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1 Lecture One

This lecture introduces digital and analog quantities, integrated circuits, and applications of digital systems. It discusses how analog systems use continuously varying signals while digital systems represent information using discrete binary values. Integrated circuits like logic gates are then introduced, with explanations of common gates like NOT, AND, and OR provided through truth tables and logic symbols. Applications of these basic logic gates are also mentioned.

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14 views14 pages

1 Lecture One

This lecture introduces digital and analog quantities, integrated circuits, and applications of digital systems. It discusses how analog systems use continuously varying signals while digital systems represent information using discrete binary values. Integrated circuits like logic gates are then introduced, with explanations of common gates like NOT, AND, and OR provided through truth tables and logic symbols. Applications of these basic logic gates are also mentioned.

Uploaded by

noor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture one

By

Dr. Noor Abdul Khaleq Z.


12/11/2023
Content

❑ Introduction to digital and analog quantities.

❑ Integrated circuits.

❑Digital system applications.


Analog Quantities

❑ Analog electronics involves quantities with continuous


values, like voltage and current.
❑The analog information using electrical signals that vary
smoothly and continuously over a range.

❑Analog systems, conversely, operate with vary smoothly and


continuous signals over range and find use in applications
such as audio processing and sensors.
Digital Quantities
❑ Digital electronics involves quantities with discrete values, the
discrete levels are just two values—ON and OFF, represented by
binary digits (bits). The telegraph system is an example of a
digital system.

❑Digital systems use digital signals and ICs to process


information.
Digital representation has certain advantages over analog
representation in electronics applications. For one thing, digital
data can be processed and transmitted more efficiently and reliably
than analog data. Noise (unwanted voltage fluctuations) does not
affect digital data nearly as much as it does analog signals.
Integrated Circuits
❑An integrated circuit (also known as an IC, or a chip) is a set of
electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor
material, usually silicon.

❑Large numbers of miniaturized transistors, resistors, and


capacitors are integrated together on the chip.

❑Logic gate ICs are widely used in various electronic devices,


including computers, smartphones, calculators, and many other
digital systems. They are responsible for the processing and
manipulation of binary data, which is the fundamental language
of digital electronics.
Integrated Circuits
❑A Logic gate IC is a device that performs logical operations on
one or more binary inputs to produce a single binary output.

❑These ICs are used in digital circuits to implement various


logical functions, Three basic logic functions are:

➢ NOT

➢ AND

➢ OR
NOT Gate IC
❑ NOT gate IC: is a type of logic gate that performs the logical NOT
operation, an operation called inversion or complementation. The inverter
changes one logic level to the opposite level.
❑ In terms of bits, when the input is HIGH (1), the output is LOW (0), and
when the input is LOW (0), the output is HIGH (1).
❑ It has one input and one output.
❑ The standard logic symbols for the inverter (NOT) are

❑ The “bubble” indicates negation (inversion or complementation) when it


appears on the input or output of any logic element.
❑ Inverter Operation

❑ In Boolean algebra, which is the mathematics of logic circuits, a variable


is generally designated by one or two letters although there can be more.

❑ The complement of a variable is designated by a bar over the letter.

❑ The operation of an inverter (NOT circuit) can be expressed as follows: If


the input variable is called A and the output variable is called X
❑ A truth table shows the output for each possible input in terms of levels
and corresponding bits.
❑ One of the applications of NOT gate for producing the 1’s complement of
an 8-bit binary number
The AND Gate IC

❑ The AND gate is one of the basic gates that can be


combined to form any logic function.

❑An AND gate can have two or more inputs and performs
what is known as logical multiplication.

❑The standard logic symbols for the AND are:


❑ The logical AND function of two variables is represented
mathematically by placing a dot between the two variables, as
A . B, or by simply writing the adjacent letters without the dot,
as AB.
❑The truth table for AND gate is:

❑ The truth table AND gate is:

❑Boolean multiplication is the same as the AND function.


The OR Gate IC

❑ An OR gate performs what is known as logical addition.

❑ An OR gate can have two or more inputs and one output

❑The standard logic symbols for the OR are:


❑ The logical OR function of two variables is represented
mathematically by a (+) between the two variables,
e.g., X= A + B. The plus sign is read as “OR.”

❑The truth table for OR gate is:

❑Boolean addition is the same as the OR function.

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