Power Systems (EE31002)

Problem Set – I
(Per unit representation, Calculation of inductance and capacitance of transmission line,
Current and voltage relation of transmission line, Bus admittance matrix, Load flow soln.)

Q1. A balanced Y-connected voltage source with phase voltage of 277∠0° V is connected to the
parallel combination of a balanced-Y load and balanced-∆ load through a line having per phase
impedance Zline = (1+j2) Ω. The impedances in each phase of the loads are ZY = (30+j10) Ω and
Z∆ = (45 – j25)Ω. The Y-connected load is solidly grounded. Considering 3-phase base values of
15 kVA and 480 V, calculate the source current and load terminal voltage (line to line) in per unit.

Q2. Three single-phase two-winding transformers, each rated 400 MVA, 13.8kV/199.2kV, with
leakage reactance xeq =0.10 per unit, are connected to form a three-phase transformer bank.
Winding resistances and exciting currents are neglected. A three-phase load operating under
balanced positive-sequence conditions on the high voltage side absorbs 1000 MVA at 0.90 p.f.
lagging with phase voltage at load terminal, VAN = 190kV. If the high-voltage windings are Y-
connected then find the line to neutral voltage VaN in the low voltage side in p.u. and in kV if the
low voltage windings are connected (a) in Y or (b) in ∆. Consider the rating of the three-phase
transformer bank as the base for the transformer circuit.

Q3. Consider a 50 Hz system, single line diagram of which is shown in the figure below.

Specifications of system components are as follows:

Synchronous Generator (G): 150 MVA , 22kV, xdg = 18%
Transformers: T1: 80 MVA , 22/220kV, xT1 = 8% ; T2: 70 MVA, 220/33kV;
T3: 70 MVA, 24/120kV, xT3 = 7%;T4: 70 MVA, 110/33kV, xT4 = 8%
Short circuit impedance (referred to LV side) of each phase of the ‘∆’ connected winding of T2 is
3.6 Ω.
T5: Primary (p) – 15 MVA, 33kV; Secondary (s) – 10 MVA, 11kV; Tertiary(t) – 5 MVA, 6.6kV
xps = 8% (on 15 MVA, 33kV base);xpt = 10% (on 15 MVA, 33kV base);
xst = 9% (on 10 MVA, 11kV base)
Transmission lines:Line 1: 220kV, Zline = (5.3+j62.8) Ω;. Line 2: 110kV, Zline= (6.1+j65.4) Ω
Synchronous Motor (M): 7.5 MVA 10.45kV xdm = 18.5%
Loads:
Load 1: 3-phase ‘Y’ connected load absorbs 125 MVA at a power factor of 0.80 (lag) at 32.6kV
Load 2: 3-phase ‘∆’ connected purely resistive load absorbs 5 MW at 6.6kV
Draw the per unit impedance diagram of the system. Take generator rating as base for generator
circuit.

Q4. Consider the 50 Hz power system, the single line diagram of which is shown in Fig.Q4. The
system contains three generators, three transformers and three transmission lines.

Fig.Q4: Single line diagram of the power system

The system ratings are as follows:

Generator G1 200 MVA, 22 kV, Xd = 15 %

Generator G2 300 MVA, 18 kV, Xd = 20 %
Generator G3 300 MVA, 20 kV, Xd = 20 %
Transformer T1 300 MVA, 220 kV / 22 kV, Xd = 10 %
Transformer T2 Three 1-phase transformer each rated100 MVA, 130 kV / 25 kV , Xd = 10%
Transformer T3 300 MVA, 220 kV / 22 kV, Xd = 10%

The transmission line reactances are as indicated in the figure. Draw the per unit circuit diagram
of the system choosing Generator G3 rating as the base for the G3 part of the circuit.
Q5. Find the GMR of a stranded conductor having seven identical strands (as shown in Fig. Q5)
each of radius 2.3 mm. Also find the ratio of GMR to overall outer radius of the conductor.

Fig. Q5

Q6. Calculate the inductance per phase of a three-phase, double circuit line as shown in Fig. Q6.
Conductors of the two lines are placed on the same towers and connect the same pair of substations.
The lines are completely transposed. Consider the conductors to be identical and solid with actual
diameter equal to 1.5cm.

6m

2.5m

2.5 m

Fig. Q6

Q7. A 300 kV, three-phase bundle conductor line with two sub-conductors per phase has a
configuration as shown in Fig. Q7. Find the inductance per phase, if the GMR of each sub-
conductor is 1.2 cm.
40 cm

4m

3m 5m

Fig. Q7
Q8.Calculate the capacitance per phase of a three-phase double-circuit line as shown in Fig. Q8.
The outer diameter of the conductors is 2 cm. Assume that the line is completely transposed.
6m
a c′

3.5 m

b b′

3.5 m

c a′
8m

Fig. Q8

Q9. Find the change in the capacitance per phase due to the ground effect for a fully transposed
three-phase, three-wire transmission line whose conductors of outer diameter 2 cm are arranged in
equilateral spacing of 3 m and the height of the lower conductors from ground is 8 m.

Q10.A single circuit, 50 Hz, 120 km long, 3-phase transmission line has the following parameters
per km:
𝑅𝑅 = 0.2Ω, L = 1.3mH and C =0.01𝜇𝜇F.
The voltage at the receiving end is 132 kV. If the line is open at the receiving end, find the rms
value and phase angle of the following:
(i) The incident voltage to neutral at the receiving end (reference).
(ii) The reflected voltage to neutral at the receiving end.
(iii) The incident and reflected voltages to neutral at the sending end.
(iv) Also find the electrical length of the line (in electrical degree).

Q11.For the transmission line mentioned in Q10, find out the A,B,C, D parameters of the line
considering nominal-𝜋𝜋 model.
Next, assume that the same line is operated with a frequency of 250 Hz. Find out the A,B,C,D
parameters of the line with suitable justification. Can you tell whether the line is a short line,
medium line or long line? Justify your answer.

Q12. The parameters of a transmission line represented by nominal-π are

A= D =1∠1.0°; B = 98∠80°;
(a) Find the power and power factor of the load if the voltages at the two ends are 105 kV with
a phase difference of 25°.
(b) Now a shunt capacitor is connected at the receiving end of the line in order to supply a load
of 45 MW at 0.86 p.f. (lag) with a receiving end voltage of 105 kV. Find the reactive power
supplied by the line and by the capacitor.
Q13.Three numbers identical 500 kV, 60 Hz three-phase transmission lines are used to transmit
2500 MW of power from a generating station to a load centre at a distance of 500 km. The
magnitudes of the sending and receiving end voltages are maintained at 1.0 p.u. while the angle
difference (θ) is 32.85°. Considering the lines to be lossless, find the surge impedance of the lines.
Now suppose one of the three lines is removed and series capacitors are connected at the sending
end of the remaining two lines such that the same total power (as was carried by three lines) can
be transmitted over two lines (with each line carrying half of the total power), while VS, VR, and θ
remain unchanged. Find the value of the per phase reactance of the capacitor to be connected in
series. (It may be noted that the effect of series compensation is negligible on the parameters A, C
and D).

Q14.A 50 Hz, three-phase, 275 kV, 400 km long transmission line has the following parameters
(per phase):
Resistance = 0.035 Ω/km; Inductance = 1 mH/km; Capacitance = 0.01 µF/km
If the line is supplied at 275 kV, determine the MVA rating of a shunt reactor having negligible
losses that would be required to maintain 275 kV at the receiving end when the line is delivering
no-load. Consider nominal-π representation.

Q15.Consider a 50 Hz system, single line diagram of which is shown in the figure below.

Specifications of the system components are as follows:

Synchronous Generator (G): 300 MVA , 22kV , Xd= 20%
Transformers:
T1: 350 MVA , 22/230kV , Xeq= 10% ; T2: 300 MVA , 220/13.2kV , Xeq= 8%
Synchronous Motors:
M1: 200 MVA , 13.2kV , Xd= 20% ; M2: 100 MVA , 13.2kV , Xd= 20%
Transmission line: Length of the tr. Line = 80km (assume as a medium transmission line)
Rline/km/ph = 0.02 Ω; Xline/km/ph = 0.15 Ω; Shunt admittance/km/ph = 3.32x10-6 L90° S;
(a) Draw per unit impedance diagram of the system considering nominal-π model for the
transmission line. Take generator rating as base for generator circuit.
(b) Determine VS (sending end voltage of tr. Line) and VR (receiving end voltage of tr. Line)
if the motors M1 and M2 draw 120MW and 80MW respectively at 13.2kV and both operate
at a power factor of 0.85 (lag).
(c) Determine ABCD constants of the transmission line described in part (a).
(d) Determine the voltage regulation for the transmission line. Assume that the sending end
voltage remains constant.
Q16. For the circuit shown in Fig. Q16, all the values of reactances and voltages shown are in per
unit. For this circuit
(i) Find the primitive admittance matrix (Ypr) and branch-to-node incidence matrix (A).
(ii) Use Ypr and A to find the bus admittance matrix (Ybus)

1 j 0.4 2

j 0.2
j 0.5
j 0.25

j 1.0
j 1.25
j 0.625
3 4
0.9∠-30°
1.1∠0°
0

Fig. Q16

Q17. (a) The bus admittance matrix of a power system is given as follows (all admittances are in
p.u):
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 1 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏2 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 3
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 1 −𝑗𝑗14.97 +𝑗𝑗10 +𝑗𝑗5
𝑌𝑌𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 2 � +𝑗𝑗10 −𝑗𝑗19.965 +𝑗𝑗10 �
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 3 +𝑗𝑗5 +𝑗𝑗10 −𝑗𝑗14.975

(i) Find the total shunt admittances (in p.u) connected to bus 1, bus 2 and bus 3. Also calculate
the half-line charging admittances of each line.
(ii) Now assume that all the series elements in the power system are 20% compensated. Find
the new bus admittance matrix.
Here, the term ‘compensation’ means connecting some additional lumped reactance in
series with the line such that the net series reactance of the line gets reduced (by 20% in this
case)
(iii) If the line connected between bus 2 and bus 3 in the original system is replaced with another
line shown in the figure below (see Fig.Q17), find out the new bus admittance matrix.
(b) For a 100 bus interconnected power system, 90% of the elements of the bus admittance
matrix (Ybus) are zero. Find out the minimum number of interconnection (transmission lines and
transformers) between the buses of the system.
 Fig. Q17

Q18. A three-bus power system has three lines as shown in Fig. Q18. Each of the lines has a series
impedance of (0.02 + j0.08) p.u. and a total shunt admittance of j0.02 p.u.. The specified quantities
at the buses are given in Table Q18.1.

1 2

Fig Q18

Table Q18.1
bus Generation Load Volt mag.
no
PG (MW) QG PL QL (MVAR) |V| (p.u.)
(MVAR) (MW)
1 Unspecified Unspecified 2.0 1.0 1.04
2 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 Unspecified
3 0.0 Unspecified 1.5 0.6 1.04

Identify the types of the three buses (i.e. load bus, voltage-controlled bus, slack bus). The reactive
power generation (QG) at the voltage-controlled bus has the following limit:
0 < QG < 1.5 p.u.
(i) Find the load flow solution using Newton-Raphson power flow method. Consider a tolerance
of 0.01.
(ii) Calculate the total active power loss of the power system and the losses in individual lines.
Q19. The line data and bus data for the power system shown in Fig. Q19 are provided in Table
Q19.1 and Table Q19.2 respectively. Bus 1 is considered as the slack bus. A static shunt capacitor
with admittance = j 0.005 is present at bus 4.
(i) Find the bus admittance matrix (Ybus) for the system.
(ii) Considering flat start, find the mismatch vector and jacobian matrix for Newton Raphson
load flow.
(iii) Compute the updated bus voltage magnitude and angles after completion of the first
iteration. (You may use some standard software like MATLAB for getting inverse of a matrix
if the dimension is more than 3).
(iv) Use the updated values to find if the reactive power injected by the generator at bus 2
exceeds any of the limits.

Fig. Q19

Table Q19.1: Line data (all values in p.u. on 50 MVA base).

Line Between buses Line Impedance Half-charging Off-nominal
no. From To bus (p.u.) admittance (p.u.) turn ratio
bus
1 1 4 0.08 + j 0.37 0.007 —
2 1 6 0.123 + j 0.518 0.010 —
3 2 3 0.723 + j 1.05 0 —
4 2 5 0.282 + j 0.64 0 —
5 4 3 0 + j 0.133 0 0.909
6 4 6 0.097 + j 0.407 0.0076 —
7 6 5 0 + j 0.3 0 0.976

Table Q19.2: Bus data.

bus Type Generation Load Volt Q limit
no mag.
PG (MW) QG (MVAR) PL (MW) QL (MVAR) |V| (p.u.) Qmin Qmax
1 Slack — — — — 1.05 — —
2 P-V 25 — 5 3 1.02 6.5 10.0
3 P-Q — — 27.5 6.5 — — —
4 P-Q — — 0 0 — — —
5 P-Q — — 15 6 — — —
6 P-Q — — 20 2.5 — — —
Q20. A 50 Hz, 230kV transmission system has one generator (G) and an infinite bus as shown
in Fig. Q20.

Fig. Q20

The infinite bus has a voltage of 1∠0° p.u. The generator connected to bus 4 has a capacity of 250
MW and the bus voltage is maintained at 1.02 p.u. The constant power loads at bus 2 and bus 4
are (200 + j50) MVA and (120 + j40) MVA respectively. A local constant power generation of 50
MW is injected at bus 3. Consider 100 MVA as system base. Line data for this system is given in
Table Q20.1.
(a) Form bus admittance matrix (Ybus) for the system.
(b) Form the admittance matrices B′ and B′′ required for fast decoupled load flow (FDLF)
solution.
(c) Find the bus voltage magnitudes and phase angles after two iterations of FDLF method.
(d) Also find the active and reactive power injected by the infinite bus based on the solution
obtained after two iterations of FDLF.

Table Q20.1: Line data ( all values are in p.u on 230kV, 100 MVA base)
From bus To bus Resistance Reactance Shunt ONR
(r) (x) admittance
(ysh)
1 2 0.02 0.18 0.16 1
1 3 0.01 0.10 0.12 1
2 3 0.01 0.12 0.10 1
3 4 0 0.08 0 1.02

Q21. For the power system described in Q19, neglect the off nominal ratio of both the
transformers. For this system, is it possible to reduce the dimension of the bus admittance matrix
(Ybus)? If yes then find the reduced bus admittance matrix (Yred) and draw the equivalent power
system network. Carry out fast decoupled load flow for this equivalent system to find the updated
values of bus voltage magnitude and angles after two complete iterations. Also calculate the active
and reactive power supplied by the two generators. Compare the results with those obtained in
Q19. (Use some standard software like MATLAB for getting inverse of a matrix).

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