Reviewer GE103

Terminologies of Statistics
 Statistics - Refers to the numerical facts.
- Science which deals with methods in the collection, gathering,
presentation, analysis, and interpreting data.
 Data Presentation – in tabular form are two types, the text or summary table
which is found in the body of the research work, and the reference table
which is usually found appendices.
 Population – refers to a group or aggregates of people, animal objects,
material, happenings, or thing of any form.
 Sample – refers to few members of population to represent their
characteristics or traits.
 Variable – refers to a characteristic or property whereby the members of the
group or set vary or differ from one another.
 Constant – refers to a property whereby the members of the group do not
differ from one another.
 Dependent Variable – are sometimes called criterion variable.
 Independent Variable – are sometimes called predictor variables or variate.
 Nominal Variable – refers to a property of the members of a group defined
by an operation an which allows making of statements only of equality or
difference.
 Ordinal Variable – this is a property defined by an operation whereby the
members of a particular group are ranked.
 Frequency Distribution – is defined as the arrangement of the gathered data
by categories plus their corresponding frequencies and class marks or
midpoint.
 Class Frequency – contains the number of observations belonging to a class
interval.
 Class Interval – contains a grouping defined by limits, called the lower or
upper limits.
 Mean – is another term for arithmetic average. If you have already computed
an “average”, you have computed a mean.
 Weighted Arithmetic Mean – of a given groups of data is the average of the
means of all the groups.
 Median – is the center most score in a distribution.
  Mode for Ungroup Data – is defined as the datum value or specific score
which has the highest frequency and the most frequently occurring score.
 Mode of Group Data – is defined as the midpoint of the interval containing
the largest number.
 Percentile – also called as centile. It is an important measure which divides
the distribution into one hundred parts.
 Spearman Rho – (Spearman rank-ordered correlation coefficient, (Rho)). For
cases of 30 or less Spearman P, is the most widely used of the rank
correlation
 Systematic Sampling – is a technique for selecting members of a sample by
picking put every “kth” of the population.
 Stratified Sampling – when the population is composed of several strata or
subgroups
 Simple Stratified Random Sampling – is done by separating the list of
subgroups in the population and simply drawing randomly the desired
sample size form each subgroup.
 T-test – is generally used for the comparison between two means.
population with equal variances, samples or groups are independent and data
being analyzed must be interval.
 Tabulation – process of grouping on classifying data for the purpose of
interpretation.
 Summation Symbol (∑) Greek capital letter zygma- this symbol denote that
the subscript variables are to be added.
Steps in Statistical Investigation:

a. Collection
b. Presentation
c. Analysis
d. Interpretation

Methods of Collecting Data:

1. Direct or Interview Method – personal communication with the individual
you want to interview.
2. Indirect or Questioners method – done by sending questioners to the person
you want to get the information.
3. Registration- utilizing or using existing records to get the information.
4. Observation – cane be done directly or indirectly.
5. Experiment – done by making or conducting scientific inquiry.
Summation = ∑
Examples:
1. i=06x+6=0+6+1+6+2+6+3+6+4+6+5+6+6+6=63

2. i=152x-3=2∙1-3+2∙2-3+2∙3-3+2∙4-3+2∙5-3=15
Measure of Central Tendency:
Ungrouped Date:
1. Mean = x =arithmetic average=1xN

2. Median = Md= is the point on the scale of scores that is almost the midpoint
or where the middle class lies.

3. Mode = score or scores which occurs most frequently.

Example: Solve for x, Md and Mo of the following scores:

3, 8, 5, 6, 5, 3, 8, 5, 9
x= 3+8+5+6+5+3+8+5+99=529=5.78
Md=3 3 5 5 5 6 8 8 9=5
Mo=5
Problem Solving
Problem Solving Strategies:
1. Understand the problem.
2. Devise a plan for the problem.
3. Carry out the plan.
4. Review the solution to the problem by checking.

Some Types of Problem:

1. Number Problem
2. Age Problem
3. Geometric Problem
 4. Investment Problem
5. Distance Problem
6. Mixture Problem
7. Coin Problem

Examples:
Number Problem:
1. The sum of twice a number and 5 is multiplied placed by 6. The result is 8
less than 13 times the number. Find the number.
Let x = be the number

6(2x+5) = 13x-8
12x+30 = 13x-8
12x-13x = -8-30
-x = -38
x = 38 the number

2. When the smaller of the two consecutive integers is added to three times the
larger, the result is 43. Find the smaller integer.
Let x = smaller integer
x+1 = larger integer

x+3(x+1) = 43
x+3x+3=43
4x = 43-3
4x=404
x= 10 - smaller number

Age Problem:
1. The present age of Ann and Rose are 15 and 24 years. X years agoe, Rose
was twice as old as Ann was. How many years ago was that?
Present age x yrs ag0e
Ann 15 15-x
Rose 24 24-x
24-x = 2(15-x)
24-x = 30-2x
-x+2x = 30-24
x = 6 yrs.
Problem Solving:

A. Investment Problem:
1. Mr. Santos inherited a sum of money from a relative. He deposits
some of the money at 16% and 4000 more of this amount was
deposited at 12%. The annual invest is 3840. Find the amount he
invested at 12%.
Let x= amount invested at 16%
x+4000= amount invested at 12%
0.16x+0.12x+4000=3840]100
0
28x=336000]÷28
x= 12000
12000+4000=16000 amount of deposited at 12%
B. Geometric Problem:
1. The perimeter of a certain rectangle is 16 times the width. The length
is 12cm more than the width. Find the width of the rectangle.
Let x = be the width
x+12= be the length
2l+2x=P

2x+12+2x=16x
2x+24+2x=16x
24=12x
x=2cm →the width

C. Mixture Problem:
1. How many liters of 25% salt solution must be added to 80 liters of
40% solution to get a solution if 30% salt.
Strength L. of solution L. of pure salt

25% x 0.25x

40% 80 0.40(80)

30% x+80 0.30(x+80)

0.25x+0.40(80)=0.30(x+80)
0.25x+32=0.30x+24
-0.05x = -8 x= 160 liters
Mean of Grouped Data
CI f x (cm) fx d fd
90-94 7 92 644 2 14 27
85-89 13 87 1131 1 13
80-84 16 82 1312 0 0
75-79 8 77 616 -1 -8 -20
70-74 6 72 432 -2 -12
N=50 ∑fx=4135 ∑fd=7

x= (Σfx) i
N
= 4135/50
= 82.7

x= AM+(Σfd / N ) i
= 82 + (7/50) 5
= 82 + (35/50)
= 82 + 0.7
= 82.7

Median and Mode of Grouped Data

CC f LL CF
90-94 7 89.5 50
85-89 13 84.5 43
80-84 16 79.5 30
75-79 8 74.5 14
70-74 6 69.5 6
N=50

Formula:

Median : Mode:

Md= LL + (n/2-F) i Mo=LL + ( d1 ) i

f d1+d2
Mean, Median, Mode of Grouped Data

CI f d fd LL CF<
88-91 1 6 6 87.5 46
84-87 0 5 0 83.5 45
80-83 3 4 12 51 79.5 45
76-79 4 3 12 75.5 42
72-75 8 2 16 71.5 38
68-71 5 1 5 67.5 30
64-67 9 0 0 63.5 25 f
60-63 6 -1 -6 59.5 16 F
56-59 4 -2 -8 -35 55.5 10
52-55 3 -3 -9 51.5 6
48-51 3 -4 -12 47.5 3
N=46 ∑fd=16

Mode: Median: Mode:

x= AM + (Σfx) i Md= LL + (n/2-F) i Mo=LL + ( d1 ) i

N f d1+d2
=65.5 + (16/46) 4 =63.5 + (46/2-16) 4 =63.5 + ( 3 ) 4
=65.5 + (64/46) 9 3+4
=65.5 + 1.39 =63.5 + ( 7 ) 4 =63.5 + (3/7) 4
=66.89 9 =63.5 + (12/7)
=63.5 + (28/9) =63.5 + 1.71
=63.5 + 3.11 =65.21
=66.61
Quartile, Percentile , Decile of Grouped Data

Quartile- the value which divides a set of data into equal parts
Percentile- dividing by 100
Decile- dividing by 10
Quartile- dividing into 4 equal parts

Finding Quartiles:

Q1= L + (N/4-F1) c
f1
Q2= L + (N/2-F1) c
f2
Q3= L + (3N/4-F3) c
f3

L= Lower class boundary

F1= CF less than up to the class immediately proceeding the 1st quarter class
F3= CF less than up to the class proceeding the 3rd quartile class
f1= frequency in which the 1st quartile class lies
f3= frequency in which the 3rd quartile class lies
C= class size

Finding Percentile:

Pp= LL + (PN-F) i
fp

Finding Decile:

D1= LL + (N/10-F) i
f
D2= LL + (2N/10-F) i
f
D3= LL + (3N/10-F) i
f
D4= LL + (4N/10-F) i
f
CF F CF<
 45-47 3 50
42-44 4 47
39-41 4 43
36-38 4 39 Q3
33-35 2 35
30-32 2 33
27-29 13 30 Q2
24-26 8 17 Q1
21-23 3 9
18-20 3 6
15-17 0 3
12-14 2 3
9-11 1 1
N=50

Quartile:

Q1= L + (N/4-F1) 3 = 23.5 + (50/4-9) 3 = 24.81

f1 8
Q2= L + (N/2-F1) C = 26.5 + (50/2-17) 3 = = 26.5 + (25-17) 3 = 28.35
f2 13 13
Q3= L + (3N/4-F3) C= L + (3N/4-F3) C= L + (3N/4-F3) C=
f3 f3 f3

Percentile:

P10= 17.5 + (0.10(50)-3) 3

3
P10 = 17.5 + (5-3) 3 = 17.5+2= 19.5
3

P75= 35.5 + (37.5-35) 3

3
P75= 35.5 + (2.5) 3 = 35.5 + 1.88 = 38.38
3

Decile:
D2= 23.5 + (2(50)/10-9) 3
8
D2= 23.5 + 0.375 = 23.88

D6=26.5 + (6(50)/10-17) 3
13
D6= 26.5 + (30-17) 3
13
D6= 26.5 + 3 = 29.5

Quartile, Percentile, Decile of Ungrouped Data

Formula

Quartile:
Qi= (N+1) i
4

Decile:
Di= (N+1) i
10

Percetile:
Pi= (N+1) i
100

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Q1= (N+1) i = (11+1) 1 = 12/4= 3

4 4

D8=(N+1) i = (11+1) 8 = 96/10= 9.6

10 10

P45= (N+1) i = (11+1) 45 = 540/100= 5.4

100 100