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Lecture 02

This document outlines the intended learning outcomes and content of Lecture 2. The key points covered include: defining normal and shear stress under axial loading; examples of shear stress; stress on oblique planes and maximum normal and shear stresses; centric and eccentric loading; normal and shear strain; and Poisson's ratio. Normal and shear stress, strain, and Poisson's ratio are explained. Stress and strain due to axial and transverse forces are described.

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Leo Khan
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26 views

Lecture 02

This document outlines the intended learning outcomes and content of Lecture 2. The key points covered include: defining normal and shear stress under axial loading; examples of shear stress; stress on oblique planes and maximum normal and shear stresses; centric and eccentric loading; normal and shear strain; and Poisson's ratio. Normal and shear stress, strain, and Poisson's ratio are explained. Stress and strain due to axial and transverse forces are described.

Uploaded by

Leo Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 2

18 February 2019
Intended Learning Outcomes
• Recall Normal Stress and Shear Stress discussed in the previous
Lecture
• Explain Examples of Shear Stress produced in a solid body as a
result of application of external load
• Describe the Stress on an Oblique Plane and the Maximum Normal
and Shear Stresses acting on the plane
• Compare Centric & Eccentric Loading
• Explain Normal Strain and Shear Strain produced in a solid body as a
result of external force
• Define Poisson’s Ratio

1-2
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as


the normal stress.
F P
  lim  ave 
A0 A A

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be


equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P   ave A   dF    dA
A

• Stress units: N/m2 or lbf /in2. 1 N/m2 is called


Pascal (Pa). KPa, MPa, and GPa are bigger units.

1- 3
Shearing Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
 ave 
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
1- 4
Shearing Stress Examples
Single Shear Double Shear

P F P F
 ave    ave  
A A A 2A
1- 5
Stress in Two Force Members
• Axial forces on a two-force
member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• Transverse forces on bolts and


pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.

• Either axial or transverse forces may


produce both normal and shear stresses
with respect to a plane other than one
cut perpendicular to the member axis.

1- 6
Stress on an Oblique Plane Under Axial Loading
• Pass a section through the member forming
an angle q with the normal plane.

• From equilibrium conditions, the


distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.

• Resolve P into components normal and


tangential to the oblique section,
F  P cosq V  P sinq

• The average normal and shear stresses on


the oblique plane are
F P cosq P
   cos2 q
Aq A0 A0
cosq
V P sinq P
   sinq cosq
Aq A0 A0
cosq
1- 7
Stress on an Oblique Plane: Maximum Stresses
• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane (refer to previous slide)
P P
 cos 2 q   sin q cos q
A0 A0

• The maximum normal stress occurs when the


reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis. Shear stress is zero (Case b).

and

• The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at


+ 45o with respect to the axis (Case c and d)
P P 
m  sin 45 cos 45    m
A0 2 A0 2

1- 8
Centric & Eccentric Loading
• A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.

• A uniform distribution of stress is only


possible if the concentrated loads on the end
sections of two-force members are applied at
the section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.

• If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,


then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a
moment.

• The stress distribution in eccentrically loaded


members cannot be uniform or symmetric.
1- 9
Normal Strain: Axial Loading
• Normal strain is defined as the change in length
divided by the original length of the member.
• Normal strain measures the change in size
(elongation/contraction)
• It is represented by symbol Epsilon ( )
Here,
P is axial / normal external applied force
A is the original x-sectional area of the member
L is the original length of the member
is the change in length of the member
Mathematically,

  normal strain
L
Unit: strain is a dimensionless quantity since it is the ratio of two lengths.
But, it also common practice to state it as the ratio of two length units -
like m/m or in/in.
2 - 10
Poisson’s Ratio
• For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:
 x  0,  y   z  0

• The elongation in the x-direction is


accompanied by a contraction in the other
directions. Assuming that the material is
isotropic (no directional dependence),
y  z  0

• Poisson’s ratio is defined as


lateral strain y z
  
axial strain x x

metals:  ~ 0.33
ceramics:  ~ 0.25
polymers:  ~ 0.40 2 - 11
Shear Strain
• Shear stresses acting on an element of material
(Figure a) are accompanied by shear strains.
• The shear stresses have no tendency to elongate
or shorten the element in the x, y, and z
directions.
• Instead, the shear stresses produce a change in
the shape of the element (Figure b).
• It is represented by symbol Gamma ( )
• The angle is a measure of the distortion, or
change in shape, of the element and is called the
shear strain.
Mathematically,

Unit: since shear strain is an angle, it is usually


measured in degrees or radians. 2 - 12
THANKS
Questions (if any)

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