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Duhok polytechnic university

Technical College of Engineering


Energy engineering Department
Course: applied of Thermodynamics

Class: Second year, 1nd semester 2022 - 2023

Name of Experiment:
COOLING TOWER 2
Experiment No: 4

Date of experiment: 17/11/2022


Date of submission: 1/12/2022

EVALUATION

Activity During Experiment & Procedure

Data & Results

Discussion, Conclusion & Answer to the Questions

Neat and tidy report writing

Overall Mark

Name of Evaluator: Submitted by:

1.Dr.Ziyad Sulaiman Karzan Nazar Jindi

2.Mr.Aram

3.Mrs.Raveen
Purpose:
To calculate efficiency of the cooling tower, and to study the effect
of cooling load on the cooling tower efficiency.

Apparatus: See Figure (1)

Figure(1)

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1 nozzle as atomiser
2 wet deck surface
3 displays and controls
4 air chamber
5 fan with throttle valve
6 pump
7 tank with heating
8 tank for additional water
9 combined temperature/humidity sensor

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Theory:
The performance of the cooling tower depends on various

parameters like cooling Range & Approach to wet bulb.

Approach to wet bulb: The difference between the temperature of


the water leaving the tower and the wet bulb temperature of the air
entering.

Cooling Range: The difference between the water temperature at


entry to and exit from the tower.
Cooling Load: the rate at which heat is removed from the water. This

may be In expressed in kW, Btu/h or k Cal/h.

𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞
𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 % = ∗𝟏𝟎𝟎
(𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 + 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐜𝐡)

Total cooling load = Applied load (heater) + Pump input load.

The calculation of cooling tower efficiency involves the Range and


approach of the cooling Tower. Cooling tower efficiency is limited
by the ambient wet bulb temperature. In ideal case the cold water
temperature will be equal to the wet bulb temperature. This is
practically not possible to achieve. This requires very large tower
and results in huge evaporation. In practice the cooling tower
efficiency will be in between 70 to 75%.

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The Cooling tower efficiency can be written as the ratio of cooling
range, to the ideal range, i.e., difference between cooling water
inlet temperature and ambient wet bulb temperature.

𝑇5−𝑇6
Efficiency= ∗ 100%
𝑇5−𝑇2

The cooling tower efficiency is limited wet bulb temperature


of air entering. In summer the ambient air wet bulb temperature
raises when compared to winter thus limiting the cooling tower
efficiency.

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Experimental Procedure:

1. Fill water in make-up cylinder, and mark the maximum amount state of
water be that added to cylinder .

2. Set water flow rate at 40 g/sec.

3. Turn on the water pump to move the water to the distribution system
and drops down on the air out feathers, here the purpose of the feathers
makes the surface area bigger to help cooling the water quickly packing
tower, this pump heat the water by 0.1kw.

4. The temperature of water becomes approximate to temperature of air.

5. Switch on the heater 0.5kw then 1.0kw then both of them.

6. The air from the pump touches the water at make it cooler and the
warmness of water turns to air and that causes vaporization.

7. For each one we have to wait for 10 minutes until system reached
steady state To Read all temperature.

8. Fill water in make-up tank up to the mark and note the volume of
evaporated in 10 minutes to find rate of evaporation.

9. For final reading Plot process on the psychometric chart and.

10. Calculate mass of air flow rate 𝑚̇ a , ΔH of system, evaporating rate,


make up rate (𝑀𝐸) , cooling range, approach to wet bulb.

Data:

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1 2 3 4

Packing installed lab B B B B

Packing density A/v(𝒎−𝟏 ) 110 110 110 110

Air inlet dry bulb T1 19.0 19.2 19.4 19.7

Air inlet wet bulb T2 15.5 15.6 15.8 16.4

Air outlet dry bulb T3 16.7 19.5 22.2 24.3

Air outlet wet bulb T4 16 18.5 21.3 23.9

Water inlet temperature T5 17 21.6 27.2 32.7

Water outlet temperature T6 16.4 18.6 21.3 23.8

Water make-up temperature T7 19 19.2 19.4 19.7


Assumed T7=T1

Orifice differential x mm H2O 16 16 16 16

Water flow rate mw (gm/sec) 40 40 40 40

Make-up quantity mE(kg)

Cooling load Q (Kw) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Time interval y(sec)

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Now we solve an equation (group A) in class room:

*points A and B be plotted on the psychometric chart by using the wet and dry.
bulb temperatures

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Calculate the following:

of “cooling range” and “cooling range load”

The pump transfers approximately 100W to the water, and this


should be added to the load imposed in the load tank.

following values read off:

hA=47.818 KJ/kg of dry air

hB=67.274 KJ/kg of dry air

ωA=10.595 g/kg of dry air

ωB=17.401 g/kg of dry air

υaB=0.862m^3/kg of dry air

*Convert all temperatures to kelvin:

T1=20.8+273.15=293.95K

T2=17.0+273.15=290.15K

T3=22.9+273.15=296.95K

T4=29.7+273.15=295.85K

T5=29.5+273.15=302.65K

T6=23.1+273.15=296.25K

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1. Mass flow rate of air (𝒎̇𝒂 )?

𝑥
𝑚̇𝑎 = 0.0137√
(1 + 𝑊𝐵 )𝑣𝑎𝐵

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𝑚𝑎 = 0.0137√
(1 + 17.401)(0.862)

𝑚𝑎 = 0.0138𝑘𝑔/𝑠
2.Change in water enthalpy?

∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝑤 ∗ 𝑐𝑝 ∗ (𝑡5 − 𝑡6 )

mw=40g/s
40
𝑚𝑤 = = 0.04𝑘𝑔
1000
𝑘𝑗
𝑐𝑝𝑤 = 4.18 .𝐾
𝑘𝑔

T5=29.5+273.15=302.65K

T6=28.3+273.15=301.45K

∆𝐻 = (0.04)(4.18)(302.65-301.45)
𝑘𝑗
∆𝐻 = 0.20064 .𝐾
𝑘𝑔

3.Change in enthalpy (∆𝑯̇) of the system?

∆𝐻̇ = 𝐻̇𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 − 𝐻̇𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑦

= 𝑚̇𝑎 ℎ𝐵 − 𝑚̇𝑎 ℎ𝐴 − 𝑚̇𝐸 ℎ𝐸


= 𝑚̇𝑎 (ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 ) − 𝑚̇𝐸 ℎ𝐸

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𝑚̇𝐸 = 𝑚̇𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚𝐵 − 𝑚̇𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚𝐴
= 𝑚̇𝑎 (𝑊𝐵 − 𝑊𝐴 )
= (0.0138) (17.401 - 10.595)

=0.0939kg/s

∆𝐻̇ = (0.0138 )(67.274 − 47.818) − (0.0939)(86)

∆𝐻̇ = 7.871 𝑘𝑤

4.Cooling range, cooling range load and approach to wet bulb


temperature?

*APPROACH = Cold water temperature – wet bulb temperature

=T6-T2=23.1-17=6.1 c

*RANGE= Hot water temperature- cold water temperature

=T5-T6=29.5-23.1=6.4 c

*Cooling Range Load = mw* CpW*(T5 –T6)

Cooling Range Load = (0.04)(4.18)(302.65 − 296.25)

= 1.0701𝑘𝑗 𝑜𝑟 0.000297𝑘𝑤
5. Cooling tower efficiency (CTE)?

*For load 1Kw


𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝐶𝑇𝐸 =
𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 + 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏
(𝑇5 − 𝑇6) (𝑇5 − 𝑇6)
= = × 100%
(𝑇5 − 𝑇6) + (𝑇6 − 𝑇2) (𝑇5 − 𝑇2)

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302.65 − 296.25
𝐶𝑇𝐸 = × 100 = 51.2% 𝑜𝑟 0.512
302.65 − 290.14

Result:
we determine the all temperatures of air,Mass flow rate of air Change in water
enthalpy, Change in enthalpy (∆𝐻̇) of the system, Cooling range, cooling range
load and approach to wet bulb temperature and Cooling tower efficiency
(CTE) that’s for documenting the measurement data , the following details
should be established after the experiment for the report.

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Graph:
1.Plot a graph with ordinate as ‘Cooling Range Load’ kW

and absicca as ‘Cooling Load’ kW

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2.Plot another graph with ordinate as ‘Cooling Tower Efficiency (CTE)’

and absicca as ‘Cooling load’ kW

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Conclusion:

The higher the approach load, the lower the water cooling, because
when Q increases The cooling tower cools the water less for example
1.5,But if Q is less, the water will cool off.

Because this percentage refers to a small amount of water, so if the


amount is low, the cooled air will be sufficient to cool it.

Discussion: lower the temperature of hot water -and the type of


cooling towers based on the air flow generated are natural draft,
mechanical draft cross -flow and counter flow towers natural draft
cooling tower use the design and shape of tower itself to more up
the air naturally using fans, mechanical draft towers tend to use a fan
to force the air. lower the temperature of hot water -and the type of
cooling towers based on the air flow generated are natural draft,
mechanical draft cross -flow and counter flow towers natural draft
cooling tower use the design and shape of tower itself to more up
the air naturally using fans, mechanical draft towers tend to use a fan
to force the air.

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