Mixture problems Asa further application of linear (order diff. eqns.-we cowsider a tank wutatning a solution - a mixture of solute and solvent - such an salt dissolved in water, There is both inflow aud outflow, aud we want to compute the amount qe) of solute m the tank at time t given the amount 4lol= 9, at time t= 0, Suppore that solution with a concentration of Cz grams of Solute per liter of solution flows ito te tank at the constant cate of Ff, liters ber second , aud that the solehon in the fanw- Kept mixed by stirring~ flows out at He constant rate of r Ihers per second. Oo} Input: f; liters/second (input rate) v Cz grams /liters amount qct) LF vlome vt) couceattation p(t) = UE) i) Solution ] Output = % liters /second (oulput rate) c, grams /Iiters To set up a differential equation for q(t) we must estimate the change Aq in g during te time interval [t, e+ de]. The amount of solute that flows tuto the tak during At seconds ‘s ez at graus (1)To check this note how the caucellations of clutustons \ \ tones place (" Inters ) (: grows ) (At seconds) \ Second, liters oud yields corectly a quaulity miaoured in graus. The awount of solute tat flows ont of He tank during He Sau time interval depends ou the concentration ¢,(t) of Solute ww the solution at time ¢, where Coed = Gl Vik) thew the variation of He quant ty ef solute im the fru interval At will be Ag = (grams inpat)~ (grams output) = 6, At- bce) Ot Dividing by At we obfacn Ps Fe ej- cole) = hee-% We t Vie) | S Finally, we faxe the linwt ar Ato Supposing Heat all functions of time tvolved are coutinuown aud Hat 9(t) 15 oefferentiable , Thus, we obtain He differential equation @)To conclude uotice Hat if Vv, = Vlo) Hou Vit)< Vi + (ent aud He previous fl. eq. become dd. Vic; -_te (4) ° roone whic is clearly, a Morcer linear equation. Exauple: (Gelogreal hazard 3) a lake in Jamaica contains 10 “gallons of water and an unknown amount of chemical , Water coutaining a.o1 grau- of chemical per gallon flows into the lave at the rate 300 gal /minute , The mixture flows ort at te same rate. | Derive a deffereutial equah ou for fag quam tity of chemical tu Hee laxe. 2, How much chemical is preset mw He lane after @ very long Hime (b> 00) ? Does this limiting amoumt depeud ov the auount prerat tnt tally ) @)Sol:!)Clearly, this problem cou be reduced to a mixture \ probleuw. tu He preseut case : "= 300 aly ranean \ ' 6 Crs 0.01 Yoout Woe) V, (rj -te Ve = Vo =10 gal Banca teeth Hene, te ODE deseribing tre amount of cheueal iu the lane at au arbitrary fue € is d4 = 300- a0! ~ 300 g dé iad that is d1-3-3-10"q 0) dé 2) Let q, denotes the amount of chemical in Ha lane at the intial time tzo, To solve C1) we could divde () by 3-3:164q (provided that 3- 3-107 £0) and Hrs multiply by dt. This yields dys ge (2) 3-3-10"4 ‘hus, we oblained au expression where the feft haud side depends ou q only ,whereas the right haud side depouds ouly ot, Heuce, we con iwte grate (2) and get df. (dt —L In [3-340] = tec Jag J i 3104 ‘dst (4)> In [3-516%q| = -3-10" (Ee C) \ > 4 exponenhating both sides \ ee 3-104 eo *(tec) Sine the right hand side is always positive we con get cid of the modulus on He left hand side, Hex, -3 t - 3-3-10"q = griteerey , 5 grater) | 316% > qs 10". if a” (eee) (A) 3 To fix c we have to eurploy the initial wndetion qo) =4, This gives 7 4 630" c 4 s10€ q:! 1o'- mp é sme. o'- 4, aud ‘ (t) = io" cae ‘ 10, ere © qo ' 5 -310%t = 10% eo". 4,) The solution to our problem reads -3-10't q(t) = (0'- (i 7) e The quality of chemical iu the lawe after a am, loug tima 1 qe = lin “ q(el = (0 (to alin “210g = 10 kg Oo (5)2. First order differential equations The most general form of a I order diff. eq. is JY. fy) (2) dx ' where f must be a coutinvous function. Notice that (I) can ~ be a linear or nonlinear dc ff. equation, 2.1 Separable differential equations Def: (I) is a separable dcff. equation if fixy) cau be writen an the product of a function depending ou x only wit, a funchou depending on yorly, Heat cs foy= hogy) TE (x) is separable , then Nohw9y) dx for avy) 40 we cau divide (i) by gty) aud multiply by dx , thus oblaimugy dY 2 dx ay Once this is done, all that is heeded to sdve He equation is fo integrate both sides, /e. dY = [dx 9)Example |: Solve the fvP Y= x1 a) eo) =I dx ay mA Sol: Notice Heat te above eq. 15 now linear. Su the present car. 2 foxy) = xt horde xen aye} 2y ; 14 ’ In order Heat F(x) is continuous we must require Yto, Math plying (a) by aydx we get 2ydy = (x1) dx > 2 frdy = forsnda Se DY =X, exec y % x > Yu)=t Pzexec general solution Since He mitral coudvtion yco) =1 iuplits Heat yio)>o we have to disregard a solution will the minus sigue in front of He Square root, Hene we have l=ycoye+ % tore => Ve = > Celt The solution of Hee given Ive is Yays Pree Notice that for xx0 > xp ek 12d 4 aud hme , yx) 40 Vxro, (8)Exauple 2: Solve the eq. Soli: Mobice Heat the above eq. is nonlinear. Itere, foxy) =~ xcosx h(x)=-xeosx, g(t Siny amy Furthermore , Ley) will be continuous if Sinyto > yt Grr, keZ Multiplying (iv) by siny dx we fiud Siny dy = ~ x cosx dx Sategcating both sides, Haat is Soiny dy = - fx wosx dx we get woing tutegration by parts ~ Cosy = ~ fx dsinx dx <- [x stux = fstien a] dx =- (xstnx + COSK + ¢) Hew a, ~ wasy =~ (xsiux tos te) > Cosy = KSiux teosK +e YO = arcos (xsiux + cosx+ c) Moreover, we have to require Heat y(n) ¢ vw ¥ kt ¢ arcos (« SiUx + COdK te)> Xsiuxt cox ec ¢@e-y* (4)Exawple 3: Solve the initial value problew aY x (e%s2) (v) dx Gy? Yeo) =I Sol: Here, t : = x (eX x(& fexy) = x oa » heewd= x(C 42), gay) og Clearly, f(xy) continuous whenever y $0. Multi plying (vy) by by’ dx we hove by'dy 5 x (eh +2) de Tutegrating bolt sides yields foray = fe (e%+2) dx > ay e ae The coustaut c will be fixed by Hee coudstion yco) =f = 3 ° 2 yo) = > 2 > Cz Y Agios »>2 bic dc % Hee, 3 3) eee Je Cexies = x + >yY= TO GENES DY tH af xt 243 D> Yor = fy yt Notice Heat Yex} cau usver be zero. (10)