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The Concept of the Indian Marginalized Communities

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Madhya Bharti (मध्य भारती) UGC Care Group I Journal
ISSN : 0974-0066 Vol-82 No. 02 January – June : 2022
THE CONCEPT OF THE INDIAN MARGINALIZED COMMUNITIES
Gautam Makwana Research Scholar Ph.D (Social Work), School of Social Sciences, Department
of Social Work, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India
Dr. H Elizabeth Associate Professor, School of Social Sciences, Department of Social Work,
Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India
Abstract: Literacy is a necessary first step toward social and economic development for India's
underprivileged communities. They can not only gain access to the numerous basic services and
rights to which they are entitled, but also improve their standard of living by expanding their options.
A large proportion of marginalized communities are unable to demonstrate even the most basic
levels of achievements, problems that have been highlighted in from low-income households,
scheduled castes/tribes, backward classes and other ethnic minority groups.
Methodology: This review study is based on the source of secondary data include books, articles,
libraries, reports, personal sources, journals, newspapers, websites, government records and online
data, etc
Aims and Objectives: It is aim in this review article to identify the factors that cause marginalised
within socially disadvantaged groups as well as the challenges and opportunities that hinder or
enable marginalised and vulnerable from gaining access, equitable and inclusive quality.
Conclusion: Discrimination fosters an unwelcoming environment, which can lead to absenteeism.
To achieve equitable and inclusive quality of life and lifelong learning for everyone, it is critical to
not only give access, but also to guarantee that marginalized communities. It appears that present
policies and programmes should equip to address the requirements of communities who are
vulnerable to marginalization and exclusion for establishing a brighter future together.
Key words: marginalization, education, discrimination, communities, caste, empowerment, socially,
disadvantaged, NGOs, etc
Introduction: Marginalization is defined as a process in which a group of people is driven to the
outside of society. It is defined as a social process in which individuals are systematically denied
access to rights, opportunities, and resources, preventing them from fully participating in the
economic, social, and, most crucially, political life of the society in which they reside. The process
prevents an individual, a group, a region, or a community from taking use of the benefits and
possibilities that come with being a member of a society. As a result of their lack of engagement in
the social, economic, and political arenas, where they are expected to contribute according to specific
predetermined standards, they are forced into a complex state of disadvantage and impotence. The
term ‘marginalised group’ refers to a group of people who have been pushed to the edge of society.
The process entails a polar connection between two groups of people: the marginalised and the
dominating. And it's often used interchangeably with terms like oppressed, vulnerable, discriminated,
disadvantaged, subjugated, socially excluded, alienated, or downtrodden, as coined by Paolo Freire,
'proletariat' as coined by Karl Marx, 'subaltern' as coined by Gramsci, powerless, as elaborated by
Michel Foucault, or exploited, vulnerable, discriminated, disadvantaged. To be clear, marginalised
refers to people who have limited or no access to social, economic, or political opportunities, not
only cultural ones. According to Peter Leonard (1984) Social marginality is defined as "being outside
the mainstream of productive activity or social reproductive activity."
Marginalization:
In general, the term 'marginalization' refers to human societies overt acts or impulses to exclude, or
marginalise, those whom they regard to be undesirable or without a useful role. 'Marginalized
groups' are people who are excluded from a GROUP or COMMUNITY for the purpose of protection
and integration. According to the Encyclopedia of Public Health "To be marginalised is to be put on

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the edges, and hence excluded from the privilege and power found at the centre,". Latin observes
that “Marginality’ is so thoroughly demeaning, for economic well-being, for human dignity, as well
as for physical security. Marginal groups can always be identified by members of dominant society,
and will face irrevocable discrimination”. These meanings appear in a variety of contexts,
demonstrating that marginalisation is a nebulous and multifaceted notion. Marginalization can take
many different forms, ranging from genocide, ethnic cleansing and other xenophobic acts, activities
on one end of the spectrum to more fundamental economic and social disadvantages on the other.
The types of marginalisation differ depending on the level of society's development, both culturally
and economically. This intentional or intended marginalisation of people has elements of "Social
Darwinism" to it.
Marginalization in India: India's polity, as the world's largest democracy, weaves tremendous
diversity into a civilizational ethos of tolerance, respect, and mutual understanding. India has a
population of 1.2 billion people. Hindus account for 80% of the population, followed by Muslims
(13.4 %, or 138 million), and a wide range of other faiths, including Christians (2.3 %, or 24
million), Sikhs, Jains, Parsis, and others. India has 22 official languages, although there are over
1,650 dialects spoken throughout the country. India is a multi-cultural, multi-linguistic, multi-
religious, and multi-ethnic secular country with a population of 1.2 billion people. India is also the
most representative democracy, with nearly 3 million individuals elected to local self-government
organisations, with women accounting for more than a third of those elected. India has made
consistent economic development over the previous two decades, with continuous growth of 8.2 %
for the last five years, yet poverty has only decreased by 0.8 &. On the UN Human Development
Index, India is ranked 134th out of 187 countries. The Indian Constitution identifies socially
underprivileged groups based on their caste. Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), Other
Backward Classes (OBC), religious minorities, and women are all marginalised in the field of
education because of their caste.

Marginalisation is of many kinds: 1) Sex 2) Age 3) Disability 4) Ethnicity 5) Religion 6) Caste 7)

Occupation 8) Migrants 9) Refugees, etc
But, sex, disability, ethnicity, religion, and caste are the main types of marginalisation.
Marginalisation on the basis of sex
Discrimination between men and women has a long history and can be found all over the world,
primarily in developing nations. It's a phenomena that's perhaps as ancient as the human species
itself. In India, women have historically faced survival disadvantages as compared to men (as in
many other countries in Asia and North Africa, such as China, Pakistan, Iran or Egypt). Until
recently, mortality rates for women of all ages were higher than for men up to the ages of 35 to 40
years, contrary to what one might expect biologically, given medical evidence for lower age-specific
mortality rates for women than for men when they receive symmetric care.
Mahatma Gandhi on Marginalisation of Woman
It is a slander to refer to women as the weaker sex; it is man's unfairness to women. If brute strength
is what is meant by strength, then woman is less brute than man. If moral power is understood by
strength, then woman is infinitely superior to man. Is she not more intuitive, more self-sacrificing,
more capable of endurance, and more courageous ? The future belongs to women if nonviolence is
the law of our existence. Who can make a more powerful emotional appeal than a woman ?
Marginalisation on the basis of Disability
People with disabilities are among the world's most marginalised populations, according to the
World Health Organization. Persons with disabilities have worse health outcomes, educational
success, economic involvement, and poverty rates than people without impairments.
Marginalisation on the basis of Religion
On April 11 the Pew Research Center ranked India fourth worst in the world for religious

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intolerance, based on a study of 198 nations. Only Syria, Nigeria, and Iraq, all locations where
sectarian violence is common, had higher rates of religious animosity in the country of 1.3 billion
people. According to Pew in his case studies among hate, crimes, mob violence, communal violence,
religion-related terror, the use of force to prevent religious practise, harassment of women for not
following religious dress codes, and violence over conversion or proselytising.
Marginalisation on the basis of Caste
Dr.Manmohan Singh stated in the conference in New Delhi in 2006 that despite 60 years of
constitutional and legal protection and assistance, societal prejudice against Dalits still exists in many
regions of the country. In our society, Dalits have faced discrimination that is fundamentally
different from the problems that minority groups face in general. Apartheid was the only comparable
practise to untouchability.
Five Major Challenges for Marginalised Indian Communities: A marginalized group like this is
barred from participating in mainstream economic, political, cultural, and social activities. The
process of pushing something or someone to the outside of a group and assigning it a lower priority.
This is primarily a societal phenomena in which a minority or sub-group is marginalised and their
wants and wishes are overlooked. People who are marginalised have a limited amount of control
over their lives and the resources they have access to. A vicious cycle is put in motion, in which their
lack of good and supportive connections prevents them from engaging in local life, leading to
increasing isolation. It is critical to address the issue of marginalisation since the goal of
development is to establish an environment that allows individuals to live productive, healthy, and
creative lives. The term ‘development’ is always used in a broad sense to refer to widespread
engagement. A significant majority of people all across the world are marginalised, preventing them
from contributing to growth. It's a complicated issue with many contributing aspects. At the policy
level, this complicated and serious issue must be addressed. All of this has an impact on their diet,
access to healthcare, the environment, and education. Poverty has a direct influence on children's
mortality and morbidity. In India, a female child experiences prejudice and unequal access to
nutritional food, as well as gender-based violence, as evidenced by the declining sex ratio and the use
of technology to eradicate the girl child. While comprehensive statistics and information on child
protection concerns is not always accessible, research shows that children in need of particular
protection come from marginalised and socially excluded populations, such as scheduled castes and
tribes, as well as the impoverished (UNICEF, India).
1. Discrimination- Despite the fact that India has been independent for 70 years and has
implemented the Right to Education, children in the country continue to experience caste and wealth
inequality. It is critical to not only give access, but also to ensure that marginalised children remain
in school. The special needs from underprivileged Indian communities should also be protected in
their quest for equality.
2. Gender Discrimination- Educating girl children is seen as a waste of money in many slums and
rural areas, as girls are seen to be destined primarily to be housewives. Lack of sanitary facilities for
females, a lack of parental support and motivation, and a lack of gender-sensitive materials are all
problems that deter girls from attending school.
3. High Dropout Rate- Despite extensive efforts to encourage children to attend school, six million
children remain out of school, with two out of every five dropping out before finishing elementary
school. These figures are substantially higher for children from low-income families. Lower learning
results are common among historically disadvantaged and economically disadvantaged groups,
owing to discrimination in schools and inadequate facilities. This necessitates teacher training that
focuses on inclusive learning approaches and ensures more involvement from students of all
backgrounds, as well as healthy interaction amongst them.
4. Multilingual Diversity- Many children from low-income families lack access to print reading

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materials in their mother tongue or primary language. The importance of linguistic variety, which
defines India's cultural richness, is sometimes overlooked in schools. It's critical to have an impact on
a multilingual reading and writing culture. There are as many as eight different languages and
dialects spoken in several places, which differ from the language used in the classroom.
5. Lack of Vocational Training- It is frequently observed that India's educational system utterly
disregards the need of vocational training. Although, education is viewed as irrelevant 'bookish
learning' by parents who want to ensure that their children can earn a living as soon as possible. This
is one of the numerous reasons why India's school dropout rates are persistently high.

Problems of SCs/STs/OBCs and Minorities – Socially Disadvantaged Group: In Indian society,

the SCs, STs, and OBCs have had significant difficulties. Despite various efforts made by the
Empowerment of the Marginalized (Women, Children) Human Security administrations since
independence, their situation has not greatly improved, but it cannot be disputed that it has been
steadily improving. Despite the government's execution of a wide range of programmes and
schemes, marginalisation persists, as stated in one official report: 'on the delicate analysis of the
plans from the point of view of implementation, it appears that much is said than done, to put it
another way, there is still a lot of work to be done.' Since its foundation in 1950, the Indian
Constitution has expressly protected the rights of SCs and STs. Legislation to end untouchability and
shield them from society's crimes has been a critical step in empowering these groups of people. SCs
made up 15.8% of the overall population in 1981, while STs made up 7.8%. In 2001, the SC
population had increased to 16.2 % and the ST population had increased to 8.2 %. STs account for
over 90% of the population in Mizoram, whereas they account for less than 1% in Goa. The same is
true for STs, whose numbers are substantially greater in the North-Eastern states. Following the
Mandal Commission in the early 1990s, the OBCs' status gained a lot of attention. Although
adequate figures are not available, the OBCs make up a higher percentage of the population (almost
40%) than the SCs and STs combined. According to a recent report, the federal and state
administrations, including union territories, have identified 2176 and 2551 OBC communities,
respectively. The impoverished peasantry of the zamindar period; groups that provided traditional
services like as barbers and dhobis; craftsmen; and communities with limited resources or skill sets
are among them. The empowerment of the country's socially disadvantaged groups, such as the
Scheduled Castes (SCs), Other Backward Classes (OBCs), and Minorities, remains a top priority on
the country's developmental agenda, as they continue to lag behind the rest of society due to their
social and economic disadvantage. In 2001, SCs accounted for 179.7 million people, or 17.5 % of the
total population, while Minorities accounted for 188.9 million people, or 18.4 % of the total
population (projected on the basis of the trend of their decadal growth rates, in the absence of the
data of 2001 Census). According to the Mandal Commission, OBCs account for 52 % of the entire
population of the country (appears to be on a high side because of the possibility of certain
communities of SCs and Minorities featuring in the list of OBCs). For a long time, the
aforementioned communities have suffered in all main aspects of life – social, economic, political,
legal, and others; these communities suffer, however the severity and extent of their suffering varies
depending on caste, tribe, or community. They also find it difficult to have simple access to
financing and credit, preventing them from engaging in income-generating activities. They are also
impoverished and exploited by moneylenders due to a lack of economic assets like as land, cattle,
and capital, legal protections
Marginalized Groups: As previously stated, marginalisation can occur at several levels at the same
time, including international, national, regional, and group levels. We shall explore the most
vulnerable marginalised groups in practically every civilization in this part.
i) Women- Marginalization is one of the forms of poverty under various economic conditions and

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under the impact of unique historical, cultural, legal, and religious variables. To put it another way,
women may be excluded from some vocations and occupations, absorbed into others, and
marginalised in yet others. Women (or men) do not show themselves as a homogeneous group with
shared interests, talents, or habits. Lower-class, lower-caste, uneducated, and poor-region women
have a different level of rnarginalization than their better-off counterparts.
ii) People with disabilities- People with disabilities have had to fight unfair assumptions, damaging
stereotypes, and unreasonable fears for ages. The stigmatisation of disability resulted in generations
of disabled people being socially and economically marginalised, and this, like many other oppressed
minorities, has left disabled people impoverished for centuries.
iii) Ethnic Minority- Ethnic minorities are a group of marginalised people of the same race or
ethnicity who have a separate culture. Aminority refers to a sociological group that does not make up
a politically dominating voting majority of a society's overall population. A numerical minority is not
always the same as a social minority. It might be any group that is different from the dominant group
in terms of social standing, education, employment, income, or political influence.
A minority group usually exhibits the following characteristics
1) It is subjected to discrimination and oppression.
2) They have physical or cultural characteristics that mark them apart and are disliked by the
dominant group.
3) They have a feeling of common identity as well as shared difficulties.
4) They have a set of social rules that govern who belongs and who doesn't.
5) They have a proclivity for marrying inside their own group.
Ethnic minorities exist in every big community. They might be nomadic groups that are migratory,
indigenous, or landless. Subordinate ethnic groups may form a numerical majority in some regions,
such as Blacks in South Africa under Apartheid. In a variety of ways, international criminal law may
defend the rights of racial and ethnic minorities. One of the most important issues is the right to self-
determination. Religious minorities practise a faith that differs from that of the majority. Religious
minorities exist in almost every country. In the West, it is now widely accepted that people should
have the freedom to choose their own religion, including the freedom to have no religion (atheism or
agnosticism), as well as the freedom to convert from one religion to another. In Egypt, for example, a
new identity card system compels all individuals to declare their faith, with the only options being
Islam, Christianity, or Judaism.
iv) Caste: The caste system is a rigorous hierarchical social order founded on the concepts of purity
and contamination. Brahmins are at the pinnacle of the social order, while Shudras or Dalits are at
the bottom. Dalits are marginalised in all aspects of their lives, resulting in violations of essential
human rights such as civil, political, social, economic, and cultural rights. A large percentage of the
lower castes and Dalits still rely on others for their survival. Dalits does not relate to a caste, but
rather to a group of people who are oppressed, socially disabled, helpless, and destitute. They have
little purchasing power, live in substandard housing, and have limited access to resources and
entitlements. Physical, psychological, emotional, and cultural abuse are all forms of structural
discrimination against these groups that are sanctioned by the social structure and system. In the
villages, physical segregation of their communities is prevalent, forcing people to live in the most
unsanitary and inhospitable conditions possible. All of these issues have an impact on their health,
access to healthcare, and overall quality of life. Malnutrition is common among underprivileged
communities, leading in increased mortality, morbidity, and anaemia. The socioeconomic status of
the marginalised groups has an impact on their access to and utilisation of healthcare. Caste-based
marginalisation is one of the world's most important human rights challenges today, impacting about
260 million people, the majority of whom live in India. Social and economic isolation, segregation in
housing, denial and limits of access to public and private services and employment, and enforcement

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of particular sorts of jobs on Dalits, are all examples of caste-based discrimination, culminating in a
modern-day slavery or bonded labour system.
v) Tribes- Tribes are marginalised in all countries, whether affluent countries such as the United
States and Australia, or emerging and poor countries in Asia and Africa. Many Australian Aboriginal
tribes, as well as many European tribes, are marginalised. The Scheduled Tribes population in India
is estimated to be approximately 84.3 million people, and they are socially and economically
disadvantaged. They are mostly landless and have minimal control over natural resources including
land, forest, and water. A substantial percentage of agricultural labourers, casual labourers,
plantation labourers, industrial labourers, and other workers are from this group. Poverty, a lack of
education, and limited access to health-care services have all emerged as a result of this. \
vi) Elderly- In life, ageing is an unavoidable and inexorable process. The growing demographic
ageing of the senior population is a prominent component of the global ageing process. The 80-year-
olds, or over-age group, is rising faster than any younger portion of the older population in most
countries, independent of their geographic location or developmental stage. According to the UN
Report on World Population Ageing 1950-2050, those aged 80 and above account for more than 3%
of the population in Northern America and almost 3% of the population in Europe, compared to less
than 1% in Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean, and less than 0.4 % in Africa. Over the next 50
years, a regional divide is expected to prevail. In the more developed regions, around one out of
every ten people will be 80 or older by 2050, compared to one out of every 30 in the less developed
parts. Only one in every 100 people in the least developed countries will be 80 or older. By 2050, at
least 10% of the population in nine nations, predominantly in Europe, is expected to be 80 years old
or older. In many nations, the demographic makeup is shifting, for example, in Eastern and Northern
Europe, women now outnumber males by more than 5 to 3 among those aged 60 or over, thus
include not just the old, but also the elderly women. In today's society, the elderly are viewed as the
most neglected segment of the population. The stereotype that elderly persons are more likely to
suffer from such illnesses adds to their neglect. As the majority of them are demoralised and
emotionally shattered, and some even leave home when the acts of neglect reach their breaking
point.
Marginalization in Communities: At both the local and macro levels, marginalisation occurs. The
next part will look at how marginalisation manifests itself at several levels, including individual,
group, community, and global. Many groups are pushed to the margins. This section will focus on
aboriginal groups and women in a variety of places throughout the world. Colonization has resulted
in the marginalisation of indigenous peoples. Aboriginal groups lost their land, were driven into
impoverished places, lost their means of income, and were excluded from the labour market as a
result of colonialism. Furthermore, forced assimilation resulted in aboriginal groups losing their
culture and values, as well as their rights in society. Various populations in Europe are still being
side lined from society as a result of the creation of practises, laws, and programmes that cater to the
requirements of white people rather than the needs of disadvantaged groups. Women's
marginalisation is a second example. Mitha Moosa sees the feminist movement as a direct response
to white women's marginalisation in society. Women were not allowed to work outside the house,
and their domestic work was undervalued. Feminists advocated that men and women should be
treated equally in the workplace, the public and private sectors, and at home. Women are still
underrepresented in executive jobs and earn less than males in high management positions today.
Mahatma Gandhi once remarked "Women are referred to be a man's better half as long as she does
not have the same legal rights as males; as long as the birth of a girl is not greeted with the same
enthusiasm as the birth of a boy, we should be aware that India is suffering from incomplete analysis,
women's oppression is a rejection of Ahimsa."

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Socially marginalized: According to Merriam-online Webster's dictionary is "to reduce to an
insignificant, or powerless position within a community or organisation". According to S. Gurung
and Michael Kollmair, the idea of marginality is commonly used to analyse socioeconomic, political,
and cultural domains where disadvantaged individuals struggle to get access to resources and full
involvement in social life, In other words, disadvantaged persons may be overlooked, excluded, or
neglected on social, economic, political, and legal levels, leaving them vulnerable to livelihood
changes. According to Sommers et al, "Socio-economic marginality is a condition of socio-spatial
structure aid process in which components of society and space in a territorial unit are observed to
lag behind an expected level of performance in economic, political, and social well-being, compared
with average conditions in the territory as a whole". Their marginalisation may be due to the fact that
they speak a different language, have distinct customs, or belong to a different religious group than
the majority of the population. They may also feel marginalised because they are impoverished, have
a "low" social position, and are perceived as less human than others. Because of their perception of
difference and exclusion, communities are unable to access resources and opportunities, as well as
exercise their rights. They feel helpless and disadvantaged in comparison to more strong and
dominating elements of society that own property, are rich, well-educated, and politically influential.
Certain groups in society are marginalised due to a combination of economic, social, cultural, and
political circumstances.
Education of marginalized communities: The current situation in India, Inequity in educational
possibilities has become a big concern. It's particularly relevant now since globalization's growing
influence is jeopardising underprivileged people's educational possibilities. According to the
National Institution for Minority Educational Institutions' annual report (2016-17), Scheduled Casts
students make up 13.9 % of overall enrolment while Scheduled Tribes students make up 4.9 %.
Other Backward Classes account for 33.75 % of students. Muslim minorities account for 4.7 % of
pupils, while other minorities account for 1.97 %. According to the study results, 4.67 % of students
are Muslim minorities, while 1.97 % are from other minority communities. Male students outnumber
female students in the Muslim Minority, whereas female students outnumber male students in
another Minority. The literacy rate of a society, as well as its people' access to education, will show
how far it has progressed. According to the findings of the poll, the national literacy rate is steadily
growing. The literacy rate was 18.32 % in 1951 and 72.98 % according to the most recent senses
data. However, when we look at advancement in terms of area, gender, socioeconomic class, and
other factors, we may see huge discrepancies and inequities. According to statistics, urban males and
females have higher educational attainment than rural males and females. The 2011 census report's
area and gender-based literacy level statistics completely revealed the current situation of educational
accessibility of males and females in various localities. When examining the literacy rate from the
most recent census data, it is clear that, while overall literacy has grown throughout the decade, there
remains a significant discrepancy between male and female literacy. In the majority of states, female
literacy is significantly lower than male literacy. Even after seven decades of independence, there are
still disparities in access to high-quality education depending on gender and geography. The rural
literacy rate is consistently lower than the urban literacy rate in all states. The urban literacy rate is
84.98 %, whereas the rural literacy rate is 68.91 %. The disparity in literacy between rural and urban
areas reveals India's distant areas' lack of educational resources. There are inter-gender as well as
intragroup disparities among rural males and females, in addition to inequalities across social
groupings. The 66th round National Sample Survey Organization of the Government of India
provides a detailed description of the educational levels of various socioeconomic categories. When
reviewing the statistics, it becomes evident that the ST and SC populations have the lowest levels of
education. Only 2.2 % of ST and 2.7 % of SC students in rural areas completed high school. The
situation of rural women is far worse. Only 0.9 % of ST and 1.1 % of SC females earn a bachelor's
degree or higher. Rural ST males have a higher secondary education attainment rate of 5.7, whereas

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rural ST females have a higher secondary education attainment rate of 2.7. It is obvious that rural
individuals, regardless of gender, have limited access to higher education. The literacy level of
marginalised persons in urban areas is higher than in rural areas, although it lags behind that of other
communities. It has been observed that the educational accessibility of men from the disadvantaged
part is lower than that of both males and females from the other society, and that there are gender
differences within the same socioeconomic strata.
Measures for the Empowerment of the Marginalised Communities:The International Labour
Organization (ILO), a United Nations special agency, leads the most significant initiatives to end
child labour abuses across the world. The ILO has established various Conventions and
Recommendations regulating child labour since its foundation, including a minimum age of 16 for
admittance to all work, a higher minimum age for particular forms of employment, mandatory
medical examinations, and night work regulation. The ILO, on the other hand, does not have the
authority to enforce these agreements; it relies on member countries' voluntary compliance
(ratification). Special commissions were established to investigate and assess the prevalence of
underage labour in the country. The government, companies, and employees/unions are all becoming
more aware of the difficulties, and communities are being persuaded and assisted.
Conclusion: Large swaths of India's population are marginalised. In a general sense, over 90% of the
unorganised labour force is marginalised, although this is a big and diversified group. Women,
particularly impoverished rural women; SCs; STs; OBCs; children; bonded labour; the disabled; and
the elders are some of the more specific major groups. These communities, particularly females, face
systemic discrimination and exclusion, which manifests itself in greater. There are several
development projects for poverty reduction and social security in rural regions, but direct help is
conspicuously absent. To stop this unfairness, social protection is required. This conclusion will
enable us to comprehend the significance of marginalised and analyse the steps that may be taken to
improve their situation. The marginalisation of such groups has resulted in development that is
devoid of social inclusion and fairness. This study revealed the substantial contributions to
empowering these marginalised groups, and there has undoubtedly been progress in this regard,
much more needs to be done. While these challenges must be addressed, the government has
achieved tremendous progress toward its goal of universal education. By providing gender-sensitive
study materials and engagement programmes, NGOs are able to carry out extensive programmes of
education access and enrolment as well as conversation at community events to promote the
importance of education in marginalized communities who has helped to become the first generation
learners in their families and societies. We need enlightened policies that promote practice among
vulnerable communities.
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