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Functions

This document discusses mappings and functions in mathematics. It defines a mapping as a rule that relates elements from one set to another set. A function is a special type of mapping where each input is mapped to exactly one output. The document explains one-to-one, onto, and bijective functions. It also covers function notation, evaluating functions, and properties of functions.

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yankhochataika04
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26 views

Functions

This document discusses mappings and functions in mathematics. It defines a mapping as a rule that relates elements from one set to another set. A function is a special type of mapping where each input is mapped to exactly one output. The document explains one-to-one, onto, and bijective functions. It also covers function notation, evaluating functions, and properties of functions.

Uploaded by

yankhochataika04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHEMATICS: Mappings and Functions

A. Musopole

College of Medicine
[email protected]

August 25, 2019

A. Musopole (CoM) Functions August 25, 2019 1 / 15


Overview

1 Introduction One-to-one Correspondence


4 Notation
2 Mapping 5 Evaluating the Value of a
3 Function Function
One-to-one Function 6 Codomain and Range
Onto Function 7 Properties of Functions

A. Musopole (CoM) Functions August 25, 2019 2 / 15


Introduction

At a hospital you are responsible for the dispensary. Every month you
have to purchase at least one unit of a particular medicine but the
number must not exceed 5. The cost, in Malawi Kwacha, of a unit of
that medicine is 20. Thus if you purchase 1 unit, two units, three
units, four units, or five units the cost will be 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100
respectively.
In this case we have two sets {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and {20, 40, 60, 80, 100}.
When you want to obtain the cost of purchasing some units of the
medicine, you will have to use the number of units as the input, and
obtain the cost, which will be the output in this case. Thus the input
set is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, while {20, 40, 60, 80, 100} is the output set.
We are relating the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} to the set {20, 40, 60, 80, 100}.
We have
1→20, 2→40, 3→60, 4→80, and 5→100.

A. Musopole (CoM) Functions August 25, 2019 3 / 15


Mapping
A mapping (relation) is a rule that relates one set of items to another
set of items. In the example we have considered in the introduction,
we have the mapping of the number of units to their respective costs.
Units (domain) Cost (codomain)

1 20

2 40

3 60

4 80

5 100

Figure: Mapping from number of units to costs.


A. Musopole (CoM) Functions August 25, 2019 4 / 15
Mapping...

The set of all inputs for a mapping is called the domain and the set
of all ouputs is called the codomain. In the example we have
considered the domain is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, while the codomain is
{20, 40, 60, 80, 100}.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure: More examples of mappings.

A. Musopole (CoM) Functions August 25, 2019 5 / 15


Function

A function is a rule (mapping) that assigns to each element of the


domain exactly one element in the codomain.
Every value of the domain is allowed exactly one value of the
codomain.
A mapping (relation) is a function only when for every element in the
domain there is exactly one element in the codomain.
(The elements of the codomain that are mapped to are sometimes
referred to as images, while the elemets of the domain mapping to the
elements of the codomain are sometimes referred to as pre-images.)

A. Musopole (CoM) Functions August 25, 2019 6 / 15


Function...
Consider the mappings below.

(b) is not a function because a in the domain is mapped to more than


one element of the codomain.
(c) is not a function because one of the elements in the domain, b, is
not mapped to any element of the codomain.
(a) and (d) are functions because each element of the domain is
mapped to exactly one element of the codomain.
A. Musopole (CoM) Functions August 25, 2019 7 / 15
One-to-one Function (Injection)

A function is injective (one-to-one) if every element of the codomain


is mapped to by at most (less than or equal to) one element of the
domain.
Note that not every element of the codomain may be mapped to by
an element of the domain.
Consider the examples below.

(a) Not injective (b) Injective (c) Not injective (d) Injective

Figure: Examples.

A. Musopole (CoM) Functions August 25, 2019 8 / 15


Onto Function (Surjection)

A function is surjective (onto) if every element of the codomain is


mapped to by at least (greater than or equal to) one element of the
domain.
Note that every element of the codomain has to be mapped to by
element(s) of the domain in this case.
Consider the examples below.

(a) Not surjective (b) Not surjective (c) Surjective (d) Surjective

Figure: Examples.

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One-to-one Correspondence (Bijection)

A function is bijective if every element of the codomain is mapped to


by exactly one element of the domain.
A bijective function is both injective and surjective.
Consider the examples below.

(a) Not bijective (b) Not bijective (c) Not bijective (d) Bijective

Figure: Examples.

A. Musopole (CoM) Functions August 25, 2019 10 / 15


Notation

Reconsider the example in introduction of this topic. Suppose x is the


arbitrary number of units of the medicine purchased. Let y be the
cost of those x units. The cost is given by y = 20x. In this case 2x is
our machine that will be changing x values into y values.
Let y = f (x). Thus we have f (x) = 20x. With the same
interpretation, f is our machine that will be changing x values to y
values. In this case x is the input and f (x) is the output.

We call the machine f that changes x values into outputs, the y


values, a function. Note that any letters and symbols can be used for
both the function and input values.
A. Musopole (CoM) Functions August 25, 2019 11 / 15
Notation...
Remember that every input must be associated with exactly one
output when we are talking of a function.

Let f be a function from X to Y . We write f : X →Y . Let S ⊆ X .


Then the image (output) of S is the subset of Y that consists of
images of s, f (S) = {f (s) : s∈S}.

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Evaluating the Value of a Function
We have said that a function is a machine. Given an input, if we want to
find the value of the function, we simply need to feed in the input into the
machine (function). We will substitute the given value of the input into
our function.

Example: Consider the function f (x) = 3x 2 − 2x. Let us find the


value of this function when x = 2.

For x = 2 we have

f (2) = 3(2)2 − 2(2) = 12 − 4 = 8.

Thus f (2) = 8 in this case.

Try to evaluate f (−2), f (−1), f (0) and f (4).

A. Musopole (CoM) Functions August 25, 2019 13 / 15


Codomain and Range

The codomain and range are both on the output side, but they are, to
some extent, different.
The codomain is the set of values that could possibly come out (some
may not come out/ may not be mapped to). While the range is the
set of values that actually do come out (the images).

A. Musopole (CoM) Functions August 25, 2019 14 / 15


Properties of Functions
Suppose both f and g are functions of X . Then
f (x)±g (x) = (f ±g )(x)
f (x)g (x) = (fg )(x)
f (x)/g (x) = (f /g )(x) given that g (x)6=0

1. For each function below, determine the domain and the range.
(a) f (y ) = 2y − 10
2
(b) g (x) = x 2+6
(c) h(z) = 2|z| where z∈Z
2. For each case below, determine input values that will make it a
function.
(a) v (x) = x1 + 20
3
(b) f (y ) = 2y −10
3
(c) h(x) = x + 20

A. Musopole (CoM) Functions August 25, 2019 15 / 15

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