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Magnetic Storage Part 2

The document discusses various data storage technologies including hard disk drives, magnetoresistance read heads, and optical disks. Hard disks store data in small magnetic grains in the disk media that are read using inductive or magnetoresistive read heads. Future technologies may use heat-assisted magnetic recording to increase data density. Magnetoresistive effects like GMR and TMR are used in read heads. Optical disks come in read-only, write-once, and rewritable formats that use optical properties like reflectivity or phase changes induced by lasers to encode data pits and lands.

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brock lesnar
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views24 pages

Magnetic Storage Part 2

The document discusses various data storage technologies including hard disk drives, magnetoresistance read heads, and optical disks. Hard disks store data in small magnetic grains in the disk media that are read using inductive or magnetoresistive read heads. Future technologies may use heat-assisted magnetic recording to increase data density. Magnetoresistive effects like GMR and TMR are used in read heads. Optical disks come in read-only, write-once, and rewritable formats that use optical properties like reflectivity or phase changes induced by lasers to encode data pits and lands.

Uploaded by

brock lesnar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hard)drives:)Induc:ve)Read)process)

Induc&ve)readback)is)no)longer)used,)but)
informa&ve)example)of)Faraday’s)induc&on)
Changing)field)from)disk)induces)voltage)in)
coil.))
Head)needs)low)hysteresis,)high)µr,)high)Bs)

Department)of)
Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)
Magne:c)media)
Polycrystalline)film)of)CoCrPt…)
Thin,)high)Ms,)Mr)
Grains)are)exchange)decoupled)
)
)
The)‘trilemma’:)
Thermal)stability)limits)grain)size)
(~40kT)>)KV))))
Grain)volume)V)determines)data)density)
(100s)grains/bit))
Cannot)increase)K)because)material)
becomes)too)difficult)to)write)(Hc)too)
large).)Head)field)is)limited)by)Ms)or)Bs.)
)
)
Department)of)
Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)
Giant)magnetoresistance)(GMR):)
Resistance)depends)on)rela&ve)orienta&on)of)magne&za&on)
of)two)layers)separated)by)nonmagne&c)conduc&ve)spacer.)
)
Tunneling)magnetoresistance)(TMR):)
Resistance)depends)on)rela&ve)orienta&on)of)magne&za&on)
of)two)layers)separated)by)nonmagne&c)insulator.))
)

An#parallel)layers) Parallel)layers)
High)resistance)) Low)resistance))

Department)of)
Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)
Spin)valve)GMR)and)TMR)readback)heads)
Shield)
Writer) P2)
GMR)) P1,)shield)
Shield)
MR)Reader)

Use)exchange)coupling)to)pin)one)layer)M1,))
while)field)rotates)other,)M2)

TMR))

Department)of)
Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)
Op:ons)for)Data)storage)
)
Hitachi)(now)part)of)WD))2014)products)
)
Ultrastar)He6 ) )$650)
6TB,)3.5aINCH)HARD)DISK)DRIVE)
Filled)with)He)to)lower)turbulence)and)power)use)
7)disks,)6)TB)storage)
554)Gb/in2)(1)bit)occupies)about)20)nm)x)60)nm))))
102)x)147)x)26)mm))7.3W)max)
7200)RPM,)6)Gb/s)interface,)4MB)cache,)uncorrec&ble)
error)rate)1)in)1015.)70)–)300)G)impact)resistance.)

Ultrastar™)SSD800MH)Solid)state)drive))))$1.5k)
NAND)SSD)delivers)ultraahigh)performance,)reliability)and)
endurance)in)one)package)
800GB,)12)Gb/s)interface.))
1200/750)MB/s)read/write)max)throughput)
70)x)200)x)15)mm))11)W)
uncorrec&ble)error)rate)1)in)1017.)500a1000)G)impact)
resistance.)
Department)of) )
Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)
Future:)HeatSassisted)magne:c)recording)(HAMR))

))))Magne&c)media)too)hard)to)write)
with)current)perpendicular)recording)
technology;)heat)to)lower)coercivity)
Department)of)
D.)Weller,)Seagate)
Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)
Summary)
)
Hard)disks)–)media:)polycrystalline)Co)alloy,)each)grain)a)single)
domain)par&cle)
) )))))))–)write)heads:)induc&ve)head)to)write)data)
)
Magnetoresistance:)AMR,)GMR)and)TMR)
) )))))))–)read)heads:)magnetoresistance;)use)a)spin)valve) )
) ) )where)one)layer)is)pinned)by)an)an&ferromagnet) )
) ) )layer,)e.g.)IrMn)
)
Future)of)data)storage:)bit)paXerned)media)or)thermal)assist)
)
Magne&c)RAM:)solid)state)nonvola&le)memory)
)
Department)of)
) Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)
Magnetoop:cal)and)Op:cal)Data)Storage)
)
References:)Handout)12)
)
Topics:)
)
Magnetoop&cal)disks)
Magnetoop&cal)isolators)
Op&cal)disks)–)readaonly,)writeaonce,)rewritable)
Summary)

Department)of)
Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)
Magnetoop:cal)Data)Storage)
)
Magnetoop&cal)Kerr)Effect)and)Faraday)effect)
)
recall:)Faraday)effect)=)rota&on)of)plane)of)polariza&on)as)light)
passes)through)material)
)
MO)Kerr)effect)=)rota&on)of)plane)of)polariza&on)as)light)is)
reflected)from)material)
)
)

Department)of)
Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)
MO)Kerr)effect)imaging)

Department)of)
Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)
Magnetoop:cal)Data)Storage)
)
Magnetoop&cal)Kerr)Effect)in)aaREaTM)alloys)
)
(Tb,Gd)x(Fe,Co)1ax))) )x)~)0.2 ) )Amorphous)ferrimagnet)
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )An&ferromagnet)~)RT)(Tcomp))
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )MOKE)mostly)from)TM)

Department)of)
Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)
Reading)and)wri:ng)MO)disks)
)
Kerr)effect)best)for)Blue)laser)light)
Write)when)hot:)ferrimagnet,)low)coercivity)
Read)at)room)temp:)an&ferromagnet)so)data)is)stable)

Department)of)
Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)
is chosen to be λ/2 to get max. contrast in reflectivity.

Structure)of)disk)
Rewritable Magnetooptical disk
Al acts as heat sink and raises Kerr rotation by helping trap light

Protective layer
Sputtered Al layer
Dielectric AlN or SiN
Magnetooptical layer
Polycarbonate substrate (with
grooves to help laser track)

Rewriteable optical disk


Thermally-induced change in crystal structure of phase-change material leads to a
variation in refractive index and absorption; ensure total difference in path length of λ/2
to get maximum contrast in reflectivity. Change between amorphous and crystalline is
controlled by temperature vs. time relation.
Ag acts as reflector and heat sink.
Protective layer
Sputtered Ag layer
Dielectric ZnS/SiO2 layers
Phase change layer
Department)of)
Materials)Science)
Polycarbonate substrate (with
and)Engineering) grooves to help laser track)
Magne:c)image)of)bits)on)disk)

Department)of)
Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)
AllSop:cal)data)storage)
)
DVDs)and)CDs)
CD)Track)pitch)1.6)µm,)bit)length)1a)2)µm.)780)nm)light.)DVD)is)denser,)and)
Bluray)disk)uses)blue)laser.)
Read)only)media:)pits)in)track)represent)data.)
Structure of Optical Disks
Transi&on)from)pit)to)land)=)1,)no)transi&on)=)0)
Reflec&vity)is)modulated:)light)reflects)from)pit)and)land)simultaneously,)phase)
Read-only structure of CD or DVD (drawn along track)
difference)gives)destruc&ve)or)construc&ve)interference)
Printed label
UV-cured lacquer
Sputtered Al reflective layer
Polycarbonate substrate, injection
11000… molded with grooves containing
data
laser
Optical path difference between pit and land (flat region)
= refractive index of polycarbonate x 2 x depth of pit,
is chosen to be λ/2 to get max. contrast in reflectivity.
Department)of)
Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)
Rewritable Magnetooptical disk
Compact)disks)

Department)of)
Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)
CD,)DVD)and)Bluray)comparison)

Laser&wavelength:& • Laser&wavelength:& • Laser&wavelength:&


405&nm& - 650&nm& - 780&nm&

• NA:& • NA:& • NA:&


- 0.85& - 0.60& - 0.45&

• Track&pitch:& • Track&pitch:& • Track&pitch:&


- 0.32&μm& - 0.74&μm& - 1.60&μm&
• Capacity:& • Capacity:& • Capacity:&
- 25&GB& - 4.7&GB& - 700&MB&

Department)of)
Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)
Dielectric AlN or SiN
Magnetooptical layer
AllSop:cal)data)storage) Polycarbonate substrate (with
) grooves to help laser track)
WriteSonce))
Rewriteable optical disk
“Writeaonce)readamany”)media)(WORM))uses)Al)films,)Te)alloys,)organic)
Thermally-induced change in crystal structure of phase-change material leads to a
dyes)or)semiconductors)such)as)aaGaSb,)where)a)laser)permanently)
variation in refractive index and absorption; ensure total difference in path length of λ/2
burns)or)melts)the)film)to)write)a)bit.)Ag)is)reflector)and)heat)sink.)
to get maximum contrast in reflectivity. Change between amorphous and crystalline is
)
controlled by temperature vs. time relation.
Ag acts as reflector and heat sink.
Protective layer
Sputtered Ag layer
Dielectric ZnS/SiO2 layers
Dye, etc. layer!
Phase change layer
Polycarbonate substrate (with
grooves to help laser track)

Write-once optical disk


Replace the dielectric/phase change/dielectric stack with a layer of dye that can be
damaged by a high intensity laser pulse to make the bits.

Department)of)
Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)
Al acts as heat sink and raises Kerr rotation by helping trap light

AllSop:cal)data)storage) Protective layer


Sputtered Al layer
)
Dielectric AlN or SiN
Rewritable) Magnetooptical layer
Phase)change)media)is)rewritable,)where)the)reflec&vity)depends)on)
Polycarbonate substrate (with
grooves to help laser track)
refrac&ve)index)which)is)affected)by)the)cooling)rate)of)the)spot.)
Refrac&ve)index)determines)how)reflec&ons)from)top)and)boXom)
Rewriteable optical disk
interface)interfere.))
Thermally-induced change in crystal structure of phase-change material leads to a
Use)Gein2Sb
variation 2Te5)alloys)(fast)cool)–)amorphous;)slow)cool)–)crystalline;)
refractive index and absorption; ensure total difference in path length of λ/2
tochange)in)n)corresponds)to)change)in)op&cal)path)length)of λ/2).)This)
get maximum contrast in reflectivity. Change between amorphous and crystalline is
can)be)rewriXen)many)&mes.)Ag)is)reflector)and)heat)sink.)
controlled by temperature vs. time relation.
Ag acts as reflector and heat sink.
)
Protective layer
Sputtered Ag layer
Dielectric ZnS/SiO2 layers
Phase change layer
Polycarbonate substrate (with
grooves to help laser track)

Write-onceDepartment)of)
optical disk
Replace theMaterials)Science)
dielectric/phase change/dielectric stack with a layer of dye that can be
damaged by and)Engineering)
a high intensity laser pulse to make the bits.
Summary)
)
Magnetoop&cal)media)–)ferrimagnet)film,)Tcomp)~)RT,)heat)to)
write,)MO)Kerr)effect)to)read.)
)
Op&cal)media)–)based)on)reflec&vity)of)pits)in)substrate)
read)only:)injec&on)molded)pits)in)surface)alter)reflec&vity)
writable)once:)laser)burns)holes)in)medium)
rewritable:)phase)change)media,)changes)refrac&ve)index)and)
interference)condi&on.)
)
Other)magnetoop&cal)devices:)
Faraday)effect)isolator)we)met)in)Photonics)lecture.)
)
)
Department)of)
Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)
Department)of)
Materials)Science)
and)Engineering)

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