Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
Fall 2020 / 2021
Electric Power Eng.Lab
Experiment #7
Prime Mover Operation
Section: 12
Group:
Student Name ID
Mohammed Ramzi Ismail U18104683
Numaan Tanwar Tahir U18102487
Lab Instructor Dr. Amr Mohamed Elnady
Lab Engineer Eng. Mohammed Saad
Experiment Date 22/ 10 / 2020
Report Submission Date 5 / 11 / 2020
1
Prime Mover Operation (Model 8960-2)
EXERCISE When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to demonstrate
OBJECTIVE the operation of a prime mover using the Four-Quadrant
Dynamometer/Power Supply, Model 8960-2. You will be able to measure
the opposition torque caused by a machine driven by a dynamometer
working as a prime mover.
Prime mover operation
DISCUSSION
The prime mover in the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply
operates basically like a linear voltage-to-speed converter as illustrated in
Figure 1-8, and the direction of rotation is directly related to the input
voltage polarity. A positive voltage produces clockwise rotation, while
reversing the input voltage polarity results in counterclockwise or
negative rotation. The speed-voltage relationship is a straight line, and the
higher the applied voltage, the faster the motor turns. The prime mover
uses a dc motor, which will be seen in EXP7.
Figure 1-8. The prime mover is a voltage-to-speed converter.
The direction of rotation of the prime mover is selected using the FUNCTION button on the Four-
Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply. The rotation speed of the prime mover is set by using a speed
control (COMMAND knob) on the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply. The prime mover
speed can be set to any value between 0 and 2500 r/min.
A digital display on the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply allows direct reading of both the
speed and torque values. Connecting ANALOG OUTPUTS T (torque) and n (speed) of the Four-
Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply to the corresponding inputs on the data acquisition module
permits measurement and display of speed and torque using the Speed and Torque meters in the
Metering window of the software. The prime mover thus not only acts as a prime mover but also as a
speed meter (tachometer) and a dynamometer.
2
Exp. 5 – Prime Mover Operation (Model 8960-2)
The displayed speed, either on the module display or the Speed meter in the Metering
window, is the actual speed at which the prime mover rotates. It is positive for clockwise
(CW) rotation and negative for counterclockwise (CCW) rotation.
To rotate, the prime mover must produce sufficient magnetic torque (TM(P. M. )) to overcome
all forces that oppose its rotation. The combined effect of all these forces results in a torque that
opposes the prime mover rotation. This torque is known as the opposition torque (TOPP.). As a
result, when the prime mover rotates at constant speed, the magnetic torque TM(P. M.) and the
opposition torque TOPP. are equal in magnitude but are of opposite polarity, i.e.,
TM (P. M. ) = -TOPP.
The opposition torque (TOPP.) is displayed on the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply and
the Torque meter in the Metering window. Therefore, the displayed torque for clockwise (positive)
rotation is negative. For counterclockwise (negative) rotation, the displayed torque is positive
because the forces opposing rotation always act in the opposite direction. In other words, the prime
mover torque and speed displayed are always of opposite polarity.
When no rotating machine is coupled to the prime mover's shaft, the opposition to rotation is only
due to the bearing friction, windage friction, and brushes friction in the prime mover. The
combined effect of these frictions results in the prime mover friction torque TF(P. M. ), as indicated
in Figure 1-10 and the following equation:
TF(P. M. ) = TBRUSHES + TBEARING + TWINDAGE
Where
TBRUSHES is the torque that opposes rotation which results from the brushes friction.
TBEARING is the torque that opposes rotation which results from the bearing friction.
TWINDAGE is the torque that opposes rotation which results from the windage
friction.
Figure 1-9. Distribution of torque in the prime mover.
3
Exp. 5 – Prime Mover Operation (Model 8960-2)
When no rotating machine is coupled to the prime mover's shaft, the prime mover friction torque
TF(P. M.) is the only opposition to prime mover rotation, and therefore, the opposition torque TOPP.
is equal to the prime mover friction torque TF(P. M. ). Note that the prime mover friction torque
TF(P. M. ), and thereby, the opposition torque TOPP., increase as speed increases. However, this
torque-versus-speed relationship is not linear.
When the prime mover is mechanically coupled to another rotating machine, the opposition torque
TOPP. increases because of additional opposition to rotation caused by the other machine and the
coupling device (timing belt), as indicated in the following equation:
TOPP. = TF(P. M. ) + TF(BELT) + TOPP.(MACHINE)
Where
TF(P. M. ) is the prime mover friction torque.
TF(BELT) is the torque that opposes rotation which results from the belt friction.
TOPP.(MACHINE) is the torque that opposes rotation which is caused by the machine coupled
to the prime mover.
Therefore, the opposition torque T OPP. indicated by the display of the Four- Quadrant
Dynamometer/Power Supply and the Torque meter in the Metering window is higher when a
rotating machine is coupled to the prime mover.
When the prime mover drives another rotating machine, it is often useful to know the opposition
to rotation caused by the driven machine. In other words, it is useful to know the torque that
opposes the prime mover rotation which is caused by the driven machine (T OPP.(MACHINE)).
This torque is equal to the opposition torque T OPP. minus the sum of the prime mover friction
torque (TF(P. M. )) and belt friction torque (TF(BELT)), as indicated in the following equation:
TOPP.(MACHINE) = T OPP. - (TF(P. M. ) + TF(BELT))
A function in the Metering window allows the torque indicated by the Torque meter (TOPP.) to be
corrected so that it corresponds to the opposition torque produced by the driven machine
(TOPP.(MACHINE)). This function simply subtracts the typical value of TF(P. M. ) and
TF(BELT) from TOPP. to obtain TOPP.(MACHINE). The corrected torque (TOPP.(MACHINE)) is
always smaller than the original uncorrected torque (TOPP.).
3
Exp. 5 – Prime Mover Operation (Model 8960-2)
Procedure summary
In this exercise, you will experiment with the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply
operating in the prime mover mode. You will set up the equipment in the Workstation, connect
the equipment as shown in Figure 1-11, and make the appropriate settings on the Four-
Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply. You will learn how to change the direction of rotation of
the prime mover by using the FUNCTION button on the Four- Quadrant Dynamometer/Power
Supply. You will check that the polarity of the speed indicated on the Speed meter in the Metering
window changes when the direction of rotation is changed. You will then measure the prime mover
friction torque. Finally, you will couple the prime mover to a squirrel-cage induction motor and
measure the opposition torque caused by the motor.
4
Ex. 5 – Prime Mover Operation (Model 8960-2)
PROCEDURE
High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise. Do not make or modify any
banana jack connections with the power on unless otherwise specified.
Setting up the equipment
1. Install the equipment required in the EMS workstation.
2. On the Power Supply, make sure the main power switch is set to the O (off) position,
and the voltage control knob is turned fully counterclockwise. Ensure the Power Supply is
connected to a three-phase power source.
3. Ensure that the data acquisition module is connected to a USB port of the host
computer.
Connect the POWER INPUT of the data acquisition module to the 24 V - AC output of the
Power Supply.
On the Power Supply, set the 24 V - AC power switch to the I (on) position.
4. Start the Data Acquisition software (LVDAC or LVDAM).
In the Metering window, make sure that the continuous refresh mode is selected.
If you are using LVDAC-EMS, set parameter Analog Input AI7 in the Data Acquisition
and Control Settings window to Non-Corrected Torque (N•m).
5. Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 1-11.
5
Ex. 5 – Prime Mover Operation (Model 8960-2)
or (8960-
B)
Figure 1-11. Prime mover circuit.
6. Connect the POWER INPUT of the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply to a wall
receptacle.
Turn the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply on by setting the POWER INPUT switch
to the I (on) position.
On the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply, set the OPERATING MODE switch to the
DYNAMOMETER position. This setting allows the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power
Supply to operate as a brake or a prime mover, depending on the selected function.
Set the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply to operate as a clockwise prime mover. To
do this, momentarily press the FUNCTION button until the function indicated by the display of
the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply is CW Prime Mover/Brake.
On the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply, press and hold the FUNCTION button 3
seconds to have uncorrected torque values on the display. The indication "NC" appears next to
the function name on the display when uncorrected torque values are indicated.
By default, the torque correction function is enabled in the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power
Supply. This function can be disabled by pressing and holding the FUNCTION button 3 seconds.
The torque correction function can be enabled again by pressing the FUNCTION button once again
for 3 seconds. The status (enabled or disabled) of the torque correction function stays unchanged
when another function is selected with the FUNCTION button.
6
Ex. 5 – Prime Mover Operation (Model 8960-2)
Speed, polarity and direction of rotation
7. On the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply, set the speed command of the prime mover
to about 250 r/min, using the COMMAND knob. The value of the speed command is indicated by
the module display. Notice that the speed command shown on the module display is blinking.
On the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply, start the prime mover by momentarily
pressing the START/STOP button. Observe that the prime mover starts to rotate. Also notice that
the speed value on the module display is no longer blinking to indicate that the indicated speed is
now the actual rotation speed of the prime mover.
In the following blank space, record the speed n of the primer mover indicated by the display of
the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply.
n (prime mover speed) =256 r/min
Notice that the Speed meter in the Metering window also indicates the prime mover speed.
Observe the prime mover. What is the direction of rotation?
Direction of rotation: clockwise
8. On the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply, stop the prime mover by momentarily
pressing the START/STOP button.
Set the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply to operate as a counterclockwise prime
mover. To do this, momentarily press the FUNCTION button until the function indicated by the
display of the Four- Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply is CCW Prime Mover/Brake.
Set the speed command of the prime mover to about -250 r/min using the COMMAND knob. Start
the prime mover by momentarily pressing the START/STOP button.
Observe the prime mover. What is the direction of rotation?
Direction of rotation: counter clockwise
With the CCW Prime Mover/Brake function, what difference is there in the speed indicated
by the Speed meter in the Metering window?
The value will remain the same but the polarity will be the opposite , so the speed became negative .
In this manual, clockwise rotation is defined as the positive direction, and counterclockwise
rotation is therefore indicated by a negative speed value. The speed indicated by the display of
the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply and the Speed meter in the Metering window
uses this same convention.
7
Ex. 5 – Prime Mover Operation (Model 8960-2)
Measuring the prime mover friction torque
9. On the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply, stop the prime mover by momentarily
pressing the START/STOP button.
Select the clockwise prime mover function by momentarily pressing the FUNCTION button until
the function indicated by the display of the Four- Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply is CW
Prime Mover/Brake.
Set the speed command of the prime mover to about 1500 r/min using the COMMAND knob. Start
the prime mover by momentarily pressing the START/STOP button.
10. Record the friction torque T F(P. M. ) indicated by the display of the Four- Quadrant
Dynamometer/Power Supply.
TF(P. M. ) = - 0.086 N-m
Why is the torque indicated by the module display negative while the prime mover speed is
positive (clockwise rotation)?
Because the prime mover meter indicates the overcome torque not the produced torque by the prime
mover so the prime mover torque and speed will always have a opposite polarity .
Notice that the Torque meter in the Metering window indicates approximately the same torque as
the display of the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply. The torque indicated by the Torque
meter is not corrected, since the indication "NC" appears in the lower left corner of this meter.
11. On the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply, stop the prime mover by momentarily
pressing the START/STOP button.
Select the counterclockwise prime mover function by momentarily pressing the FUNCTION
button until the function indicated by the display of the Four- Quadrant Dynamometer/Power
Supply is CCW Prime Mover/Brake.
Set the speed command of the prime mover to -1500 r/min using the COMMAND knob. Start the
prime mover by momentarily pressing the START/STOP button.
Is the torque indicated by the Torque meter in the Metering window (T F(P. M. )) of opposite
sign but approximately equal to the value recorded for the same speed?
Yes No
8
Ex. 5 – Prime Mover Operation (Model 8960-2)
Measuring the opposition torque caused by the driven machine
12. Stop the prime mover by setting the POWER INPUT switch of the Four- Quadrant
Dynamometer/Power Supply to the O (off) position.
Use a timing belt to mechanically couple the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply to
the Four-Pole Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor.
Before installing or removing a timing belt, make absolutely sure that power is turned off to
prevent any rotating machine from starting inadvertently.
13. Turn the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply on by setting the POWER INPUT
switch to the I (on) position.
Select the clockwise prime mover function by momentarily pressing the FUNCTION button until
the function indicated by the display of the Four- Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply is CW
Prime Mover/Brake.
Press and hold the FUNCTION button 3 seconds to have uncorrected torque values on the display
of the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply. The indication "NC" appears next to the
function name on the display when uncorrected torque values are indicated.
Set the speed command of the prime mover to about 1500 r/min using the COMMAND knob. Start
the prime mover by momentarily pressing the START/STOP button.
Record the opposition torque (TOPP.) indicated by the Torque meter in the Metering window.
TOPP.= - 0.291 N-m
Compare the opposition torque measured in this step to the opposition torque (T F (P. M. ))
recorded in step 10. Briefly explain the difference between these two opposition torques.
We can see that Topp < TF (P.M.) , the opposition torque in step 10 is due to friction force that the
prime mover need to overcome but When the prime mover is mechanically coupled to another rotating
machine, the opposition torque will be equal TF(PM) + T F (belt)+ Tmachine.
9
Ex. 5 – Prime Mover Operation (Model 8960-2)
14. In the Metering window, enable the torque correction function for the Torque meter by
clicking the button in the lower left corner of the meter. The indication "C" appears in this button
to indicate that the torque correction is enabled. The Torque meter now indicates the opposition
torque caused by the Four-Pole Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor TOPP.(MACHINE). Record this
torque in the following blank space.
TOPP.(MACHINE) =- 0.088 N-m
Using the torque measured in this step and the previous step, compare the opposition torque caused
by the Four-Pole Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor (TOPP.(MACHINE)) to the total opposition torque
(TOPP.).
TOPP(MACHINE) > TOPP because TOPP(MACHINE) is a portion of TOPP in magnitude.
Stop the prime mover by setting the POWER INPUT switch of the Four- Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply
to the O (off) position.
On the Four-Pole Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor, tilt the front panel forward to get access to the
motor's shaft.
Turn the motor's shaft manually. While doing this, notice the twisting force you must apply to
make the motor's shaft rotate.
Before turning a motor's shaft manually or removing a timing belt, make absolutely sure
that power is turned off to prevent any rotating machine from starting inadvertently.
Remove the timing belt that couples the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply to the Four-
Pole Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor.
Turn the motor's shaft manually. While doing this, notice the twisting force you must apply to
make the motor's shaft rotate. Is this force much smaller than that required to make the motor's
shaft rotate when the motor is coupled to the prime mover?
Yes No
Is your observation the same as when you compared the opposition torques in step 13? Briefly
explain.
Yes, because we are not coupling the prime mover with a load so we will have a smaller force in this
case .
10
Ex. 5 – Prime Mover 5 Operation (Model 8960-2)
CONCLUSION
In this exercise, you learned that the prime mover in the Four- Quadrant
Dynamometer/Power Supply operates basically like a linear voltage-to- speed
converter. The prime mover speed and direction of rotation can be changed by using
the COMMAND knob and FUNCTION button, respectively, on the Four-Quadrant
Dynamometer/Power Supply. The speed indicated on the Speed meter in the Metering
window is positive for clockwise rotation, and negative for counterclockwise rotation.
The torque indicated on the Torque meter in the Metering window is the torque that
opposes the prime mover rotation (opposition torque). A torque correction function
can be enabled so that the meter indicates the opposition torque caused by the driven
machine.
11
Ex. 5 – Prime Mover 5 Operation (Model 8960-2)
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. In the prime mover mode, a negative speed value on the Speed meter in the Metering
window indicates that
a. the prime mover rotation is in the clockwise direction.
b. the prime mover rotation is in the counterclockwise direction.
c. the prime mover is supplying torque to drive a load.
d. the prime mover is receiving power from a load.
2. In the prime mover mode, why does the Torque meter in the Metering window
indicate a torque value even with no mechanical load applied to the machine's shaft?
a. The display is probably defective.
b. Because the prime mover must supply torque to overcome friction.
c. This indicates the electrical power supplied to the prime mover.
d. This indicates the mechanical power supplied to the prime mover.
3. In the prime mover mode, will the torque indicated by the Torque meter be a
negative or positive value for clockwise rotation?
a. Negative.
b. Positive.
c. It depends on how fast the prime mover rotates.
d. It depends on the value of the applied voltage.
4. The PM friction torque TF(PM) and thereby, the opposition torque Topp increase as the speed
increases:
a. Linearly.
b. Exponentially.
c. Nonlinearly.
d. The opposition torque is not function of the speed.
5. When the Prime mover drives another rotating machine, the opposition torque caused by the
driven machine Topp(Machine) is given by:
a. TOPP.(MACHINE) = Total TOPP (PM). - (TF(P. M. ) + TF(BELT))
b. TOPP.(MACHINE) = Total TOPP (PM). - TF(Machine ) - TF(BELT))
c. TOPP.(MACHINE) = Total TOPP (PM).
d. TOPP.(MACHINE) = TOPP (PM). + TF(P. M. ) + TF(BELT)
6. For the Prime Mover Operation, how the corrected torque is related to the uncorrected torque
a. The corrected torque is always less than the uncorrected torque.
b. The corrected torque equal to the uncorrected torque
c. The corrected torque is always greater than the uncorrected torque.
12
Ex. 5 – Prime Mover 5 Operation (Model 8960-2)
13
