ECE 018: REVIEWER This applies to students of all ages, from preschool to

post-graduate learners.
LESSON 1: ROLES OF A TEACHER, PRINCIPAL, AND SCHOOL ● But teachers shouldn’t limit themselves to just being
HEAD classroom instructors in the school setting, just as
learners aren’t just blank minds waiting for instruction.
The 7 Roles of a Teacher Instead, a teacher’s responsibility is to contribute to
● The primary role of a teacher hasn’t changed over time. shaping the lives of their students and bringing the
Teachers still guide learners toward new information. But school curriculum to life. The right teachers can
if you think of teaching as a profession more than a trade, profoundly affect their students’ lives and vocation
you’ll begin to appreciate the complexity of a teacher’s choices as they grow up.
job.
● Today, a teacher’s responsibility goes beyond expecting The primary roles of a teacher are:
students to follow as they lead, a strategy that’s been 1. Providing mentorship
used for centuries. Now, teachers are expected to offer There’s a direct connection between a caring and knowledgeable
rich, unique and tailored learning experiences to their teacher and a secure and motivated learner. Students need to
students. know that teachers care about how they learn and the things that
● Learning is no longer confined to the classroom setting. It help or hinder the learning process.
takes place at home, in the community and in the digital Teachers must strive to learn the defining characteristics of every
and physical world at large. Sources of information are no student, including their social, economic and cultural background,
longer just books and conventional teaching materials; specific learning styles, needs, abilities, aptitudes and interests.
information is scattered everywhere. It’s now the teacher’s job to nurture and counsel learners and help
Why is the teaching profession different today? them make sense of their intellectual, emotional and social
● Previously, the school structure considered learners to be needs. Creating a grounded and emotionally mature learner
consumers of facts. In this learning model, teachers supports academic achievements, allowing them to make better
dispensed information and maintained discipline. They decisions and collect and assimilate knowledge.
were paid to keep children within the same age bracket 2. Inspiring learners
attentive and receptive to the standard curriculum, which Teachers should be prepared to intervene at any point to help
included lessons and tests. students learn. Instead of thinking of teachers as educators of
● This model didn’t allow teachers to have any say in what specific subjects, such as science, language or math, you want
they taught or how they taught it. All learners had to be them to be creative and nurture a love of learning in their
instructed the same way, and failure to learn wasn’t the students.
teacher’s responsibility. Schools strictly enforced To achieve this goal, teachers should be able to leverage different
adherence to the established teaching methods, and methods of instruction that support students’ learning styles and
regulators prohibited deviation from standard practices. aptitudes. For example, they should encourage learners to take an
● This model also portrayed students as blank canvases active role in their education. You can find educators who
and teachers only evaluated progress according to the embrace nontraditional ways of teaching by asking the right
expectations of the standardized curriculum. Creative questions during an interview and paying attention to the
thinking was discouraged and all students were forced to answers.
learn in the same way. 3. Nurturing healthy curiosity in learners
● Today, school administrators have begun to embrace The best teachers have mastered the art of nurturing healthy
the unique learning abilities of all students in their care. curiosity in their students. You should look for candidates who
Administrators now appreciate that children are meant to create participatory lesson plans that encompass a wide range of
be active knowledge creators and not just passive activities to support different learning styles. The teacher should
consumers. Schools should be conduits for lifelong consider themselves as a facilitator, guide and co-learner in the
education, improving learners’ abilities to create and education process.
absorb lessons from the world. It’s the teacher’s responsibility to encourage students to take
● These changes in the education model have been charge of their learning journey. This happens when they engage,
catalyzed by the massive strides in information rather than suppress, students’ natural curiosity. Look for
technology and knowledge access, primarily through the candidates who can draw parallels between learning goals and
Internet. As a result, parents and society now demand lifetime value and design assessments that measure real
more wholesome learning models, forcing schools accomplishments, rather than the ability to memorize subject
across the country to restructure teaching methods. matter.
What is the role of a teacher? 4. Creating meaningful learning experiences
● The major role of a teacher is to support learners in their Students will be more cooperative if they have some say in the
quest for new knowledge on a specified set of subjects. form and content of their curriculum. Teachers can guide
students to create learning plans to achieve their goals. They can
also help students decide how to demonstrate what they’ve time mentoring new teachers to prepare them for the complexity
learned. of today’s learning environment.
Consider avoiding hiring teachers who think of themselves as
say-all and be-all instructors. You need teaching staff who can The 21st-century teacher
design engaging learning opportunities through various media. ● Although many schools still run the conventional
It’s the teacher’s job to curate and build meaningful experiences classroom setup, understanding technology and
that allow students to solve everyday challenges in the real world. psychology has become necessary in the teaching
These experiences lend significance to the theoretical ideas profession. Academic instruction is just the beginning of
learned in class. They also offer opportunities to nurture skills 21st-century teachers’ responsibilities.
and mental and physical habits to help students achieve the ● As the role of a teacher evolves, school structure is also
stipulated educational goals. changing rapidly. Differentiating the roles of a teacher is
As a result, students no longer need to memorize abstract an effective strategy to bring greater functionality to this
information from outdated textbooks. Now, they can apply the profession.
knowledge they’ve gained to real-world challenges and actively ● As an employer, it’s important to create a varied pool of
participate in spreading that knowledge to other learners. teachers with differentiated job descriptions and to
5. Leveraging technology to support learning stagger levels of responsibility according to their
New technology has changed every aspect of life, and education qualifications and experience. The future lies with school
needs to reflect this to prepare students for the world outside administrators and policymakers who understand the
school. The old method of teaching was necessary because significance of a professional and differentiated pool of
information was scarce. Teachers immersed themselves in the teachers in schools.
material to instruct a large group simultaneously.
Now, there’s a surplus of information from many sources. Modern Becoming a Principal: Daily Duties and How To Become One
teaching goals should be about helping students parse ● A school principal plays a significant role in shaping the
information, think critically, solve problems, query information vision and facilitating the success of a school and its
sources and make educated decisions. student and faculty population. Here, you can learn more
As a result of these changes, teachers can spend more time about the job responsibilities of a school principal, as well
working in small groups or one-on-one with students to achieve as how to become a principal of a school, public or
these goals. Training can also help teachers understand how to private.
use technology and devices to teach children. ● In This Article:
6. Mediating and liaising What Is a School Principal?
Teachers often have to liaise and mediate among the various Where Does a School Principal Work?
stakeholders in the education landscape. For example, students What Do Principals Do?
may ask teachers to help them relay critical information to their Reasons for Becoming a School Principal
parents or vice versa. How To Become a Principal of a School
Similarly, teachers can offer valuable insights when school boards What Is a School Principal?
and parents don’t agree on school policies or strategic decisions. A school principal leads the whole school community, including
Working directly with both the administrators and parents, they’re students, teachers, staff, parents and community partners. They
well-placed to act as mediators and represent learners’ best are the liaison between the school and the district leadership.
interests. In class, teachers can step in to resolve conflicts School principals manage the administration of all work related to
between students or act in cases where school regulations have students, teachers and staff.
been violated. School principals are often former classroom teachers who have
It’s important to ask about each candidate’s position on critical decided to advance their careers by taking on this leadership
school policies before hiring them. Asking about how they would position. They may have worked their way up from classroom
handle various situations gives you some insight into their ability teacher to curriculum specialist to assistant or vice principal.
to mediate and liaise on the job. The role of the school principal cannot be overstated. They are at
7. Researching learning strategies the center of all progress made by a school. In fact, a survey cited
Teachers must take time to keep informed about changes that by the Wallace Foundation found that principal leadership was
affect learning or education. The world is changing at a fast pace, considered the most pressing matter of public school education,
and no teacher should be complacent about what they know, even behind the quality of teachers.
in the subjects of their specialization. The overwhelming amount The major responsibilities of a school principal vary depending on
of information on all subjects escalates the pace of research and where the school is located, how many students it serves and
discovery. what kind of funding it receives from the state and federal
Teachers shouldn’t be caught off-guard, teaching outdated governments. Most of a school principal’s duties can be summed
principles that the world has moved on from. Research can help up in the following titles:
teachers appreciate the different learning dynamics in the modern
school environment. Armed with these insights, they can spend
Leader: Principals are school leaders. They set academic goals School principals arrange for learning opportunities for
and guide curriculum development. Principals evaluate teachers teachers, such as professional development, training and
and other staff on campus. conference attendance. They also arrange opportunities
Administrator: Principals are charged with overseeing school for students, such as inviting guest speakers, and
budgets. They also ensure compliance with district, state and arranging assemblies and pep rallies.
federal regulations and policies. A school principal oversees School principals lead and attend evening programs like
safety and security at the school level and manages the school’s science fairs or sports events. They also make
overall operations. connections within the community that foster academic
Advocate: School principals advocate for their students. They success, such as facilitating tutoring programs,
assist teachers in making the best decisions to meet student apprenticeships and service-learning opportunities.
needs, and work with parents to create student success plans.
Principals also help manage relationships between students and ● Strategic Planning - All strategic planning activities at a
staff. school are led and approved by the principal. This
Representative: Principals represent and advocate for their includes planning the academic calendar for the
schools at the district level by sharing successes and requesting following year, and approving new programs and
the resources students and teachers need. Principals also work curricular resources. Principals also lead human
with the community at school board meetings and act as the face resources processes, such as teacher hiring.
of the school to the public. Student recruitment, admission and retention also fall
under a principal’s responsibilities. They may work with
Where Does a School Principal Work? the district on these efforts, but the principal is
School principals work in every type of school. Public and private responsible for reporting on actual numbers and data and
schools have principals, as do charter schools and magnet yearly growth. Principals must also stay current on
schools. district, state and federally mandated laws that impact
Not all school leaders will be called a principal. Instead they may their schools.
be called a head teacher or head of school. These leaders still In addition to academic strategic planning, a principal
perform the same general role as a school principal. oversees all aspects of running the school building and
You can find school principals leading: all programs within it. They oversee the cafeteria
● Preschools managers, who order and serve food; work with
● Elementary schools maintenance technicians to service the building
● Middle schools infrastructure; ensure monitors are available to supervise
● High schools students during lunch and recess; and coordinate
The responsibilities of a principal will vary from school to school volunteer programs to engage parents and the
depending on several factors such as school location, population community.
size, demographics of the community, budget and teacher
population. In some schools, principals may work primarily from ● Building Community - Schools do not exist without the
their office, where they will have an administrative assistant and support of outside entities. A school principal must be an
multiple vice or assistant principals working with them. In other active and engaged member of all stakeholder groups
schools, principals may teach classes or run clubs or special that support the school. They must attend PTA and
projects. school board meetings to ask and answer questions that
What Do Principals Do? are important for the school community.
The job of a school principal can be hectic. Principals are in They must communicate with parents on a regular basis
charge of overseeing every aspect of a school, from teacher about how to best support student success and to be
evaluations to student achievement, and from yearly budgets to transparent about what is happening at school. Principals
community engagement. The amount of responsibility is high but must also stay connected with other school leaders in
a diligent school principal will know how to prioritize and delegate order to create successful district outcomes.
tasks. Some schools partner with educational companies that
As heads of school, principals play key roles in the following support resource or technology implementation. A school
areas: principal must be the liaison between these companies
● Academic Leadership - School principals oversee all and the staff and students.
aspects of academics within the school. They hire, ● Supporting All Students - School principals should know
mentor and evaluate teachers. They conduct classroom the students that attend their schools. They should
observations to assess teachers and to evaluate develop programs that support all types of learners, from
students. They make decisions related to the curriculum, students who need special services to English language
such as leading textbook adoptions or deciding on new learners to students who need advanced academic
instructional programs or techniques. opportunities.
 Principals should expect to be involved in students’ lives, classroom. With enthusiasm, they will gladly talk about
especially when they might come from unstable family the school’s accomplishments with anyone who will
situations or homes without a lot of parental involvement. listen.
Principals have a duty to ensure that safety and academic Motivational
success are accessible to all students. ● An effective leader helps other leaders grow. A school
● Financial Stewardship - The school principal oversees principal should spend time mentoring and guiding
maintaining the school’s budget. They must understand teachers into leadership roles. They should set the vision
expenditures and find ways to secure funding for any for the school and help all students and teachers work
needs that go beyond the approved budget. This means together to reach common goals.
that principals, especially those of private and Flexible
independent schools, must consider payroll and benefits ● With so much going on at a school, a principal must be
costs every year. They want to pay their teachers and willing to adapt as needed. They should keep tabs on the
staff fairly, so they must find other places in the budget to needs of students and staff and be willing to pivot to
make cuts when necessary. support their stakeholders. An effective school principal
will stay current with educational research and will try
Traits of Effective School Principals new techniques to tackle old problems.
To fulfill all of the job roles listed above, school principals have to A Headteacher, or Headmaster creates a positive and appropriate
be highly dedicated people with traits that make them well-suited learning environment through the management of a school. Their
to a career in school leadership. To make an impact as the head duties include helping deliver the highest standard of education to
of a school, principals must demonstrate the following the students, supporting Teachers and staff and ensuring an
characteristics. overall safe and successful school environment.
Leadership
● Principals must be visible leaders at a school. They LESSON 2: Difference and similarities of Management and
should have frequent interactions with students, parents, Administration
teachers and staff. They should arrange and participate Difference and similarities of Management and Administration
in school events. School principals must be willing to ● Management involves guiding, directing, and leading
make difficult decisions to lead the school toward its employees toward achieving organizational goals.
vision of success. Administration involves establishing policies, rules, and
Communication regulations that guide the actions of employees and
● Great leaders must also be great communicators. Not ensure organizational efficiency.
only should school principals be able to share their ideas
about the school, but they should listen actively to all On the basis of functions
stakeholders. They must be present in their PROCESS
conversations despite being responsible for so many MANAGEMENT
things. ● decides who should what and how should he should do it
Innovation ADMINISTRATION
● Leading a school requires a great deal of ● decides what is to be done and when it is to be done
problem-solving. School principals should be able to use
creative thinking to fix long-term problems. SKILLS
Trustworthiness MANAGEMENT
● School principals know personal information about ● Technical and Human Skills
students, parents, teachers and staff members. They ADMINISTRATION
must be able to keep information confidential when ● Conceptual and Human skills
necessary.
● In addition, school principals should also be LEVEL
approachable. Students and teachers want to see the MANAGEMENT
school leader as someone they can go to with concerns. ● middle and lower level function
Fairness ADMINISTRATION
● School principals should be focused on fairness, and on ● Top level function
setting policies that respect and empower students and
teachers. This includes ensuring fair discipline policies
and being consistent with consequences.
Enthusiasm
● A school principal empowers others by encouraging them
to be successful. The principal should celebrate student
achievements and honor the work teachers do in the
On the basis of usage

APPLICABILITY
MANAGEMENT
● It is applicable to business firms
ADMINISTRATION
● It is applicable to non-business firms

INFLUENCE
MANAGEMENT
● The decisions are influenced by the values, beliefs and
decisions of the managers.
ADMINISTRATION
● It is influenced by public opinion, government policies,
customs etc.

STATUS
MANAGEMENT
● Constitutes the employees of the organization who are
paid
ADMINISTRATION
● Represents owners of the enterprise who earn profits in
the form of dividend.

Similarities between management and administration

● Management is a subset of administration. They are not
separate.
● Both are concerned with achievement of organizational
goals.
● Both Managers and administrators perform at different
levels all management functions. (planning, organizing,
directing, controlling and staffing)
● They both originate from theories of Organizational and
Business Management Administration.
● They both applied fields, so we can define them in the
definitions used in business administration and
management.

Why Educational planning, administration and management

important?
● Setting Clear Goals and Direction: Educational planning
and management help establish a clear vision, mission,
and goals for educational institutions. By defining these
objectives, educators and administrators can align their
efforts and work towards a shared purpose.