FIRST TERM EXAMINATION |SEPT.

2016]
SEVENTH SEMESTER [B.TECH.]
WIRELESS cOMMUNICATION (ETEC-405)
Time: 1.5 hrs. M.M.:30

Note: Attempt any three questions including Q. no. 1 which is compulsory

Q.1. (a) Explain the
term frequeney reuse. What is the significance of this
factor in mobile communications?
Ans. The design process of selecting and allocating channel groups for all of the
cellular base station with in a system is called the frequency reuse.
Each BTS is allocated different band of frequency or different channels.
Each BTS antenna is designed in such a way that it covers cell area in which it is
placed with frequency allocated without interferring other cell signals.
Generally 3 to 4 frequencies are assigned to each cell depending on the traffic
expected. When engineers design or try to use this concept one question arises that after
how many cells two cells assigned the same frequency.

Fig. Frequency Reuse scheme

Q.1. (6) Define the term. Soft handof and where it is employed?
Ans. A soft handoff occurs when a CDMA phone adds a new sufficiently-strong
sector to its active set. It is so called because the radio link with the previous sector is
not broken before a link is established with a new sector: this type of handoffisdescribed
as "make before break
It is employed in CDMA systems where the phone can be connected to several cell
sites simultaneously.
Q1. c) Briefly explain CDMA developmer
Ans. CDMA system was developed by Qual Comm. It was standardized by
Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) as an interim standard (1S-95). This
8ystem supports a variable no. of users in 1.25 MHz wide channel using direct sequenice
spread spectrum.
CDMA can operate with a much smaller signal to noise ratio (SNR) than
conventional narrow band FM
9.2. (6) Explain FDMAbriefly.
Ans. Here total allocated bandwidth is divided in the slots of pre-defined band.
Dach channel is allocated to the separate user and is available throughout the time
 Communication
2-2016 Seventh Semester, Wireless
further divided i
mode the given band is
duration. For doing communication in duplex division duplexing
Forward channel and reverse channel,
this is called as frequency

Ch,Ch Ch Ch Chs

f
Available Bandwidth

the TDMA concept.

Q.1. (e) Explain this means that total band
Ans. TDMA stands for
Time Muliple Access,
Division Dasls user accesses the services on
each
and
time diviS1on
is allocated to each
user on

time cyclic basis.

slots during which user is allowed to access the
Total time is divided in certain slots
consist of all the
services, as shown one frame

CH, CH CH CnChCH C
one frame
different of
features GSM& EDGE.
Q.2. (a) Compare the
stands for Enhanced
Ans. EDGE is the extended version
of GSM technology and
in sending the data at the rate of 34
Data rate for GSM Evolution. This system helps called s E-GPRS. It is
This may some times be
a
Kbps over a GSM TDMA system. licences of 3G. It
the services who do not have
anticipated that it can be used to provide services.
efficient and is capable to provided high sped
ishighly spectrally
Parameter GSM EDGE
Modulation Gaussion MSK 8psk
270 Kbps 812 Kbps
Bit rate
200 KHz 200 KHz
Channel Bandwidth
Gaussian Linearizes GMSK
Pulse shaping
Prefilter Pulse
Modulation Type Non Linear Linear

Q,2. (6) Explain the Handover process in CDMA system.

Ans. In the handover process, the called is transferred to that BTS from where user

is getting better radio signal strength.

When the CDMA user is moving and is at the boundary of a BTS, the power o

originating tower falls rapidly and if call is not transferred, then it will bedropped

User

BTS BTS2
Microlinkwavd
 Seventh Semester, Wireless Communication
4-2016
o3.b)Explain UMTS technology and show its network evolution.

Ans. The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) i

n mobile cellular system for networks Dased on the GSM standard, Dev third
ond mdintained by the 3GPP (8rd Generation Partnership Proiect) TMTS Developed
afthe Standard International
O h
Union alliMT-z000 telecommunications andonent
it
the standardset for CDMAZ000 neworks based on
competition CDMA.
UMTS uses wideband code divislon uiupie access (W-CDMA) radio
access
chnology to provide greater spectral emCieney and bandwidth mobile network
k
operators.
Network Evolution

SMS-G/Iw MSC
Gd

MS
TS-BSc MSCvLR HLR R AUC
b ISP
EDGE Natwork
TRU SGSN
GGSN G
Gn
UMTS Corporat
u BTSR Backbone
Notwork
Notwork
RBTS
N BTS
Sense
An Evolution that Makes

throughput,
TSystem capabilities, System
user data rates
peak data rates,

WCDMA
GSM

GSM GPRS
Introduction of
HSDPA
EDGE&WCDMA HSUPA
Features & Services

HSUPA: High Speed Uplink Packet

Access
downlink packet a c c e s s
HSDPA: High speed i n f r a s t r u c t u r e able
to carry
is to a universal
behind 3G prepare that technology
The main idea should be so designed
future services. The infrastructure uncertainties
existing and also to the network
without causing
evolution can be adapted
changes and structure.
the existing network
the existing services using
fading.
Q4. (a) Explain the Rayleigh can be modeled
as the additiono
Macroscopic Variations
Ans. Rayleigh Fading or the base statiou
loss between the mobile and
make up the path to the sig
two components that that adds loss
component (L)
deterministic
is the
The first component
 I.P. University-[B.Tech.J-Akash Books
thedistance (R) increases 2016-5
as between the base and the
strengt:

as: mobile. This

an
be
w r i t t e n

component
L = 1/R"
Where n is typically 4. The other macroscopic
is typically
which takes iinto component is a Log normal random
account the effects of shadow
v a r i a b l e

rrain a n d other obstructions in the radio fading caused by variations in

ministic component + log normal randompath. Local mean value of
variable. path loss =
det

riations or
Microscopic Varia
Rayleigh Fading occurs as the mobile
ances compared to the distance
between mobile and base. moves over short
ations are caused by signal These short term
scattering in the vicinity of the
mobile unit say by a hill,
building, or This leads to many different
traffic. T
a paths that are followed between the
Dnitter and the receiver (Multipath Propagation). The reflected wave is
transn

amplitude. The altered in

both phase and
signal may effectively
c degree out of phase with the direct path signal. The disappear if the reflected wave is
partial out of phase relationships
ong multiple received signal produce smaller reduction in received signal
Effects of Rayleigh Fading:
strength.
Reflection and multipath propagation can cause positive and negative effects.
Q.4. (b)Indicate the functions of MSC.
Ans. Functions of MSC:
.Call handling that copes with the mobile nature of subscribers considering
Location Registration, Authentication of subscribers and equipment, Handover and
Prepaid service.
Management ofrequired logical radio link channel during calls.
Management of MSC-BSS signaling protocol.
Handling location registration and ensuring interworking between mobile station
and VLR.
Controls inter-BSS and inter-MSC hand overs.
Acting as a gateway MSC to interrogate HLR. The MSC which is connected to the
PSTN/ISDN network is called as GMSC. This is the only MSC in the network connected
to the HLR.
Standard functions of a switch like charging
Q.5. (a) Explain the different features of GSM architecture?
functional units. The GSM network can be
Ans. A GSM network comprises of many
broadly divided into:
GSM architecture.
Given below is a simple pictorial view of the
PSDN)
VLR AuC
ISDN
NSS MSC (PSTN
HLR EIR PLMN)
A Interface

BSC) BSS
OSS
Abis interface-
BTS

Um interface

MS
 Seventh Semester, Wireless Communication
6-2016
The Mobile Station (MS)
Subsystem (BSS)
The Base Station
Subsystem (NSS)
The Network Switching
(OSS)
The Operation Support Subsystem
The additional components of the GiSM architecture comprise of datahs
ases and
messaging systems funetions:

Home Location Register (HLR

Visitor Location Register (VLR)
(EIR)
Equipment Identity Register
Authentication Center (AuCC)
(SMS SC)
SMS Serving Center
Gateway MSC (GMSC)
Chargeback Center (CBC)
Transcoder and Adaptation Unit (TRAU)
The following diagram shows the GSM network along with the added element

PSTN
HLR GSM
AuC ISDN
PSPDN
SMS-SC - Network GMSC
PLMN

EIR MSC
CBC

-MR
TRAU

BSC
BTS

BTS
The MS and the BSS communicate across the Um interface. It is also known as
the air interface or the radio link. The BSS communicates with the Network Service
Switching (NSS) center across the A interface
in GSM
Q5. (6) Explain the working of High-Spéed Circuit Switched Data
Technology.
Ans. HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data) is a natural evolution o
existing circuit-switched data capability of traditional 2G GSM networks.Withtao
GSM network standards, it is already possible to transmit narrowband data andqes
tax over the TDMA air interface. The methodology is akin to setting up a GSM vo1ce
or
perhaps to making a connection over a fixed line PSTN with the use a of modeniot
user establishes a connection (or circuit) for the whole duration of that commilled
ca
session. To set up the circuit, a call set-up process is involved when diallingte
party; network resources are allocated along the path to the end destination.
Within the existing GSM encoding techniques, the maximum circuit-sw TDMA TDMA

(CSD) speed is 9.6 Kbit/s or with improved encoding, up to 14.4 Kbit/s.

K The GSM w h i c ha
. re

interfaces can assigmup to 8 time division slots per user frequency, not all o
 I.P. University-[B.Tech.-Akash Books
2016-7
alwaysused. Typica Tvpically one is allocated for voice, while other slots may be allocated for

data.
:*The
7 availability of these time slots makes it
possible to expand the
and HSCSD. The transition to HSCSD is not a difficult one for an
Ax
CSD into existing
existing and typica
typically only necessitates a software upgrade of the Base Stations
and
operator,
etwork and Switching System (NSS) systems.
2G (BSS) and Net
ential technical ddifficulty with HSCSD arises because in a multi-timeslot
S y s t e m s

dynamic call transfer between different cells on a mobile network (called

ent,
enviro
is complicated
unless the same slots are available end-to-end throughout
switched data call. The second issue is that circuit switching
h a n d o v e r ) .

na ration of the circuit

theduration
data/Internet traffic. The allocation of more circuits
nral efficient for bursty
effic:
eral is not creates the
'hold' times than for voice calls, same
data calls, with typically longer tremendous growth
roblems that fixed
fixe line PSTN operators have experienced with the
hems that in their circuit switched networks
too few resources
Internet traffic -i.e.,
 FIRST TERM EXAMINATION [SEPT. 2017]
SEVENTH SEMESTER [B.TECH.]
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
[ETEC405
ime: 1.30hrs.
M.M.:30

in all and Q.1 is compulsory.

Nate: Attempt any three question
q.1.Attempts all parts ofthe following:
radio propagation mechanism? (8)
Q.1.(a) What is the of
Ans. Radio propagation depends on the
frequency being used & the type
This can be divided among the following categories:
atmosphericconditionsprevailing.
the space.
Here the radio signal travels through open
1. Free Space Propagation: the major loss for
in between the transmitter and receiver acts as

The distance coming satellite communication is a major application

for this type
thestrength of radio signal
of communication.
occurs for the
This mechanism of propagation
2. Ground Wave Propagation: follows the curvature
of

frequencies below 2MHz. During the propagation,the signal

earth. This isalso knownassky wave
propagation. This is
3. Ionospheric Propagation: reflected from the ionosphere
here the radio signal is
2 to30
used for a range ofsurface. MHz.
the earth
towards through the troposphere
Troposphere Propagation: Here thesignaltravelsair medium.
4. of the
where there is a significant
change in refractive index
Explain.
(3)
effect?
What is Doppler
9.1. (b)
producedby a moving
source
can be described asthe effect
Ans. The Doppler effect for observers towards
apparent upward shiftin frequcncy
of w a v e s in which there is an in frequency for
apparent downward shiftsinusoidal
approaching and an tone of
whom the source is receding.
F'or example if a pure
source 1s is
observersfrom whom theand it as Fe, then the received signal
spectrum
is transmitted 18 denoted from Fc-Fd to Fc +
frequency of components in the range
consisting
known as Doppler spectrum
to Doppler shift frequency.
Fd refers
Fd, in which broadening will depend on the Doppler shift Fd.
amount of the spectral
The total

lower higher
frequency frequency

Moving souroe
2-2017 Seventh Semester, Wireless Communication

94.c) What do you mean by mobility management? How isit de

Ans. Mobility Management: A Mobile station is assigned
done?
a home
commonly known as location area. When an MS migrates out of its current ome BEtW
current
footprint of another, a procedure is performed to maintain service continuitrBS ina
Handoff management. An agent in the home network, called home agent, keen
the current locationofthe MS. The procedure to keep track of the user's urene
is referred to as Location
management. rrent locai
Handoff management and location management together are referred
to as Ms
Management. obiliny
Handoff: At any instant, each mobile station is logically in a cell
and under s
control of the cell's base station. When a mobile station moves out of
station notices the MS's signal
a
cell, the ha
fading away and requests all the neighboring Bs
report the strength they are receiving. The BS then transfers
the strongest signal and the MSC ownership to the cell getin
called handoff. There are two
changes channel carrying the call. The process i
the
hard handoff, which was used in the
types of handoff, Hard Handoff and Soft Handof. Ina
a MS moves from
early systems, a MS communiçates with one BS.
celUAto cell B, the communication between the MS As
of cell A is first broken before and base station
communícation is started between the MS and the
station of B.As a consequence, the transition is base
not smooth. For smooth
one cell (say A) to another transition from
(say B), an MS continues to talk to both A and B. As
moves from cell A to cell
B, some point the communication is broken
at the MS
station of cell A. This is known as soft with the old base
handoff.
Roaming: Two fundamental
location update and paging. Whenoperations are associated with Location
a Mobile Station Management;
performs a location updating procedure (MS) enters a new Location
by Area, it
agent and the home agent. One of the BSs, inmaking
an association
the between the foreign
and the home directory of the MS is newly visited Location Area is informed
updated with its current location. When the
agent receives a message destined for the MS, it home
foreign agent. An authentication process is forwards the message to the MS
via the
performed before forwarding the
Q2. (a) Describe free space message.
propogation. propagation model for mobile radio wave
Ans. Free space model (6)
root of the
predicts that the received power decays as
distance. Friis free space equation is negative square
given by
Prd) = (PLGt Gr :2/(4nP4°L
Where Ptis the transmitted
antenna gain, Gr is the receiverpower,
Prld) is the received
power, Gt is the
antenna gain, d is tbe Tx-Rx transmitter
Eystem loss factor depended upon line separation
attenuation, filter losses and and L is the
not related to
propagation. antenna lossesand
The gain of the antenna is
related to the
turn is dependent efectiveaperture of the antenna which in
upon the physical size of theantenna as
given below
G = 4nAe2
The path loss,
representing the
through the wireles channel is attenuation suffered by the signal as
ít travels
given by the difference of the
receivedpower in dB and is expressed as: transmitted and
PLdB) = 10logPt/Pr
 IP. University-{B.Tech-Akash Books 2017-3
fields
na can broadly be classified in two regions, the far field andtbe
o fa n antenna
The
t is in the far field that the propagating waves act as plane wavesand the
rerdecays invers ersely with distance. The far field region is also termed as Fraunhofer
and
Friis equation holds in this region. Hence, the Friis equation is used only
the i
t
gohn e far field distance, df, which is dependent upon thelargest dimension of the

antenna as

df = 2 D
AlsO we can see that the Friis equation is not defined for d-0. For this reason, weuse
e in distance, do, as a reference point. The power received, Prid), is then given by:
Pr (d) = PridoXdo/d?

Rr

Cant measure
Power in
Far-Feild
this Region

Q.2. (b) What do you understand by power control in wireless

communication?
Ans. Power control can substantially impact the capacity and perceived quality in
cellular wireless systems. Regardless of the mode of multiple access- be it frequency
time or code division- power control is necessary to combat the intercell, or co-channel,
interference that arises from frequency reuse.
Additionally, power control is employed to minimize the intra-cell interference in
direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems. On an ideal channel,
i tis possible to maintain code orthogonality among all users of the same cell. Awireless
channel introduces multipath, so this perfect code orthogonality is destroyed and the
user experiences intracell interference. Power control is particularly crucial on the
DS-CDMA uplink: without it, the signal of a mobile at the cell periphery would be drowned
out by an interfering mobile situated close to the base station. Furthermore, on the DS-
CDMA uplink the code waveforms of different users arrive at the receiver unsynchronized
with one another. Unless the receiver performs code resynchronization, the interference
8 heightened, exacerbating this "near-far problem and increasing the need for power
control.
Intracell interference can affeet TDMA and FDMA systems as well, in the formaof
adjacent channel interference; for example, practical band pass filters cannot perfectly
ect adjacent frequencies, matched filters may not always sample over the correct
ervals, and multipath can cause intersymbol interference across diferent users. This
d for power control in cellular systems to combat interference has been recognized
and is the subject of much research.
 Wireless Communication
Seventh Semester,
4-2017
mechanism for capacity increase. k
Q.3. (a) What a r e the
various
ain in
detail.
Increases
Ans. Methods for Capacity
transmission: for speech transmissins
Quiet periods during speech does not talk continuously, but ra MA
useof the fact that person
a
makes implicit time (s) he listens to the other
noony
theremainder of the
about 50% of the time, so that the ratipng
betweenwords and even syllables,
In addition, there a r e pauses quiet periods, no signal, or a
call" is about 0.4.During
time" to "total time of a In a CDMA system, not tranea
has to be transmitted.
with a very low data rate, andthus interference in
in total transmitted power,
information leads to a decrease
seen above that decreasing
the interferencepower all
allows
system. But we have already
additional users to place calls.
Flexible data rate: in an FDMA (TDMA) system, a user can occupy either ne
thereof. In a CDMA 8ystem, arbitrary data
frequency (timeslot), or integer multiples
most systems transmit comfort noise during this
rates can be transmitted. Actually,
speakinginto a telephone feel uncomfortable
time i.e., some background noise. People
if cannot hear any soundwhile they
(think the connection has been interrupted) they
talk.
Soft capacity: the capacity ofa CDMA system can vary from cell to cell. Ifa given
interference to other cells. It is thus possible to have
cell addsmore users, it increases
some cells withhigh capacity, and some with lower; furthermore, this can change
traffic changes.This concept is known as breathing cells.
dynamically, as

correction coding is that the data

Error correction coding: the drawback of error
which decreases spectral efficiency. On the
rate that is tobe transmitted is increased,
transmitted. It is thus
other hand, CDMA consciouslyincreases the amount of data to be
without decreasing spectral efficiency; in other
possible to include errorcorrection coding
error correction codes (coding by
words, different users aredistinguished by different
spreading).
the GPRS architecture.
(6)
Q.3. (b) Explain
Ans. The GPRS is an enhancement over the GSM and adds some nodes in the
GSNS
network to provide the packet switched services. These network nodes are called
(GPRS Support Nodes) and are responsible for the routing and delivery of the data
The most
packets to and from the MS and external packet data networks (PDN).
important network nodes added to the existing GSM networks are:
SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node).
GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node).
The serving GPRS support node (SGSN) is responsible for routing the packet
p
ility
switched data to and from the mobile stations (MS) within its area of responsi
The main functions of SGSN are packet routing and transfer, mobile attach and and
procedure (Mobility Management(MM),location management, assigning channet
time slots (Logical Link Management (LLM), authentication and charging for caand
stores the location information of the user (like the current location, currentVL
user profile (like IMSI addresses used in packet data networks) of registered use
its location register.
 I.P. University-{B.Tech)-Akash Books 2017-5

To public Networks..
PSTM
Internet

GSM/GPRS
Core Network

GMSC GGSN
(AUC

HLR

MSC EIREIR SGSN

PCU

BTS

The gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) acts as interface between the GPRS
backbone and the extrnal packet data network (PDN). It converts the GPRS packet
coming from the SGSN into proper packet data protocol (PDP) format i.e. X.25 or IP)
before sending to the outside data network. Similarly it converts the external PDP
addresses to the GSM address of the destination user. It sends these packets to proper
SGSN. For this purpose the GGSN stores the current SGSN address of the user and his
profile in its location register. The GGSN also performs the authentication and charging
functions. In general there may be a many to many relationship between the $GSN and
GGSN. However a service provider may have only one GGSN and few SGSNs due to cost
Constraints. AGGSN proved the interface to several SGSNs to the external PDN.
Q.4. Write a short note on
(a) Paging systems (3)
Ans. Paging systems are unidirectional wireless communications systems. They
arecharacterized by the following properties:
The user can only receive information,butcannot transmit. Consequently, a "call"
message) can only be initiated by the call center, not by the user.
The information is intended for, and received by, only a single user.
The amount of transmitted information is very small. Originally, the received
normation consistedof a single bit of information, which indicated to the user that
 Communication
Wireless
Seventh Semester,
6-2017 phone calle
make a
then had to
amessage." The
user
repeated the cont
somebody has sent you center,where a
human operator
alof
froma payphone)
to the call more sophisticated,
systemsbecame
phonenumber that should h
he
waiting message. Later, paging different
(e.g., a
the nature of an short
transmission ofemergency). Still,
messages the amount ofinformationwaS rather limitedount of
communications,
and the small amo
nature of the This
in turn allow
small. Th:
this service is
unidirectional
the the
information,the
bandwidth required for 15OMHZ- where only small a
frequencies-eg,
lowercarrier
service to operate at
are available.
of spectrum
Pager
MS

BS

CALL MS
CENTER
BS

Q.4. (b) GSM- (4

mobile handset is called Mobile Station (MS). A cell is
Ans. In GSM system the
formed by the coverage area of a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) which
serves the MSin
Controller
its coverage area. Several BTS together are controlled by one Base Station
Station Subsystem (BSS). The combined
(BSC). The BTS and BSC together form Base called
traffic of the mobile stations in their respective cells is routed through a switch
Mobile Switching Center (MSC). Connection originating or terminating from ertema
telephone (PSTN) are handled by a dedicated gateway Gateway Mobile Switching
Center (GMSC)
To Public Networks
PLMN, PSTN ISCN PSCN

NSS

(AUc
HIR)
LR EIR
MSC

BSS
BCS
(BTS
BTS) GTS
SI MS
 I.P. University-{B.Tech}-Akash Books
2017-7
tan to the above entities several databases are used for the
n adetwork management. These purpose of call
n t r o l a t dn e t w o r k
databases
are Home Location
neterister(VLR), the Authentication Register (HLR),
Center (AUC), and
isitor
Register (EIR). Equipment
ent ocation Register (HLR) stores the permanent (such as user
Home

ry(such.as current location) information profile) as well

te about all
rk AVLR stores the data about the users who
the users
registered with
are being serviced
he nethe data stored in HLR for faster access as well as the currently. It
es
data like
temporary
n of the user. The AUC stores the authentication information of the user such as
v s for encryption. The EIR stores stores data about the equipments and can be
t o prevent calls from a stolen equipments.
asedt

All the mobile equipments in GSM system are assigned unique id called IMSI
eternational Mobile Equipment Identity) and is allocated by equipment manufacturer
d registered by the service provider. This number is stored in the EIR. The users are
entifed by the IMSI (International Module Subscriber Identity) which is stored in
he Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) of the user. A mobile station can be used onlyif a
Talid SIM is inserted into equipment with valid IMSI. The "real" telephone number is
iferent from the above ids and is stored in SIM.
Q4. (c) IS-95 CDMMA (3)
Ans. Interim Standard 95 (IS-95) was the first ever CDMA-based digital cellular
technology. It was developed by Qualcomm and later adopted as a standard by the
Telecommunications Industry Association in TIA/EIA/IS-95 release published in 1995.
The proprietary name for IS-95 is cdma One.
It is a 2G mobile telecommunications standard that uses CDMA, a multiple access
scheme for digital radio, to send voice, data and signaling data (such as a dialed telephone
umber) between mobile telephones and cell sites.
CDMA or "code division multiple access" is a digital radio system that transmits
reams of bits (PN codes). CDMA permits several radios to share the same frequencies.
Unlike TDMA "time division multiple access, a competing system used in 2G GSM, all
adios can be active all the time, because network capacity does not directly limit the
aumber of active radios. Since larger numbers of phones can be served by smaller
aumbers of cell-sites, CDMA-based standards have a significant economie advantage
wer TDMA-based standards, or the oldest cellular standards that used frequeney-
division multiplexing
In North America, the technology competed with Digital AMPS (IS-136, a TDMA
It is being supplanted by IS-2000 (CDMA2000), a later CDMA-based
echnology). now

tandard.
Use of voice activation to reduce interference
the power to achieve the same
As data rate reduces, the transmitter can reduce
eTTor rates
1900 MHz bands)
*Dual Mode (AMPS/CDMA), Dual Band (900,
*Lowpower handsets (sleep mode supported)
Soft Handoff possible
Digital Data services (text, fax, circuit switched data)
voice mail, ete.)
Advanced Telephony Features (call waiting,
Security: CDMA signal + CAVE encryption
Air Interface Standard Only.
 FIRST TETERM XAMINATION (SEPT.
SEVENTH SEMESTER [B.TECH]2018]
W VIRELESS COMMUNICATION ETEC-405]
nme:1.6hrrs,

Attempt any
three questions. Question No. 1 is M.M.:30o
ite the advantages compulsory.
of wireless
Advantages of wireless communication
Ans. Adv communication systems.
system. (10)

Computer
Computer
Computer
Wireless Comection Computer
Wirelesss
Access Point
Computer. (Effection Wireless
Access Point
Computer
The
indurate

Wireless communication involves (FC SAC)

0Onnection between transfer of information without
two or more points.
infrastructure', any physical
Because of this absence of any
wireless communication has
include collapsing certain advantages. This physicat
distance or spacë. wóuld often
Wireless communication has several
discussed below advantages; the most important ones are
Cost effectiveness: Wired communication entails the use of
wireless networks,
or maintenance çommunication does not require connection wires. In
practices. Hence the cost is reduced.elaborate physical infrastructure
Example- Any
lot of costs, and as company providing wireless communication
a
result, it is able to charge services does not
Flexibility: Wireless communication cheaply with regard to its customerincur a
fees.
their location. It is not
necessary enables people to communicate
telephone boothregardless
pass and receive messages. to be in an ofice or some of
in order to
Minersin the
help improve theiroutback can rely on
general welfare bysatellite phones.to call their loved ones, and thus
keeping them in touch
the most to them. with the peopie who
mean
Convenicnce: Wireless
and therefore allow anyone communication devices
to use them, whereverlike mobile phones are quite simple
they may be. There is no need to
physically connect anything in order to receive or pass message5
Example- Wireless communications services can
technologies such as Wi-Fi. With no network cables hamperingatso be seen in Internet
movement, we can now
Connect with almost anyone, anywhere, anytime.
 Wireless Communication
2-2018 Seventh Semester,

Speed: Improvements can also be

seen in tivity or
speed. The network connectivity. the
accuracy and Bpecd,.
accessibility were much improved in
Example- A wireless remote can operate a system faster han a wired one he
i1 something goes wrong, whera
wireless control of a machine can easily stop its working vherer
direct operation can't act so fast.
helps easy acessibility as the remote area.
Accessibility: The wireless technology connected to the network.
where ground lines can't be properly
laid, are easily
being

Example- Inrural regions,online education now i8 possible. Educators no longer

Thanks to live streaming ofthe ir
need to travel to far-flung areas to teach their lessons.
educational modules.
Constant connectivity: Constant connectivity also ensures that people can respor.d

to emergencies relatively quickly.

connectivity though you move
Example-Awireless mobilecan ensure you a constantland line can't.
whereas a wired
from place to place or while you travel,
Q.2. Define and explain multiple techniques.
access (10)
Ans. Multiple access schemes are used to allow many mobile users to share
simultaneously a finite amount of radio spectrum.
it is often
Multiple Access Techniques: In wireless communication systems,
desirable to allow the subscriber to send information simultaneously from the mobile station
to the base station while receiving information from the base station to the mobile station.
A cellular system divides any given area into cells where a mobile unit in each cell
communicates with a base station. The main aim in the cellular system design is to be
able to increase the capacity of the channel;i.e., to handle as many calls as possible in
a given bandwidth with a sufficient level of quality of service.
There are several different ways to allow access to the channel. These includes mainly
the following-
Frequency division multiple-access (FDMA)
Time division multiple-access (TDMA)
Code division multiple-access (CDMA)
Space division multiple access (SDMA)
Depending on how the available bandwidth is allocated to the users, these
techniques can be classified as narrowband and wideband systemns.
Narrowband Systems: Systems operating with channels substantially narrower
than the coherence bandwidth are called as Narrow band systems. Narrow band TDMA
allows users to use the same channel but allocates a unique time slot to each user on
the channel, thus separating a small number of users in time on a single channel.
Wideband Systems: In wideband systems, the transmission bandwidth ofa single
channelis much larger than the coherence bandwidth of the channel. Thus, multipath
fading doesn't greatly affect the received signal within a wideband channel, and
frequency selective fades occur only in a small fraction of the signal bandwidth.
FDMA:
FDMA is the process of dividing one channel or bandwidth into
individual bands, each for use by a single user. Each individual band or
multipe
wide enough to accommodate the signal chan
spectra of the transmissions to be
The data to bé transmitted is modulated on to each subcarrier, and all of thempropa
are arly
mixed together
 I.P. University-1B.Tech}-Akash Books 2018-3
Shared bandwidth
One b a n d Subchannels
per user

F2 Fa F10 F11 F12

Frequency-
bandwidth into individual channels.
FDMA divides the shared medium
1, subchannel.
the information to be transmitted occupy each
Subcarriers modulated by is a single coax
of this is the cable television system. The medium
The best example programming to homes.
is used to broadcast hundreds ofchannels ofvideo/audio
rable that MHz to 1 GHz. This bandwidth is
cable has a useful bandwidth from about 4
The coax channel used a single 6-
into 6-MHz wide channels. Initially, one TV station or
divided up multiple TV channels may share
a single band
MHz band. But with digital techniques, in each channel.
and multiplexing techniques used
today thanks to compression A single fiber
is also used in fiber optic communications systems.
This technique that can be subdivided to provide
FDMA. Different
cable has e n o r m o u s bandwidth transmission.
optic a r e each assigneda
different light frequency for
data or information sources fiber
referred to by frequency but by
its wavelength (2). As a result,
isn't wavelength
Light generally a c e s s (WDMA) or just
FDMA is called wavelength division multiple
optic
division multiplexing (WDM).
system, which used
FDMA system_ is the original analog telephone
One of the older telephone calls o n single
techniques to put multiple modulate subcarriers inn
a hierarchy of frequerncy
multiplex w e r e used to

analog 300-Hz to 3400-Hz voice signals sideband (SSB)

line. The M o d u l a t o r / m i x e r s created single
kHz to 108 kHz. further frequency
12 channels from 60 subcarriers were then
and lower sidebands. These the s a m e modulation
signals, both upper the 312-kHz to 552-kfiz range using
in out and recovered
multiplexed o n subcarriersend system, the signals w e r e sorted
methods. At the receiving of the
demodulators. accommodate
with filters and used a n FDMA system
to
telemetry systems shared individual
channel. Early satellite systems
Original aerospace
radio
data on a single with multiple voice, video,
multiple s e n s o r 4-GHz to 6-GHz range
bandwidth transponders in the use TDMA digital techniques.
36-MHz all of these applications
or data signals via FDMA. Today, channel o r band into time
technique that divideg a single of each
TDMA: TDMA is a digital transmit o n e byte o r another digital segment
slot is used to slow voice data
slots. Each time serial data format. This technique works well with data.
signal in sequential and other high-speed
çompressed video
but it's also useful for system, which has
been used
signals, used Tl transmission
the widely calls
A good example is T1 lines carry up.to 24
individual voice telephone
at
for years in the
telecom industry.
c o v e r s 300 Hz
to 3000 Hz and.is digitized
signal usually times the
on a single
line. Each voice minimal Nyquist rate of two
is just a bit m o r e than the content.
a n 8-kHz rate,
which all the analog
needed to retain
highest-frequency
component
125
52 3
23 24
User
number
Sync bit

8-bit words
193 bits
4-2018 Seventh Semester, Wireless Communication

2. This Ti digital telephony frame illustrates TDM and TDMA. Each time slot is
allocated to one user. The high data rate makes the user unaware of the lack ofsimultaneity
The digitized voice appears as individual serial bytes thatoccur at a 64-kHz rate.
and 24 of these bytes are interleaved, producing one Tl frame of data. The frame occur8
at a 1.536-MHz rate (24 by 64 kHz) for a total of 192 bits. A Bingle synchronizing bit is
added for timing purposesfor an overall data rate of 1.544 Mbits/s. At the receiving end,
the individual voice bytes are recovered at the 64-kHz rate and passed through a digital.
to-analog eonverter (DAC) that reproduces the analog voice.
The basic GSM (Global System of Mobile Communications) cellular phone system
is TDMA-based. It divides up the radio spectrum into 200-kHz bands and then uses
time division techniques to put eight voice calls into one channel. Figure 3 shows one
frame of a GSM TDMA Bignal. The eight time slots can be voice signals or data such as
texts or e-mails. The frame is transmitted ata 270-kbit/s rate using Gaussian minimum
shift keying (GMSK), which is a form of frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation.
4.615 ms (1248 bits)

0.577 ms

Time slot
1 2

158 bits per user

3. This GSM digital cellular method shows how up to eight users can share a 200-
kHz channel in different time slots within a frame of 1248 bits.
CDMA:CDMA is another pure digital technique. It is also known as spread spectrum
because it takes the digitized version of an analog signal and spreads it out over a wider
bandwidth at a lower power level. This method is called direct sequence spread spectrum
(DSSS) as well. The digitized and compressed voice signal in serial data form is spread
by processing itin an XOR circuit along with a chipping signal at a much higher frequeney
In the cdma IS-95 standard, a 1.2288-Mbit/s chipping signal spreads the digitized
compressed voice at 13 kbits/s.
Digital voice
13 kbits/s

XOR

Modulator
2288-Mbit/s Power
chipping amplifier
signal
Code
generator Carrier

4. Spread spectrum is the technique of CDMA. The compressed and digitized voice
signal is processed in an XOR logic circuit along with a higher-frequency coded chipping
signal. The result is that the digital voice is spread over a much wider bandwidth that
can be shared with other users ustng different codes.
The chipping signal is derived from a pseudorandom code generator that assigns a
unique code to each user of the channel. This code spreads the voice signal over 8
 I.P. University-[B.Tech)-Akash Books
handwidth of1.25 M
MHz. The 2018-5
resulting signal is at a low power level and
e noie. Many 8uch signals can occupy the same
hke.
appears more
ding 64 unique chipping odes allowsup to 64 userschannel simultaneously:
to occupy the same
For example,
t the same time. At the receiver, a 1.25-MHz channel
caller's code and recovers it correlating circuit finds and identifies a
specific
The third generation (3G)
ses a similar method with
cell-phone technology called wideband CDMA
compressed voice and (WCDMA)
MHz channel to allow multiple users to share the 3.84-Mbit/s chipping codes in a 5-
same band.
OFDMA: OFDMA is the acoess
technique used in Long-Term Evolution (LlTE) cellular
systems to accommodate multiple users in a
division multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation given bandwidth. Orthogonal frequency
method that divides a channel into
narrow orthogonal bands
that are spaced so they don't interfere with one another.multiple
band is divided into hundreds or even Each
thousands of 15-kHz wide subcarriers.
The data to be transmitted is
modulated onto the subcarriers. Timedivided
into many lower-speed bit streams and
slots within each subchannel data stream are
to package the data to be used
transmitted. This technique is very spectrally efficient, so it
provides very high data rates. It also is less affected by
multipath propagation effects.
- L T Ec h a n n e l

kH2)
(180

b l o c k

resource

One

Subcarrier
spacing
15 kHz

Frequency
Seven OFDM symbols
(0.5 ms)

Time
5. OFDMA assigns a group of subcarriers to each user. The subcarriers are part of
the large number of subcarriers used to implement OFDM for LTE. The data may be
voice, video, or something else, and it's assembled into time segments that are then
transmitted over some of the assigned subcarriers.
To implement OFDMA, each user is assigned a group of subchannels and related
time slots. The smallest group of subchannels assigned is 12 and called a resource bilock
(RB). The system assigns the number of RBs to each user as needed.
SDMA: SDMA uses physical separation methods that permit the sharing of wireless
channels. For instance, a single channel may beused simultaneously if the users are
spaced far enough from one another to avoid interference. Knownas frequency reuse, the
method is widely used in cellular radio systems. Cell sites are spaced from one another
to minimize interference.
interference. Most cell
In addition to spacing, directional antennas are used to avoid
to create 120° sectors that allow frequency sharing (fig.
a). New
Sites use three antennasanténnas or adaptive arrays use dynamic beamforming
to shrink
echnologies like smart excluding all others (Fig. b).
81gnals into narrow beams that can be focused on specific users,
 Communication
Wireless
6-2018 Seventh Semester,

120° Narrow
sectors
This user antenna
beam
onsame
Area frequencyY
covered is ignored
persector
User

Steerable
beam
Cell site 360
antenna

Cell site (b)

antenna
(a)
6. SDMA separates users on shared frequencies by
isolating them with directional
sites have three antenna arrays to separate their coverage into
antennas. Most cell
isolated 120° sectors (a). Adaptive arrays beamforming to pinpoint desired
use users
while ignoring any others on the same frequency (b).
One unique variation of SDMA, polarization division multiple access (PDMA).
antennas. Two different signals
separates signals by using different polarizations of the
then can use the same frequency, one transmitting a vertically polarized signal and the
other transmitting a horizontally polarized signal.
The signals won't interfere with one another even if they're on the same frequency
because they're orthogonal and the antennas won't respond to the oppositely polarized
sigpal. Separate vertical and horizontal receiver antennas are used to recover-the two
orthogonal signals. This technique is widely used in satellite systems.
Polarization is also used for multiplexing in fiber optic Bystems. The new 100-Gbits
systems use dual polarization quadrature phase shift keying (DP-QPSK) to achieve high
speeds on a single fiber. The high-speed data is divided nto two slower data streams,
one using vertical light polarization and the other horizontal light polarization.
Polarization filters separate the two signals at the transmitter and receiver and merge
them back into-the high-speed stream.
9.3. Explain diversity technique in detail. (10)
Ans. Diversity is atechnique, which is used to diminish the channel fading &is
oftenimplemented by usingtwo ormore receiving antennas. In 3Gtransmit diversity 18
used where base-stations may transmit replicas of the signal on spatially alienated
antennas or frequencies. With an equalizer, diversity improves the quality of a wireless
communication link without alerting the common air interface & devoid of increasing
the transmitted.power or bandwidthThe differenceinequalization & diversityisthat.
egualizer techniqueis usedto reduce ISi,whereasdiversitytechniqueis used tadiminish
the effectoffadingon wireless communication.Diversity exploitsthe random nature of
radio propagation by finding independent signal paths for communication. Diversiu
technique is mainly applied on the receiver, & unknown to the transmitter. By ns
technique the strongest or the best signal is received at the receiver. According to
types of fading i.e. small &large scale, diversity techniques may be classified
(1). Small-scalefading: Bmall scale fades are characterized by,deep& rapid as
fluctuations which ariseas the mobile movesjust few wavelengths These fades amplhtuus
ar
by multiple reflections from the surrounding
technique, space diversity or antenna object. To alleviate this, microscopic aiveroity
(2). Large-scale fading:Large
diversity techniques may be used.
in the terrain profile & scale fading is caused by shadowing due to varia ions
surrounding also.It occurs at large distance from the base-sa
To alleviate this, macroscopic
diversity may be used.
 I.P. University-[B.Tech)-Akash Books
2018-7
sification of Diversity Techniques:.According
to way the fading ofthe
incoming
ia
signal is 1mitigate in wireless communication diversity are techniques classification as:
Diversity
Techniques

Space or
Antenna Macroscopic Polarization Frequency Time
Diversity Diversity Diversity Diversity Diversity

Selection Feedback Maximal

Ratio Equal Gain
Diversity Diversity Diversity
Combining
Space Diversity or Antenna diversityIt is one ofthe most popular diversity
technique used in wireless systems. The direct path between the transmitter (BS) and
receiver (MS) is not guaranteed and the possibility of a numberofscatters in the mobile
environment suggests a Rayleigh fading signal (small-scale fading)Multiple signals from
spatially separated antenna (BS) is received on the mobile the best signals is picked by
the mobile using the diversity technique as shown in fig. It is also used in the base station
(BS) desigm\At each cell site, multiple BS receiving antennas are used to provide di'versity
shown in Fig. The space or Antenna diversity [6] can be categorize
as:
receptionas

Reflection
Diffraction
Base Station
Scattering
Mobile Station

and Selectionof strongest signal.

Fig. MultipathSignal Environment demodulators
This is simplest diversity technique where
(1) Selection Diversity
diversity gains
branches whose are adjusted to provide.the same average
are used to give
SNR for each
branch. The receiver branch having the highest instantaneous SNR is
demodulator. In the branch with the largest (S+N) N is used,
practice
eonnected to the shown the block diagram of selection
as it is difficult to
measure
SNR Jabove Fig.
diversity in communication system.
Antenna 1 V

Antenna 2 Y 61
Switching
Antenna 3 ¥
G2 Output
Logic
or

Antenna mV Demodulator

G.m
Variable gain
Fig. Shown the block diagram of selection diversity in
communications systems.
8-2018 Seventh Semester, Wireless Communication
(2) Feedback or Scanning DiversityThis technique is very similar tas
versity except that instead of always using thebest 'n' signals the 'n' signals avection
in a fixed sequence until one's faund above a predetermined threshold value. n n e d
81gnal is then continuously received until it falls below threshold value and iffothi_
Bcanning process is again inifiate, The flow diagram of feedback or scanningdi the
is shown in fig.

VVV
2 B
Predetemined threshold value

Comparator Recever
Fig. Block Daigram of Feedback Scanning Diversíty.
(3) Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC):, In this method, the signal from the all
branches are weighted according to their voltage to noise power ratios and then summei
(unlike selection diversity, where individual receiver is used). MRC [ll produces an outait
SNR equal to the sum of the individual SNR.
This technique has a merit of producing an output with an acceptable SNR even
when none of the individual signals are themselves good enough. It is used in modern
DSP techniques and digital receivers. Here the individual signals must be co-phased
before summation.
Maximal Ratio combining (MRC). On the ith receive antenna the received signal is,
= h x + n, where
is the received symbol on the ith receive antenna.
h, is the channel on the ith receive antenna.
x is the transmitted symbol and
n, is the noise on ith receive antenna.
4. Equal Gain Diversity: In certain cases, it is impossible to provide variable
weighting capability like MRC
In such cases, the branch weights are set to unity, but the signals from each braneh
are co-phased to provide equal gain combining diversity. This allows the receiver to exploit
signals that are simultaneously received on each branch. This is superior than selection
diversity but inferior than MRC technique. The block diagram of the Fqual Gain
Diversity is shown in fig.

Antenna 1Y

Antenna 2 Y Cophase

and
Detector output
Sum
Antenna mY
Om
Adaptive control

Fig. Block diagram of the Equal Gain Diversity

 I.P. University-[B.Techj-Akash Books
2018-9
afaerosCopic Diversity: Macroscopic diversity is a technique that can
ality and ubiquitous communications between low-power facilitate
quality a n

higanhones and data terminals, and radio base stations (ports) that are portable
ru local network, It uses radio signals from several base stations to connected
to alleviate the
af shadow fading a variation of signal strength over space created by the
huildings, foliage, and terrain variations. With a path loss exponent of four and apresence
shadow
Cading standard deviation of 10 dB, four-branch macroscopic diversity results in a 13 dB
inprovement in signal strength and a l5 dB improvement in signal to co-channel
interference ratio for high user capacity interference limited operation. (Both figures are
for 99 percent statistical coverage of the service area) The improvement in sígnal to co-
ohased channel interference ratio is equivalent to a factor-of-five savings of spectrum.
Polarization diversity: It relies on the de-correlation of the two receive ports to
achive diversity gain. The two receiver ports must remain cross-polarized. Effective
Diversity is obtained with a Correlation Coefficient below 0.7. In order to keep the
correlation at this level-space diversity at a base station requires antenna spacing of
up to 20 wavelengths for the broadside case, and even more for the inline case.
Polarization diversity at a base station does not requir antenna spacing. AT the
base station, space diversity is considerably les8 practical than at the mobile because
the narrow angle of incident fields requires large antenna spacing. The comparatively
high cost of using space diversity at the base station prompts the consideration of using
orthogonal polarization. Polarization diversity provides two diversity branches and
allows the antenna elements to be considered.
Frequeney diversity: The signal is transmitted usingseveral frequency channels
or spread over a broad spectrum that is exaggerated by frequency-selective fadding.
Middle-late 20th century microwave radio relay lines often used numerous regular
wideband radio channels, and one protection channel for antomatic use by any faded
channel. Later examples include: (1) OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)
modulation in combination with subcarrier interleaving and forward error correction
and (2) Spread spectrum, for example frequency hopping or DS-CDMA.
Time diversity: Multiple versions of the same signal are transmitted at different
that
time instants. Time Diversity repeatedly transmits information at time spacing
exceeds the coherence time of the channel. A modern implementation of time diversity
channel
involves the use of RAKE receiver for spread spectrum CDMA, where multipath
of the signal will
provides redundancy in the transmitted message. Multiple repetitions
be received with multiple fading conditions, thereby providing for diversity.

Q.4. Write short notes on:

(5)
(a) GSM
Ans. Refer to Q. 4. (b) First Term 2017. (5)
Q.4.(b) GPRS
2017.
Ans. Refer to Q. 3. (b) First Term