MATRICES

I 1) MATRIX BASICS

A matrix is
rectangular of numbers
a
array
or letters arranged in rows or columns enclosed

in a pair of square or curved brackets and

denoted by a capital letter . Each number or

letter is an element of the matrix .

Exampled
C, Cz

÷:
" " " "

→
rows
II
e f R
::

(
,

columns

✓
The order of matrix is the number of rows
by
the number of columns , denoted in the format
'
and
'

mx n ,
where m is the number of rows n

is the number of columns .

Exampled
Da
]
B

q y f:
-
-

q
-

s
-

,
2 3
2 x 3 matrix
2×2 matrix

µg)
C -
-

*, matrix
 Different of Matrices
Types
l X Z

1) Row matrix -
has only one row
eg .
C = [s i ]

2) Column matrix -
has
only one column
eg
.
X = [ I] "'

3) Square matrix -
has the same number of rows and
columns

esa.fi ;]
.

2X 2
B -

f: :
3×3

4) The Zero) Null Matrix -

a matrix with all elements

being zero .

es .

[: :] This is

addition of
the idmar
2×2 matrices
for
5) Diagonal Matrix -
a
square matrix where all elements
are zero except those on the

The
leading diagonal .

leading diagonal
runs from the top left to the

bottom of the matrix

right .

eg
. A-
-

[f t
leading diagonal ( elements are non
-

)
zero

6) Unit Matrix -
this is a
diagonal matrix in which the

leading diagonal elements are

equal to

by
'
denoted
'
1 . It is
usually I which
,

for matrix ?
'
stands
identity

[i] [ ]
eg
.
I -
-
I -
- I °

0 I o

o 0 I
2) ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES

Matrices
may only
be added or subtracted together
of
provided that they are the same order . Addition is

by adding together elements of

the
done
corresponding
the matrices .

Subtraction is done in a similar fashion except the

subtracted
corresponding elements are .

Exampled
① If A -

↳ I] and B =
64
Find : -

At B
a)

b) Bt A

c) What deduce about ) and b) ?

you
can a
 d) A -
B

e) B -
A

a) at o
f; tf; I] f: I
-

-
-

b) Bta
L: If tf; ;] =L : I
-

c) At B = Bt A
,
i . matrix addition is commutative
(does not matter the order add)
you

as G :] fi I] E; ;]
-

a -
B -
-
-
-

e) B -

a -

64 :] .
-

C's :] -

G .
;] note :3 .
① If
( I, ) and A-
( I f)
A = s
,

Find : -

a) A t p

b) P t A

?
' '
c) what deduce about the matrix P
can
you

a) At P = (
s

,
+
(: :) =/ ? I)
,

b) Pta ( 9 8) t
(? I) =L ? I )
P for addition
c) is the additive
identity matrix of a

2×2 matrix This that when add P to

means
you
.

any
2×2 matrix
you will
get back the original
matrix .
3) SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

({ db )
'
Given that A-
'
= and K is some constant
, ,

then KA k
(g ab )
=

(Y! Basically each

-

- .

element multiplied the

in the

'
matrix is
by scalar
quantity )
'
constant K .

Exampled
fJ )
'
that A determine KA
-

① Given
-

-
and k=4 -

,
o

KA -24A 4A '
- 4
(I f) =

I)
② If P
f; 54) and Q=
( Y f) evaluate
-

- :
,

a) 2. P -
Q b) IP -
IQ

a) ar Q 2
fog & ) ( T E)
- -
-
-

c: :) c : :)
-

I : :S
 Ha
b) EP I
( f I) If ? %)
- -
-

=c÷ .
-

E :).

f )
=
-

Ya % - o

3h tf
-
-

2 -
2

( )
2K
=

2K

1314 O
 In -
class Questions

① Given that P=
(} %) flz f)
-

and Q= determine :

a) 2P t 30

b) 3P -
40

c) 3- P -
IQ

Is) 0=1 ? f)
-

determine :
② Given that p= and

a) 3P t 20

b) 4 P -

30

Q
c) IP -