Annex C

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON

STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL

C.1. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL

C.1.1. Mechanical properties of carbon steel at room temperature

(20 ºC)

Before presenting the mechanical properties of carbon steel at

elevated temperature, the properties at room temperature will be given.
The elastic constants used at room temperature, for the design of steel
structures, are:
_____
− modulus of elasticity E = 2100000 N mm2 407

E
− shear modulus G= = 81000 N mm2
2(1 + ν )

− Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.3

− unit mass ρ a = 7850 kg m3

The yield strength, f y , and the ultimate tensile strength, fu , for hot
rolled structural steel and structural hollow sections at room temperature are
given in the product standards EN 10025, EN 10210 and EN 10219
respectively. Simplifications are given in Tables C.1 and C.2, which are
taken from EN 1993-1-1.
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C. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL

Table C.1 – Nominal values of yield strength f y and ultimate tensile strength
fu for hot rolled structural steel

Nominal thickness of the element t [mm]

Standard
and t ≤ 40 mm 40 mm < t ≤ 80 mm
steel grade
fy [N/mm2] fu [N/mm2] fy [N/mm2] fu [N/mm2]

EN 10025-2

S235 235 360 215 360

S275 275 430 255 410

S355 355 490 335 470

S450 440 550 410 550

EN 10025-3

S275 N/NL 275 390 255 370

S355 N/NL 355 490 335 470

S420 N/NL 420 520 390 520

S460 N/NL 460 540 430 540

_____ EN 10025-4
408
S275 M/ML 275 370 255 360

S355 M/ML 355 470 335 450

S420 M/ML 420 520 390 500

S460 M/ML 460 540 430 530

EN 10025-5

S 235 W 235 360 215 340

S355 W 355 490 335 490

EN 10025-6

S460 Q/QL/QL1 460 570 440 550

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C.1. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL

Table C.2 – Nominal values of yield strength f y and ultimate tensile strength fu for
structural hollow sections
Nominal thickness of the element t [mm]
Standard
and t ≤ 40 mm 40 mm < t ≤ 80 mm
steel grade
fy [N/mm2] fu [N/mm2] fy [N/mm2] fu [N/mm2]

EN 10025-2

S235 H 235 360 215 340

S275 H 275 430 255 410

S355 H 355 510 335 490

S275 NH/NLH 275 390 255 370

S355 NH/NLH 355 490 335 470

S420 NH/NLH 420 540 390 520

S460 NH/NLH 460 560 430 550

EN 10025-3

S235 H 235 360

S275 H 275 430 _____

409
S355 H 355 510

S275 NH/NLH 275 370

S355 NH/NLH 355 470

S460 NH/NLH 460 550

S275 MH/MLH 275 360

S355 MH/MLH 355 470

S420 MH/MLH 420 500

S460 MH/MLH 460 350
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C. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL

C.1.2. Stress-strain relationship for carbon steel at elevated

temperatures (without strain-hardening)

According to Part 1.2 of Eurocode 3 the strength and stiffness properties

of steel at elevated temperatures shall be obtained from the constitutive law
described in Table C.3 and depicted in Fig. C.1. This figure shows that the
stress-strain relationship for carbon steel at elevated temperatures, split into
four zones: a linear branch until the proportional limit fp,θ is reached; an
elliptic transition which ends at the effective yield strength fy; a yield plateau;
and finally a linear descending branch which occurs at large strains and can be
used in advanced calculation models.
In Table C.3 and Fig. C.1 the meaning of the symbols is:
fy, θ effective yield strength;
fp, θ proportional limit;
Ea, θ slope of the linear elastic range;
ep, θ strain at the proportional limit;
ey, θ yield strain;
et, θ limiting strain for yield strength;
eu, θ ultimate strain.

Table C.3 – Steel constitutive law at elevated temperatures

Strain range Stress σ Tangent modulus
_____
ε ≤ εp,θ ε Ea,θ Ea,θ
410
(
b ε y,θ − ε )
( )
0.5
− c + ( b a ) ⎡ a2 − ε y,θ − ε ⎤
2
εp,θ < ε < εy,θ f p,θ
− (ε −ε) ⎤
0.5
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ a ⎡ a2
2

⎣⎢ y,θ
⎦⎥
εy,θ ≤ ε ≤ εt,θ fy,θ 0

εt,θ < ε < εu,θ ( (

f y,θ 1 − ε − ε t ,θ ) (ε u,θ
− ε t ,θ )) -

ε = εu,θ 0.00 -

Parameters εp,θ = fp,θ / Ea,θ εy,θ = 0.02 εt,θ = 0.15 εu,θ = 0.20
Functions 2
( )(
a = ε y,θ - ε p,θ ε y,θ - ε p,θ + c / E a,θ )
2
(
b = c ε y,θ - ε p,θ E a,θ + c ) 2

(f )
2
y,θ
- f p,θ
c=
(ε y,θ - ε p,θ ) E - 2(f
a,θ y,θ
- f p,θ )
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C.1. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL

Stress σ
fy,θ

fp,θ

α Ea,θ= tan α ε
εp,θ εy,θ εt,θ εu,θ
Strain
= 2% = 15% = 20%

Figure C.1 – Stress-strain relationship for carbon steel at elevated temperatures

The stress-strain relationship for carbon steel at elevated temperatures

presented in Table C.1 is quantified in Tables C.4 to C.7 for the steel grades
S235, S275, S355 and S460 respectively. Graphical representation of the
data given in Tables C.4 to C.7 is given in Figs C.2 to C.5, respectively.

Table C.4 – Stress-strain relationship for S235 carbon steel at elevated temperatures _____
411
Effective yield strength fy,θ
Strain Steel temperature θa [ºC]
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.0005 105.045 94.470 83.895 73.555 62.980 32.665 13.630 9.400

0.0010 210.090 188.940 153.220 118.675 99.640 52.405 22.795 14.100

0.0015 235.000 199.515 165.675 133.715 110.450 59.690 26.555 15.510

0.0020 235.000 203.745 173.430 144.290 117.970 64.860 29.375 16.685

0.0025 235.000 206.800 179.305 152.750 124.080 69.325 31.725 17.390

0.0030 235.000 209.620 184.475 160.035 129.485 72.850 33.605 18.330

0.0035 235.000 211.735 188.940 166.380 133.950 76.140 35.485 18.800

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C. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL

Table C.4 – Stress-strain relationship for S235 carbon steel at elevated temperatures
Effective yield strength fy,θ
Strain Steel temperature θa [ºC]
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0.0040 235.000 213.850 192.935 172.255 138.180 78.960 36.895 19.505

0.0045 235.000 215.495 196.460 177.425 141.940 81.545 38.305 19.975

0.0050 235.000 217.140 199.515 182.125 145.230 83.895 39.715 20.445

0.0055 235.000 218.785 202.570 186.590 148.520 86.245 40.890 20.915

0.0060 235.000 220.195 205.155 190.585 151.340 88.125 42.065 21.385

0.0065 235.000 221.370 207.740 194.345 154.160 90.005 43.005 21.620

0.0070 235.000 222.545 210.090 197.870 156.510 91.885 43.945 22.090

0.0075 235.000 223.720 212.205 201.160 158.860 93.295 44.885 22.325

0.0080 235.000 224.660 214.320 203.980 160.975 94.940 45.590 22.795

0.0085 235.000 225.600 216.200 206.800 163.090 96.350 46.295 23.030

0.0090 235.000 226.540 218.080 209.620 164.970 97.760 47.235 23.265

0.0095 235.000 227.245 219.725 211.970 166.850 98.935 47.705 23.500

_____ 0.0100 235.000 228.185 221.135 214.320 168.495 100.110 48.410 23.735
412 0.0110 235.000 229.595 223.955 218.550 171.550 102.225 49.585 24.205

0.0120 235.000 230.770 226.540 222.075 174.135 104.105 50.525 24.440

0.0130 235.000 231.710 228.420 225.365 176.250 105.515 51.465 24.910

0.0140 235.000 232.650 230.300 227.950 178.130 106.925 52.170 25.145

0.0150 235.000 233.355 231.710 230.065 179.775 108.100 52.640 25.380

0.0160 235.000 234.060 232.885 231.945 181.185 108.805 53.110 25.615

0.0170 235.000 234.530 233.825 233.355 182.125 109.510 53.580 25.615

0.0180 235.000 234.765 234.295 234.295 182.830 109.980 53.815 25.850

0.0190 235.000 235.000 234.765 234.765 183.065 110.450 54.050 25.850

0.0200 235.000 235.000 235.000 235.000 183.300 110.450 54.050 25.850

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C.1. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL

Table C.5 – Stress-strain relationship for S275 carbon steel at elevated temperatures
Effective yield strength fy,θ
Strain Steel temperature θa [ºC]
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.0005 105.050 94.600 83.875 73.425 62.975 32.450 13.750 9.350
0.0010 210.100 188.925 168.025 132.550 111.925 58.300 25.025 15.950
0.0015 275.000 231.000 190.025 152.075 126.225 67.925 29.975 17.875
0.0020 275.000 236.775 200.200 165.550 135.850 74.250 33.550 19.250
0.0025 275.000 240.900 207.900 176.000 143.550 79.750 36.300 20.350
0.0030 275.000 244.200 214.225 184.800 149.875 84.150 38.775 21.175
0.0035 275.000 246.950 219.450 192.775 155.375 88.000 40.700 22.000
0.0040 275.000 249.425 224.400 199.650 160.325 91.575 42.625 22.550
0.0045 275.000 251.625 228.525 205.975 165.000 94.600 44.275 23.375
0.0050 275.000 253.550 232.375 211.750 169.125 97.350 45.925 23.925
0.0055 275.000 255.475 235.950 216.975 172.700 100.100 47.300 24.475
0.0060 275.000 257.125 239.250 221.650 176.275 102.575 48.675 24.750
0.0065 275.000 258.775 242.275 226.325 179.575 104.775 50.050 25.300
0.0070 275.000 260.150 245.300 230.450 182.600 106.975 51.150 25.850
0.0075 275.000 261.250 247.775 234.300 185.350 108.900 52.250 26.125
0.0080 275.000 262.625 250.250 237.875 187.825 110.550 53.075 26.400
0.0085 275.000 263.725 252.450 241.450 190.300 112.475 54.175 26.950 _____
0.0090 275.000 264.825 254.650 244.475 192.775 113.850 55.000 27.225 413
0.0095 275.000 265.925 256.575 247.500 194.700 115.500 55.825 28.050
0.0100 275.000 266.750 258.500 250.250 196.900 116.875 56.375 28.050
0.0110 275.000 268.400 261.800 255.200 200.475 119.350 57.750 28.600
0.0120 275.000 269.775 264.825 259.600 203.500 121.550 59.125 28.875
0.0130 275.000 271.150 267.300 263.450 206.250 123.475 59.950 29.425
0.0140 275.000 272.250 269.500 266.475 208.450 125.125 61.050 29.700
0.0150 275.000 273.075 271.150 269.225 210.375 126.225 61.600 29.700
0.0160 275.000 273.900 272.525 270.875 211.475 127.050 62.150 29.975
0.0170 275.000 274.175 273.625 272.800 213.125 128.150 62.700 30.250
0.0180 275.000 274.725 274.450 274.175 213.950 128.700 62.975 30.250
0.0190 275.000 275.000 274.725 274.725 214.225 129.250 63.250 30.250
0.0200 275.000 275.000 275.000 275.000 214.500 129.250 63.250 30.250
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C. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL

Table C.6 – Stress-strain relationship for S355 carbon steel at elevated temperatures
Effective yield strength fy,θ
Strain Steel temperature θa [ºC]
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.0005 105.080 80.230 84.135 73.485 62.835 32.660 13.490 9.585
0.0010 210.160 188.860 167.915 146.970 126.025 64.965 27.335 18.460
0.0015 314.885 283.645 233.235 184.600 154.425 81.650 35.500 22.010
0.0020 355.000 301.040 250.630 204.480 168.980 91.590 40.470 23.785
0.0025 355.000 307.430 262.345 219.745 179.985 99.045 44.730 25.560
0.0030 355.000 312.400 271.575 232.170 188.860 105.080 47.925 26.625
0.0035 355.000 316.660 279.030 243.175 196.670 110.760 51.120 27.690
0.0040 355.000 320.210 285.775 252.760 203.770 115.375 53.605 28.755
0.0045 355.000 323.050 291.810 261.280 209.805 119.635 56.090 29.465
0.0050 355.000 325.890 297.135 269.090 215.485 123.540 58.220 30.530
0.0055 355.000 328.375 302.105 276.190 220.455 127.445 59.995 31.240
0.0060 355.000 330.860 306.720 282.935 225.425 130.640 61.770 31.950
0.0065 355.000 332.990 310.980 288.970 229.685 133.835 63.545 32.305
0.0070 355.000 334.765 314.530 294.650 233.945 136.675 64.965 33.015
0.0075 355.000 336.540 318.080 299.975 237.495 141.645 66.385 33.370
0.0080 355.000 338.315 321.630 304.945 241.045 144.130 67.805 34.080
_____ 0.0085 355.000 339.735 324.825 309.560 244.595 146.260 69.225 34.435
414
0.0090 355.000 341.155 327.665 313.820 247.435 148.035 70.290 34.790
0.0095 355.000 342.575 330.150 318.080 250.275 150.165 71.355 35.465
0.0100 355.000 343.995 332.635 321.630 253.115 151.940 72.420 35.855
0.0110 355.000 346.125 337.250 328.375 257.730 155.135 74.195 36.210
0.0120 355.000 348.255 341.155 334.410 261.990 156.555 75.970 36.920
0.0130 355.000 349.675 344.705 339.380 265.540 159.040 77.390 37.630
0.0140 355.000 351.095 347.545 343.640 268.735 161.170 78.455 37.985
0.0150 355.000 352.515 349.675 347.190 271.220 162.945 79.520 38.340
0.0160 355.000 353.225 351.805 350.030 273.350 164.365 80.230 38.695
0.0170 355.000 353.935 353.225 352.160 274.770 165.430 80.940 38.695
0.0180 355.000 354.645 354.290 353.935 276.190 166.140 81.295 39.050
0.0190 355.000 355.000 354.645 354.645 276.545 166.850 81.650 39.050
0.0200 355.000 355.000 355.000 355.000 276.900 166.850 81.650 39.050
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C.1. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL

Table C.7 – Stress-strain relationship for S460 carbon steel at elevated temperatures
Effective yield strength fy,θ
Strain Steel temperature θa [ºC]
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.0005 104.880 94.300 84.180 73.600 63.020 32.660 13.800 9.660
0.0010 210.220 189.060 167.900 147.200 126.040 65.320 27.140 18.860
0.0015 315.100 283.360 252.080 213.900 181.700 94.300 40.020 26.220
0.0020 419.980 374.900 307.740 247.020 206.540 109.940 47.840 29.440
0.0025 460.000 391.000 327.520 270.020 223.100 120.980 53.820 31.740
0.0030 460.000 399.280 341.780 288.420 236.440 130.180 58.420 33.580
0.0035 460.000 405.720 353.740 304.060 247.480 138.000 63.020 34.960
0.0040 460.000 410.780 363.400 317.860 257.600 144.900 66.700 36.340
0.0045 460.000 415.380 372.140 330.280 266.340 150.880 69.920 37.720
0.0050 460.000 419.520 379.500 341.320 274.160 156.400 72.680 38.640
0.0055 460.000 423.200 386.860 351.440 281.060 161.460 75.440 39.560
0.0060 460.000 426.420 392.840 360.640 287.960 166.060 78.200 40.480
0.0065 460.000 429.180 398.820 368.920 293.940 170.200 80.500 41.400
0.0070 460.000 431.940 404.340 376.740 299.460 174.340 82.800 42.320
0.0075 460.000 434.700 409.400 384.100 304.980 178.020 84.640 43.240
0.0080 460.000 437.000 414.000 391.000 309.580 181.700 86.480 43.700
0.0085 460.000 438.840 418.140 397.440 314.180 184.920 88.320 44.160 _____
415
0.0090 460.000 441.140 422.280 403.420 318.320 187.680 90.160 45.080
0.0095 460.000 442.980 425.960 408.940 322.460 190.440 91.540 45.540
0.0100 460.000 444.820 429.180 414.000 326.140 193.200 92.920 46.000
0.0110 460.000 448.040 435.620 423.660 332.580 197.800 95.680 46.920
0.0120 460.000 450.340 441.140 431.480 338.560 201.940 97.980 47.840
0.0130 460.000 452.640 445.740 438.380 343.620 205.160 99.820 48.300
0.0140 460.000 454.940 449.420 444.360 347.760 208.380 101.660 49.220
0.0150 460.000 456.320 452.640 449.420 350.980 210.680 102.580 49.680
0.0160 460.000 457.700 455.400 453.100 353.740 212.520 103.960 50.140
0.0170 460.000 458.620 457.240 456.320 356.040 214.360 104.880 50.140
0.0180 460.000 459.540 459.080 458.160 357.420 215.280 105.340 50.600
0.0190 460.000 459.540 459.540 460.000 358.340 216.200 105.800 50.600
0.0200 460.000 460.000 460.000 460.000 358.800 216.200 105.800 50.600
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C. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL

Stress σ
250
100º C

200º C
200
300º C
500º C
400º C
150

600º C
100

700º C
50
800º C

0
0.0000 0.0050 0.0100 0.0150 0.0200
Strain ε

Figure C.2 – Stress-strain relationship for S235 carbon steel at elevated temperatures

Stress σ
300

_____ 100º C

416 250 200º C

300º C
200
500º C
400º C

150
600º C
100

700º C
50
800º C

0
0.0000 0.0050 0.0100 0.0150 0.0200
Strain ε

Figure C.3 – Stress-strain relationship for S275 carbon steel at elevated temperatures
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C.1. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL

Stress σ
400
100º C

200º C
300
300º C
500º C
400º C

200
600º C

100 700º C

800º C

0
0.0000 0.0050 0.0100 0.0150 0.0200
Strain ε

Figure C.4 – Stress-strain relationship for S355 carbon steel at elevated temperatures

Stress σ
500
100º C
_____
200º C
400
417
300º C
500º C
400º C
300

600º C
200

700º C
100
800º C

0
0.0000 0.0050 0.0100 0.0150 0.0200
Strain ε

Figure C.5 – Stress-strain relationship for S460 carbon steel at elevated temperatures
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C. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL

C.1.3. Stress-strain relationship for carbon steel at elevated

temperatures (with strain-hardening)

For temperatures below 400 ºC, the stress-strain relationship specified in

C.1.2 may be extended by adding the strain-hardening option given below,
providing local or overall buckling does not lead to premature collapse.

( )
0.02 < ε < 0.04 ⇒ σ a = 50 fu,θ − f y,θ ε + 2f y,θ − fu,θ (C.1a)

0.04 < ε < 0.15 ⇒ σ a = fu,θ (C.1b)

0.15 < ε < 0.20 ⇒ σ a = fu,θ ⎡⎣1 − 20 ( ε − 0.15 ) ⎤⎦ (C.1c)

0.20 < ε ⇒ σ a = 0.00 (C.1d)

where
fu,θ is the ultimate strength at elevated temperature, allowing for
strain-hardening.
This alternative stress-strain relationship for steel, allowing for strain
hardening, is illustrated in Figure C.6.
The ultimate strength at elevated temperature, allowing for strain
hardening, should be determined as follows:
θ a < 300ºC ⇒ fu,θ = 1.25f y,θ (C.2a)
_____
418 300ºC < θ a < 400ºC ⇒ fu,θ = f y,θ ( 2 − 0.0025θ a ) (C.2b)

400ºC < θ a ⇒ fu,θ = f y,θ (C.2c)

Stress σa

fu,θ

fy,θ

fp,θ

Ea,θ= tan α
α
εp,θ εy,θ εs,θ εt,θ εu,θ Strain ε

Figure C.6 – Alternative stress-strain relationship for steel allowing for strain-hardening
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C.1. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL

The variation of the alternative stress-strain relationship with

temperature is illustrated in figure C.7.

f y 1.4
300º C

1.2
350º C

400º C
1

500º C
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
Strain

Figure C.7 – Alternative stress-strain relationship for steel allowing for strain-
hardening for different temperatures

C.1.4. Mechanical properties to be used with class 4 cross sections and

simple calculation models
_____
According to the Eurocode 3 advanced calculation models may be used 419

for the design of Class 4 sections when all stability effects are taken into
account. This means that, if the numerical calculation is carried out using the
finite element method, shell elements should be used to capture local
buckling. The mechanical properties to be used with advanced calculation
models are the ones defined in the previous sections of this annex.
With simple calculation models, the resistance of members with a
Class 4 cross section should be verified with the equations given in
Chapter 5, in which the area is replaced by the effective area and the section
modulus is replaced by the effective section modulus. The design strength of
steel should be taken as the 0.2 percent proof strength and the effective cross
sectional area and the effective section modulus should be determined in
accordance with EN 1993-1-3 and EN 1993-1-5, i.e., based on the material
properties at 20 °C.
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C. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL

The reduction factors for the design strength of carbon steels relative to the
yield strength at 20 °C, illustrated in Figure C.8 may be taken from Table C.8:

− design strength , relative to yield strength at 20 °C: k0.2p,θ =f0.2p,θ / fy

− slope of linear elastic range, relative to slope at 20 °C: kE,θ=Ea,θ / Ea
Reduction factors for the design proof strength of stainless steels relative to
the proof strength at 20 °C may be taken from Table C.9 of next Section C.2.

Table C.8 – Reduction factors for carbon steel for the design of class 4 sections at
elevated temperatures
Steel Reduction factor (relative to fy) Reduction factor (relative to fyb)
Temperature for the design strength of hot for the design strength of cold
θa rolled and welded thin walled formed thin walled sections
sections k0.2 p,θ = f0.2 p,θ f y k0.2 p,θ = f0.2 p,θ f yb

20 °C 1.00

100 °C 1.00

200 °C 0.89

300 °C 0.78

400 °C 0.65
_____ 500 °C 0.53
420
600 °C 0.30

700 °C 0.13

800 °C 0.07
900 °C 0.05

1000 °C 0.03

1100 °C 0.02
1200 °C 0.00

NOTE 1: For intermediate values of the steel temperature, linear interpolation

may be used.

NOTE 2: The definition for fyb should be taken from EN 1993-1-3.

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C.2. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL

Reduction factor
k 1.000

Slope of linear elastic range

0.800 kE, = E a, / E a

0.600

0.400 Design strength

k0.2p, = f0.2p, / fy

0.200

0.000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Temperature [°C]
Figure C.8 – Reduction factors for the stress-strain relationship of cold formed and
hot rolled thin walled steel at elevated temperatures

C.2. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL

The mechanical properties of stainless steels are given in Annex C of

EN 1993-1-2 for steel grades 1.4003, 1.4301, 1.4401, 1.4571, 1.4003 and
1.4462. Table 2.1 from EN 1993-1-4 is reproduced here as Table C.9 for the
above five Grades of structural stainless steel and gives the nominal values of
_____
the yield strength fy, the ultimate tensile strength fu and the modulus of elasticity. 421

Table C.9 – Nominal values of the yield strength fy, the ultimate tensile strength fu
and Young’s modulus E for structural stainless steels according to EN 10088
Product form
Bars, rods and
Cold rolled strip Hot rolled strip Hot rolled plate Modulus of
Type of sections
elasticity
stainless Grade Nominal thickness t
steel t ≤ 6 mm t ≤ 12 mm t ≤ 75 mm t ≤ 250 mm
fy fu fy fu fy fu fy fu E
MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa GPa
Ferritic steel 1.4003 280 450 280 450 2501) 4501) 2602) 4502) 220
1.4301 230 540 210 520 210 520 190 500
Austenitic 1.4401
530 530 200
steels 1.4404 240 220 220 520 200 500
1.4571 540 540
Austenitic -
1.4462 480 660 460 660 460 640 450 650 200
ferritic steel
1)
t ≤ 125 mm.
2)
t ≤ 100 mm.
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C. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL

Table C.1 from Annex C of EN 1993-1-2 provides reduction factors,

relative to the appropriate value at 20 ºC, for the stress-strain relationship of
several stainless steels at elevated temperatures as follows:
− Slope of linear elastic range, relative to slope at 20 °C: kE,θ = Ea,θ Ea

− Proof strength, relative to yield strength at 20 °C: k0.2 p,θ = f0.2 p,θ f y

− Tensile strength, relative to tensile strength at 20 °C: ku,θ = fu,θ fu

For the use of simple calculation methods, table C.1 from EN 1993-1-2
gives the correction factor k2%,θ for the determination of the yield strength using:

(
f y,θ = f0.2 p,θ + k2%,θ fu,θ −f0.2 p,θ ) (C.3)

This procedure leads to an “effective” yield strength, f y,θ = k y,θ f y ,

which is the stress at 2% total strain.
For the use of advanced calculation methods Table C.2 from
EN 1993-1-2 gives additional values for the stress-strain relationship (see
Fig. C.9) of several stainless steels at elevated temperatures as follows:

− slope at proof strength, relative to slope at 20 °C: kEct ,θ = Ect ,θ Ea

− ultimate strain: eu,θ
_____
422

f
u,

E = tan
ct,
f
0.2p,

E = tan
a,

c, u,
Figure C.9 – Stress-strain relationship for stainless steel at elevated temperatures
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C.2. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL

Table. C.10 – Parameters for defining stress-strain relationship for stainless steel at
elevated temperatures

Strain range Stress σ Tangent modulus Et

E ⋅ε (
E 1 + a ⋅ ε b − a ⋅b ⋅ ε b )
ε ≤ εc,θ
(1 + a ⋅ ε )
2
1 + a⋅εb b

d ⋅ ( ε u,θ − ε )
( ) ( )
2
εc,θ < ε ≤ εu,θ f 0.2 p,θ − e + d c c − ε u,θ − ε
2

c c2 − ( ε u,θ − ε )
2

Parameters ε c,θ = f0.2 p,θ Ea,θ + 0.002

Functions
a=
Ea,θ ε c,θ − f0.2 p,θ
b=
(1 − ε E c,θ ct ,θ )
f0.2 p,θ Ea,θ ε c,θ
f0.2 p,θ ε c,θ b
(E ε a,θ c,θ
f0.2 p,θ −1 f0.2 p,θ )
⎛ e ⎞
( )
c2 = ε u,θ − ε c,θ ⎜ ε u,θ − ε c,θ +
⎝ E ⎟ d = e ε u,θ − ε c,θ Ect ,θ + e
2 2
( )
ct ,θ ⎠

(f − f )
2
u,θ 0.2 p,θ
e=
(ε − ε ) E − 2 ( f
u,θ c,θ ct ,θ u,θ
− f0.2 p,θ )
where
fu,θ is the tensile strength;
_____
f0.2p,θ is the proof strength at 0.2% plastic strain; 423
Ea,θ is the slope of the linear elastic range;
Ect,θ is the slope at proof strength;
εc,θ is the total strain at proof strength;
εu,θ is the ultimate strain.

Eq. (C.3) leads to

f y,θ
k y,θ =
fy ⎣ (
= ⎡ f0.2 p,θ + k2%,θ fu,θ − f0.2 p,θ ⎤
⎦
1
fy
)
(C.4)
⎛ f ⎞
= k0.2 p,θ + k2%,θ ⎜ ku,θ u − k0.2 p,θ ⎟
⎝ fy ⎠

This equation was used to evaluate the value of the reduction factor for the
yield strength given in the right four columns in Table C.11.
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C. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL

Table C.11 – Reduction factors of stainless steel at elevated temperatures

Cold rolled Hot rolled Hot rolled Bars, rods
θa strip Strip plate and sections
k0.2p,θ ku,θ k2%,θ
[ºC]
ky,θ
Grade 1.4301
20 1 1 0.26 1.3504 1.3838 1.3838 1.4242
100 0.82 0.87 0.24 1.1134 1.1402 1.1402 1.1727
200 0.68 0.77 0.19 0.8943 0.9131 0.9131 0.9358
300 0.64 0.73 0.19 0.8440 0.8618 0.8618 0.8834
400 0.6 0.72 0.19 0.8072 0.8247 0.8247 0.8460
500 0.54 0.67 0.19 0.7363 0.7526 0.7526 0.7724
600 0.49 0.58 0.22 0.6818 0.6982 0.6982 0.7180
700 0.4 0.43 0.26 0.5585 0.5728 0.5728 0.5902
800 0.27 0.27 0.35 0.3974 0.4095 0.4095 0.4242
900 0.14 0.15 0.38 0.2206 0.2279 0.2279 0.2368
1000 0.06 0.07 0.4 0.1017 0.1053 0.1053 0.1097
1100 0.03 0.03 0.4 0.0462 0.0477 0.0477 0.0496
1200 0 0 0.4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Grade 1.4401 / 1.4404
_____
424 20 1 1 0.24 1.2900 1.3382 1.3273 1.3600
100 0.88 0.93 0.24 1.1617 1.2065 1.1964 1.2268
200 0.76 0.87 0.24 1.0387 1.0806 1.0711 1.0996
300 0.71 0.84 0.24 0.9848 1.0253 1.0161 1.0436
400 0.66 0.83 0.21 0.9063 0.9413 0.9334 0.9572
500 0.63 0.79 0.2 0.8529 0.8846 0.8775 0.8990
600 0.61 0.72 0.19 0.7962 0.8237 0.8174 0.8361
700 0.51 0.55 0.24 0.6791 0.7056 0.6996 0.7176
800 0.4 0.34 0.35 0.5228 0.5467 0.5413 0.5575
900 0.19 0.18 0.38 0.2689 0.2826 0.2795 0.2888
1000 0.1 0.09 0.4 0.1395 0.1467 0.1451 0.1500
1100 0.05 0.04 0.4 0.0653 0.0685 0.0678 0.0700
1200 0 0 0.4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
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C.2. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL

Table C.11 – Reduction factors of stainless steel at elevated temperatures

Cold rolled Hot rolled Hot rolled Bars, rods
θa strip Strip plate and sections
k0.2p,θ ku,θ k2%,θ
[ºC]
ky,θ
Grade 1.4571
20 1 1 0.25 1.3125 1.3636 1.3409 1.3750
100 0.89 0.88 0.25 1.1625 1.2075 1.1875 1.2175
200 0.83 0.81 0.25 1.0781 1.1195 1.1011 1.1288
300 0.77 0.8 0.24 1.0172 1.0565 1.0390 1.0652
400 0.72 0.8 0.22 0.9576 0.9936 0.9776 1.0016
500 0.69 0.77 0.21 0.9089 0.9420 0.9273 0.9494
600 0.66 0.71 0.21 0.8569 0.8874 0.8738 0.8942
700 0.59 0.57 0.25 0.7631 0.7923 0.7793 0.7988
800 0.5 0.38 0.35 0.6243 0.6515 0.6394 0.6575
900 0.28 0.22 0.38 0.3617 0.3788 0.3712 0.3826
1000 0.15 0.11 0.4 0.1890 0.1980 0.1940 0.2000
1100 0.075 0.055 0.4 0.0945 0.0990 0.0970 0.1000
1200 0 0 0.4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Grade 1.4003
_____
20 1 1 0.37 1.2246 1.2246 1.2960 1.2704 425
100 1 0.94 0.37 1.1890 1.1890 1.2560 1.2320
200 1 0.88 0.37 1.1533 1.1533 1.2161 1.1935
300 0.98 0.86 0.37 1.1288 1.1288 1.1902 1.1681
400 0.91 0.83 0.42 1.0881 1.0881 1.1553 1.1311
500 0.8 0.81 0.4 1.0007 1.0007 1.0632 1.0408
600 0.45 0.42 0.45 0.5513 0.5513 0.5877 0.5746
700 0.19 0.21 0.46 0.2579 0.2579 0.2765 0.2698
800 0.13 0.12 0.47 0.1595 0.1595 0.1704 0.1665
900 0.1 0.11 0.47 0.1361 0.1361 0.1461 0.1425
1000 0.07 0.09 0.47 0.1051 0.1051 0.1132 0.1103
1100 0.035 0.045 0.47 0.0525 0.0525 0.0566 0.0552
1200 0 0 0.47 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
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C. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL AND STAINLESS STEEL

Table C.11 – Reduction factors of stainless steel at elevated temperatures

Cold rolled Hot rolled Hot rolled Bars, rods
θa strip Strip plate and sections
k0.2p,θ ku,θ k2%,θ
[ºC]
ky,θ
Grade 1.4462
20 1 1 0.35 1.1313 1.1522 1.1370 1.1556
100 0.91 0.93 0.35 1.0391 1.0585 1.0444 1.0617
200 0.8 0.85 0.32 0.9180 0.9343 0.9224 0.9369
300 0.75 0.83 0.3 0.8674 0.8823 0.8714 0.8847
400 0.72 0.82 0.28 0.8341 0.8478 0.8378 0.8500
500 0.65 0.71 0.3 0.7479 0.7606 0.7513 0.7627
600 0.56 0.57 0.33 0.6338 0.6451 0.6369 0.6469
700 0.37 0.38 0.4 0.4310 0.4401 0.4335 0.4416
800 0.26 0.29 0.41 0.3169 0.3240 0.3188 0.3251
900 0.1 0.12 0.45 0.1293 0.1325 0.1301 0.1330
1000 0.03 0.04 0.47 0.0418 0.0429 0.0421 0.0431
1100 0.015 0.02 0.47 0.0209 0.0214 0.0210 0.0215
1200 0 0 0.47 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

_____
When the parameters of Table C.11 are used in the equations of Table
426
C.10, this can lead to a stress-strain relationship with positive curvature; the
stiffness increases for positive strains. This occurs at very high temperatures
(see Fig. C.10) and thus it is not generally an issue in practical problems, but
can lead to unexpected results in some numerical simulations. This problem
was treated by Lopes (2009) who has proposed different reduction factors
for the Young’s modulus in the temperature range of 1000 ºC to 1200 ºC.
10.1002/9783433607008.app3, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783433607008.app3 by Nat Prov Indonesia, Wiley Online Library on [28/10/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
_____
427
C.2. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL

Figure C.10 – Stress-strain relationship of the stainless steel 1.4301 at 1100 ºC

0.20

0.0025
EN 1993-1-2
EN 1993-1-2

0.16

0.0020
E2 > E1
E2

0.0015
0.12
1.4301

1.4301

0.0010
0.08

E1

0.0005
0.04
(MPa)

(MPa)

0.0000
0.00
20

16

12