Chapter 1

Review of Real Numbers

Section 1.2
Symbols and Sets of Numbers

1
• Rational numbers: The set of all numbers that can be expressed as a quotient of
integers, with denominator ≠ 0

• Irrational numbers: The set of all numbers that can not be expressed as a
quotient of integers.

• Real numbers: The set of all rational and irrational numbers combined

2 2
3
 1 4 6
𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄: 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = − , −3, , 0, 0.4, , − , 0.86, 2, 4 , 3𝜋𝜋, 13.11
2 2 1

4 4
Example: Tell whether each mathematical statement is true or false.
a. 4 < 5 ( )
b. 27 ≥ 27 ( )

c. 0 > 5 ( )

d. 16 ≤ 9 ( ) 5
 A number line is a line on which each point is associated with a number.

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
– 4.8 1.5
Negative numbers Positive numbers

Order Property for Real Number

For any two real numbers a and b, a is less than b if a is to the left of b on the number line.
• a < b means a is to the left of b on a number line.
• a > b means a is to the right of b on a number line.

a b
6 6
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5

7
 Chapter 1
Review of Real Numbers
Section 1.3
Fractions and Mixed Numbers

8
If a and b are positive integers, then a is a factor(or divisor) of b if and only if there is a
positive integer c such that (a)(c)=b

1) A positive integer greater than one with no factors other than itself and one is called a
Prime number. ‫ﻋدد اوﻟﻲ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣﻠﯾﻠﮫ‬

2) A positive integer greater than one with more than two factors is called a Composite
number. ‫ﻋدد ﻏﯾر اوﻟﻲ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣﻠﯾﻠﮫ‬

9
 b) 41

c) 37

d) 128

𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄𝐄: 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑞𝑞 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

a) 24

b) 120

10
 Simplifying Fractions

A fraction is said to be simplified or in lowest terms when the numerator and

denominator have no factors in common other than 1.

11 11
a. 30
=
48

22
b. =
45

c. 12
=
60

d.

12
To add or subtract fractions with the same denominator, combine numerators
and place the sum or difference over the common denominator.

13
To add or subtract fractions without the same denominator, first write the fractions as
equivalent fractions with a common denominator

14
 The least common denominator ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك اﻷﺻﻐﺮ‬
The least common denominator (LCD) is the smallest number both denominators will
divide evenly into.
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓, 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

a) 8 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 20

b) 12 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 16

15
 5 3
1) +
8 20

5 1
2) +
12 16

16 16
17
18 18
 Chapter 1
Review of Real Numbers
Section 1.4
Exponents, Order of Operations, Variables,
Expressions and Equations

19
We may use exponential notation to write products in a more compact form.

a) (−4)3

b) 26

𝑐𝑐) −24

3 2
d) −
4

20
21 21
22
23
An equation is a mathematical statement that two expressions have equal value.

Solving: In an equation containing a variable, finding which values of the variable make the
equation a true statement.
Solution: In an equation, a value for the variable that makes the equation a true
statement.

24
 Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Equality (=)
(+) (–) (·) (÷)

Sum Difference Product Quotient Equals

Plus Minus Times Divide Gives
Added to Subtract Multiply Into Is/was/should be
More than Less than Twice Ratio Yields
Increased Decreased Of Divided Amounts to
by by by Represents
Total Less

25
 Chapter 1
Review of Real Numbers

Section 1.5
Adding Real Numbers

26
Adding real numbers can be visualized on a number line. A positive number can be
represented on the number line by an arrows of appropriate length pointing to the
right, and a negative number by an arrow of appropriate length pointing to the left.

𝑐𝑐) − 4 + 4

d) − 7 + 3 27
28 28
a) − (−14𝑦𝑦)

b) − −10

5 5
𝑐𝑐) − +
6 6

29
 Chapter 1
Review of Real Numbers

Section 1.6
Subtracting Real Numbers

30
a) 3 − 8 =

b) 10 − (−13) =

c) − 5 − 12 =

𝑑𝑑) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 10 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚:

e) − 3 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 − 8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚:

f) − 13 − 7 + 11 − (−14) =
31
 Chapter 1
Review of Real Numbers

Section 1.7
Multiplying and Dividing Real Numbers

32
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34
Because divide by zero is not possible

35
36
 Chapter 1
Review of Real Numbers

Section 1.8
Properties of Real Numbers

37
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