one kilogram , same mass
ρ↑ , Vol ↓
∵ ρ at 100o C = 958.4 kg/m3
so biggest volume
(c) when Temp. inc. , space ↑ inc. , Vol ↑ inc. , ρ dec

9) ρHg = 13600 kg/m3 , MHg = 2.42 x 10-3 kg

M 2.42 𝑥 10−3
∴ Vol = = = 0.178 x 10–6 m2
ρ 13600

∵ Vol = Abase x L
0.178 x 10-6 = A x 2.375 x 10-2
∴ A = 7.49 x 10-6 m2
∵ A = πr2
22
7.49 x 10-6 = x r2 , ∴ r = 1.544 x 10-3 m2
7

10) Malloy = 1Kg ,ρalloy = 6800 kg/m3

ρalloy = 19300 kg/m3 , ρAl. = 2700 kg/m3
Malloy Mgold MAl 1 Mgold MAl
(Vol)T = V1 + V2 = + , = +
ρalloy ρgold ρAl 6800 19300 2700

1 𝑀𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 (1−𝑀𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 ) 1 27𝑀𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 +193−193𝑀𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑

= + , =
68 193 27 68 5211

76.6 = 193 – 166 Mgold

- 116.4 = - 166 Mgold , ∴ Mgold = 0.7 kg

(10)
11) (M1) = 10 m – m = 9 m
(M2) = 19 m – m = 18 m
M1 M2
(R.d)1 = , (R.d)2 =
Mwater Mwater
ρ1 M1 M2 M1 Mw 9𝑚 𝑀𝑤 9 1
= ÷ = × = × = =
ρ2 Mwater Mwater Mw M2 𝑀𝑤 18𝑚 18 2

12) VT = 0.5 liter , Va = 0.2 liter

∴ Vb = 0.5 – 0.2 = 0.3 liter
ρa = 800 kg/m3 , ρb = 1800 kg/m3
∵ MT =Ma + Mb
ρmix x VT = ρa Va + ρb Vb
ρmix x 0.5 = 800 x 0.2 + 1800 x 0.3 = 160 + 540 =700
ρmix = 1400 kg/m3 , (R.d)mix = 1.4

13) Mdispalced water = 62.5 gm , ∵ ρwater = 1 gm/cm3

M 62.5
∴ (Vol)water = = = 62.5 cm3
ρ 1

(Vol)dispalced water = (Vol)copper

∵ (Vol)copper = 531.25 gm , (Vol)copper = 62.5 cm3
M 531.25
∴ ρcopper = = = 8.5 gm/cm3 = 8500 kg/m3
Vol 62.5

4
14) (Vol) of iron = Vouter – Vinner = π (𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 2 − 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 2 )
3
4 22 4 22
= x x ((25)3 − (15)3 ) x 10–6 = x x 12250 x 10-6
3 7 3 7

= 5.13 x 10-2 m3 = 51333 cm3

∴ M = ρVol = 7.8 x 51333 = 400.4 x 103 gm

(11)
15) V1 𝑎𝑡 0° 𝐶 = 60 x 10-3 x 10-3 m3 = 60 x 10-6 m3
𝜌1 𝑎𝑡 0° 𝐶 = 13595 kg/m3
∴ M1 𝑎𝑡 0° 𝐶 = 𝜌1 V1 = 13595 x 60 x 10-6 = 0.8157 kg = 815.7 gm
(MHg ) = 815.7 – 1.47 = 814.23 gm =0.81423 kg
2 𝑎𝑡 80° 𝐶
M2 0.81423
∴ 𝜌2 = = = 13570.5 kg/m3
Vol 60 𝑥 10−6

16) (Mass)of water = (Mass)of ice

ρw = 1000 kg/m3 , (Vol)water = 1m3
Mwater = ρw x Vw = 1000 kg
𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑒
∵ ρice =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑒 1000
∴ (Vol)ice = = = 1.09 m3
𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 917

∴∆V = (Vol)ice – (Vol)w = 1.09 – 1 = 0.09 m3

(12)