Scribd
Upload
110 views3 pages

Exponents and Logarithms

The document discusses exponents and logarithms. It provides definitions and examples of laws of exponents including power of powers, product of powers, quotient of powers, and laws involving zero and negative exponents. It then defines logarithms as the inverse of exponents and discusses converting between exponential and logarithmic forms using properties like moving the base. Logarithm types including common and natural logs are introduced. Logarithmic and exponential rules are also covered, such as adding exponents when multiplying terms with the same base or moving an exponent outside of a logarithm.

Uploaded by

elizaclassroom
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
110 views3 pages

Exponents and Logarithms

The document discusses exponents and logarithms. It provides definitions and examples of laws of exponents including power of powers, product of powers, quotient of powers, and laws involving zero and negative exponents. It then defines logarithms as the inverse of exponents and discusses converting between exponential and logarithmic forms using properties like moving the base. Logarithm types including common and natural logs are introduced. Logarithmic and exponential rules are also covered, such as adding exponents when multiplying terms with the same base or moving an exponent outside of a logarithm.

Uploaded by

elizaclassroom
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

TOP ACHIEVERS PRIVATE SCHOOL, INC.

Alicia; Cauayan; Santiago; Sta. Ana; Roxas; Solano; Ilagan


“The School of the Future”

EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS


The module consists of two topics:
a. Exponents; and
b. Converting Exponents to Logarithms and Vice Versa.

After going through this module, you are expected:


 derive the laws of exponents;
 apply the laws of exponents in simplifying expressions

LESSON 1: LAWS OF EXPONENTS


A. An = a ∙ a ∙ a ∙ … ∙ a where a ≠ 0 and n is an integer. In a n, a is called the base and n is called the
exponent.
Note: The exponent will tell how many times we are going to multiply the base by itself.
Examples:
42 = 4 × 4 = 16 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16

B. Powers of Powers
(an)m = anm
Note: When a power is raised to another power or when an exponential expression is raised to another
exponent, multiply the exponents.
Examples:
(x100)3 = x(100)(3) (y12)5 = y(12)(5)
= x300 = y60

C. Product of a Power
an ∙ am = an + m
Note: In multiplying exponential expressions whose bases are the same, just copy the
common base and then add its exponents.
Examples:
(x32) (x25) = x32 + 35 = x57 (y59) (y51) = y59 + 51 = y110

D. Quotient of a Power
n
a n-m
m = a
a
Note: This is only applicable if the exponent on the numerator (denoted by n) is greater than the exponent
on the denominator (denoted by m). In dividing exponential expressions with the same bases, copy the
common base and subtract its exponents.
Examples:
20 105
x 20 – 13 7 y 105 – 87
13 = x = x 87 = y = y18
x y

E. Laws for Zero Exponents


a0 = 1 where a ≠ 0
Note: Always take note that any nonzero number raised to a zero exponent is always equal to 1.
Examples:
(10000)0 = 1 30 + x0 + (3y)0 = 1

F. Laws for Negative Exponents


1
a-n = n
a
Examples:
1 1
n-2 = 2 5-2 =
n 25
LESSON 2: CONVERTING EXPONENTS TO LOGARITHMS AND VICE VERSA
John Napier introduced the concept of Logarithms in the 17th century. Later it was used by many
scientists, navigators, engineers, etc for performing various calculations which made it simple. In simple words,
Logarithms are the inverse process of exponentiation.
TRIVIA: "Logarithm" is a word made up by Scottish mathematician John Napier (1550-1617), from the
Greek word logos meaning "proportion, ratio or word" and arithmos meaning "number", ... which together makes
"ratio-number"!
A logarithm is defined as the power to which a number must be raised to get some other values. It is the
most convenient way to express large numbers. A logarithm has various important properties that prove
multiplication and division of logarithms can also be written in the form of logarithm of addition and subtraction.
In its simplest form, a logarithm answers the question: How many of one number multiply together to
make another number?
In Mathematics, logarithms are the other way of writing the exponents. A logarithm of a number with a
base is equal to another number. A logarithm is just the opposite function of exponentiation. For example, if 10 2 =
100 then log10 100 = 2.

Example: How many 2s multiply together to make 8?


Answer: 2 × 2 × 2 = 8, so we had to multiply 3 of the 2s to get 8 so the logarithm is 3.
How to Write It: log2(8) = 3
So these two things are the same: 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 log2(8) = 3

The number we multiply is called the "base", so we can say:


 "the logarithm of 8 with base 2 is 3"
 or "log base 2 of 8 is 3"
 or "the base-2 log of 8 is 3"

Notice we are dealing with three numbers:


the base: the number we are multiplying (a "2" in the example above)
 how often to use it in a multiplication (3 times, which is the logarithm)
 The number we want to get (an "8")

Example: What is log2(64)?


We are asking "how many 2s need to be multiplied together to get 64?"
2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 64, so we need 6 of the 2s
Answer: log2(64) = 6

Exponents Logarithms
62 = 36 lo6 36 = 2
102 = 100 log10 100 = 2
33 = 27 log3 27 = 3

Logarithm Types
In most cases, we always deal with two different types of logarithms, namely
 Common Logarithm. The common logarithm is also called the base 10 logarithms. It is represented as log10 or
simply log. For example, the common logarithm of 1000 is written as a log (1000). The common logarithm
defines how many times we have to multiply the number 10, to get the required output.
For example, log (100) = 2
If we multiply the number 10 twice, we get the result 100.
 Natural Logarithm. The natural logarithm is called the base e logarithm. The natural logarithm is represented as
ln or loge. Here, “e” represents the Euler’s constant which is approximately equal to 2.71828. For example, the
natural logarithm of 78 is written as ln 78. The natural logarithm defines how many we have to multiply “e” to
get the required output.
For example, ln (78) = 4.357.
Thus, the base e logarithm of 78 is equal to 4.357.
Log to Exponential
To convert logarithmic form to exponential form, identify the logarithmic equation's base and move the
base to the other side to the equal sign. Moving the base will make the current number or variable into the
exponent. Do not move anything but the base; the other numbers or variables will not change sides, and the word
"log" will be dropped.

Example: Write the logarithmic equation y = log7 9 in the exponential form.


Ans: y = log₇9 ⇒ 7y= 9
↑ ↑
In this example, we are converting logarithm to exponential. So, the base 7 will be moved from the right
side to the equal sign to the left side of the equal sign by turning y to the exponent.

Exponential to Log
To convert exponential form to logarithmic form, identify the base of the exponential equation and then
move base to the other side of the equal sign and add the word “log”. Do not move anything but the base, the other
numbers or variables will not change sides.
Example: Convert exponential equation 43 = 64 into the logarithmic form.
Ans: 4³ = 64 ⇒ 3 = log₄64
↑ ↑
Here, we can see that the base is 4, and the base moved from the left side of the exponential equation to the
right side of the logarithmic equation, and the word “log” was added.

Log Exponent Rules


Log Rules:
1. logb(mn) = logb(m) + logb(n)
2. logb(m/n) = logb(m) – logb(n)
3. logb(mn) = n · logb(m)

The log rules could be expressed in less formal terms as:


 Multiplication can be turned outside the log into addition and versa can be turned.
 Division can be turned outside the log into a subtraction, and vice versa.
 An exponent can be moved as a multiplier outwards on all within a log, and vice versa.

Exponent Rules:
1. When we multiply 2 terms by the same base, we can add both the exponents:( xm ) ( xn ) = x( m + n )
2. When we have an exponent expression and that is raised to some power, you can simplify that by multiplying
outer power to inner power:( xm ) n = xm n
3. Anything to the power zero is just "1" (as long as that "anything" is itself not zero).

REFERENCE
Admin. (2021, November 30). Logarithms - Definition, rules, properties, and examples. BYJUS.
https://byjus.com/maths/logarithms/

You might also like