Exercise: Mathematical Induction, Sequence, and Series (Solution)

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
1. Use mathematical induction to prove that 12 + 22 + 32 + · · · + n2 =
6
is true for all n is positive integers.
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
Solution Let P (n) : 12 + 22 + 32 + · · · + n2 = Where n is a positive
6
integers.
(1) Since
(1)(1 + 1)(2(1) + 1) (1)(2)(3)
= = 12
6 6
(1)(1 + 1)(2(1) + 1)
Therefore P (1) is 12 = is ture
6
(2) Let k is positive integer, If P (k) is ture, then

k(k + 1)(2k + 1)
12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + · · · + k 2 = (1)
6

We show that P (k + 1) is ture, then

(k + 1)(k + 2)(2k + 3)
12 + 22 + 32 + · · · + k 2 + (k + 1)2 =
6

By addition (k + 1)2 substitute equation (1)

k(k + 1)(2k + 1)
12 + 22 + 32 + · · · + k 2 + (k + 1)2 = + (k + 1)2
6
2k 3 + 3k 2 + k + 6(k 2 + 2k + 1)
=
6
2k 3 + 3k 2 + k + 6k 2 + 12k + 6
=
6
3 2
2k + 9k + 13k + 6
=
6
(k + 1)(k + 2)(2k + 3)
=
6

Therfore P (k + 1) is ture
By Mathematical Induction, P (n) is ture for all n is a positive integers.

page 1
2. Determine if the following sequences converge or diverge. If it converges, find its limit.
( !n )
2n + 3
2.1
2n − 5

 2x + 3 x  2x + 3 
Solution Let K = we get ln K = x ln
2x − 5 2x − 5
Consider
 2x + 3 
lim ln K = lim x ln
 2x − 5
x→∞ x→∞
2x+3
ln 2x−5
ln lim K = lim 1
x→∞ x→∞
x

 
2x+3
ln 2x−5 0
Since x→∞
lim 1 in the form using L’ Hopital’s rule
x
0
   
2x+3 d 2x+3
ln 2x−5 dx
ln 2x−5
lim 1 = lim  
x→∞ x→∞ d 1
x dx x
 
2x−5 (2x−5)(2)−(2x+3)(2)
2x+3 (2x+5)2
= lim
x→∞ − x12
2x − 5  4x − 10 − 4x − 6 
= lim (−x2 )
x→∞ 2x + 3 (2x − 5)2
16x2
= lim
x→∞ (2x + 3)(2x − 5)

16x2
= lim
x→∞ 4x2 − 4x − 15

=4

So x→∞
lim K = e4
 2x + 3 x
We get x→∞
lim = e4
2x − 5
( !n )
2n + 3
Therefore, converges to e4
2n − 5

page 2
 n o
2.2 ln(n) − ln(n + 1)

Solution

Since an = ln(n) − ln(n + 1)

 x 
Let f (x) = ln
x+1
 x 
Then lim f (x) = lim ln
x→∞ x→∞ x+1
 x 
= ln lim
x→∞ x + 1

= ln 1

=0
n o
Therefore, ln(n) − ln(n + 1) converges to 0
( !)
n2 1
2.3 sin
2n − 1 n

Solution
n2 1
Since an = sin
2n − 1 n
x2 1
Let f (x) = sin
2x − 1 x
x2 1
Then lim f (x) = lim
x→∞ 2x − 1
sin
x→∞ x
 !
x 2  1  x sin 1
x
We get lim
x→∞ 2x − 1
sin = lim
x→∞ 2x − 1 1
x x
 !
1
x sin x
= lim · lim
x→∞ 2x − 1 x→∞ 1
x
 !
1
sin x
Consider lim
x→∞ 1 =1
x
x2  1  1
Thus lim
x→∞ 2x − 1
sin = (1)
x 2
1
=
2
( !)
n2 1 1
Therefore, sin Converges to
2n − 1 n 2

page 3
3. Consider the following sequences. Are they monotone? bounded? if the following se-
quences are monotone, check that it increasing,or decreasing ?
( )
1
3.1
2n

Solution
1 1
Consider an+1 − an = −
2n+1 2n
1 1
= − n
(2 · 2 ) 2
n

1−2
=
2 · 2n
1
= − n+1 < 0
2
Then an+1 − an < 0

an+1 < an

( )
1
So, is monotonic, and decreasing.
2n
( )
1 1 1 1 1
The squence = , , ,··· , n,··· is bounded above by every real
2n 2 4 8 2
1
number greater then or equal to . The squence is also bounded below by every number
2
less then or equal to 0, which is its greatest lower bound.
( )
1
Therfore, is bounded.
2n

page 4
 ( )
2n+1
3.2
n+2

Solution
2n+2
an+1
Consider = n+3
2n+1
an n+2
n+2
2 n+2
= · n+1
n+3 2
2n · 22 · (n + 2)
=
(n + 3) · 2n · 2
2(n + 2)
=
n+3
2n + 4
= >1
n+3
an+1
Then >0
an
an+1 > an

( )
2n+1
So, is monotonic, and increasing.
n+2
( )
2n+1 4 16
The squence = , 2, , · · · is bounded above by every real number
n+2 3 5
4
greater then or equal to . The squence is also unbounded below.
3
( )
2n+1
Therfore, is unbounded.
n+2

page 5
 ( )
3.3 2ne−2n

Solution

Since an = 2ne−2n for all n is positive integers.

Let f (x) = 2xe−2x for all x ∈ [1, ∞)

We get f ′ (x) = −4xe−2x + 2e−2x

= (−4x + 1)e−2x
−4x + 1
= <0 for all x ∈ [1, ∞)
e2x
( )
So, 2ne −2n
is monotonic, and decreasing.
( )
2 4 6
The squence 2ne−2n = , , ··· is bounded above by every real num-
e2 e4 e6
2
ber greater then or equal to 2 . The squence is also bounded below by every number
e
less then or equal to 0, which is its greatest lower bound.
( )
Therfore, 2ne−2n is bounded.

page 6
4. Determine if the following Infinite series converge or diverge.
!
X
∞
1 1
4.1 Telescoping Series : −
n=1
ln(n + 2) ln(n + 1)
(Hint: Use partial fractions)
Solution
! ! !
1 1 1 1 1 1
Let Sn = − + − + − + ···
ln 3 ln 2 ln 4 ln 3 ln 5 ln 4
!
1 1
+ −
ln(n − 1 + 2) ln(n − 1 + 1)
!
1 1
+ −
ln(n + 2) ln(n + 1)
1 1
=− −
ln 2 ln(n + 2)
1 1
Let f (x) = − −
ln 2 ln(x + 2)
!
1 1
Consider lim f (x) = lim − −
x→∞ x→∞ ln 2 ln(x + 2)
1
=−
ln 2

1
Therefore, The series is Telescoping Series, and convergent to −
ln 2

page 7
 X
∞
3n−1 − 1
4.2 Geometric Series:
n=1
6n−1
(Hint: Write out the first few terms of the series to find a and r)
Solution
!
X
∞
3n−1 − 1 X
∞
3n−1 1
Consider = − n−1
6n−1 6 n−1 6
n=1 n=1
!
X∞  3 n−1  1 n−1
= −
n=1
6 6
∞ 
1 n−1
X ∞  
X 1 n−1
= −
n=1
2 n=1
6

We get,
∞  
X 1 n−1 1
is geometric series with a = 1 and r = <1
n=1
2 2
1
convergent to =2
1− 1
2
∞  
X 1 n−1 1
is geometric series with a = 1 and r = <1
n=1
6 6
1 6
convergent to =
1− 1
6
5

X
∞ ∞  
X ∞  
X
3n−1 − 1 1 n−1 1 n−1
Then = −
n=1
6n−1 n=1
2 n=1
6
6
=2−
5
4
=
5
X∞
3 n−1
−1 4
Hence, n−1
=
n=1
6 5

page 8
 ∞  
X e n
4.3 Geometric Series:
n=0
π
(Hint: Write out the first few terms of the series to find a and r)

Solution
∞  
X e n e  e 2
Consider =1+ + + ···
n=0
π π π
e 2.18
We get a=1 and
≈ <1 r=
π 3.14
X∞  
e n e
Thus, is geometric series with a = 1 and r = < 1
n=0
π π
a 1 π
and convergent to = =
1−r 1− e
π
π−e
X
∞
1
4.4 p-Series: 5
n=1 n4

Solution
X
∞ ∞  5
X
1 1 4
Consider 5 =
n=1 n4 n=1
n
5
This is p-series with p = >1
4
X
∞
1
Thus, 5 is converges.
n=1 n4

page 9
 X∞
n+1
4.5 p-Series: √
2 n
n=1
n
Solution
!
X∞
n+1 X
∞
1 1
Consider √ = √ + 2√
n2 n n=1 n n n n
n=1
!
X∞
1 1
= 3 + 5
n=1 n 2 n2
X∞
1 X∞
1
= 3 + 5
n=1 n n=1 n
2 2

We get,
X
∞
1 3
3 is p-series with p = > 1, then converges.
n=1 n 2 2
X∞
1 5
5 is p-series with p = > 1, then converges.
n=1 n 2 2

n+1
Let an = √
n2 n
n+1
= 1
n(2+ 2 )
n+2
= 5
n2 !
x+2 1 2
Thus lim
x→∞
5 = lim
x→∞
3 + 5
x2 x2 x2
=0

X∞
n+1
Therefore, √
2 n
converges.
n=1
n

page 10
 X
∞
1
4.6 (Using Integral Test)
n=1
n2 +1

Solution
1 1
Let an = 2
, f (x) =
Z Zn ∞+ 1 x2 +1
∞
1
Then f (x)dx = dx
1 1 x2 +1
∞
= tan−1 x
 1 
= lim tan−1 b − tan−1 1
b→∞
π π
= −
2 4
π
=
4

X
∞
1 π
Therefore, is convergent to .
n=1
n2 + 1 4

page 11
 X
∞
2
4.7 (Using Integral Test)
n=1
1 + en

Solution
2 2
Let an = n
, f (x) =
Z ∞ Z1 + e 1 + ex
∞
2
Then f (x)dx = dx
1 + ex
1
Z ∞
1
2 1
= · du
1+u u
Ze ∞ 
2 2 
= − du
e u 1+u
 b
= lim 2 ln u − ln |1 + u|
b→∞
e
 u b
= lim 2 ln
b→∞ 1+u e
" #
 b   e 
= lim 2 ln − 2 ln
b→∞ b+1 e+1
 e 
= 2 ln 1 − 2 ln
e+1
 e 
= −2 ln
e+1

X
∞
2  e 
Hence, is convergent to −2 ln .
n=1
1 + en e+1

page 12
 X
∞
ln n
4.8 (Using Comparison Test)
n=1
n3

Solution

Since ln n < n, n≥1

ln n n
3
< 3
n n
1
= 2
n
ln n 1
And an = 3 , bn =
n n2

We get, bn is p-series with p = 2 > 1 then, bn converges

ln n 1
Since an = 3
< 2 = bn
n n
X∞
ln n
By comparison then, converges.
n=
n3

page 13
 X
∞
2n + 5
4.9 (Using Ratio Test)
n=0
3n

Solution
2n + 5
Let an =
3n
n+1
2 +5
Then an+1 = n+1
3
an+1 2n+1 + 5 3n
Consider = ·
an 3n+1 2n + 5
!
1 2n+1 + 5
=
3 2n + 5
!
1 2 + 5 · 2−n
=
3 1 + 5 · 2−n
!
an+1 1 2 + 5 · 2−n
So, lim = lim
n→∞ 3 1 + 5 · 2−n
n→∞ an
!
1 2 + 5(0)
=
3 1 + 5(0)
!
1 2
=
3 1
2
= <1
3

2
The series converges because L = <1
3
2
This does not mean that is the sum of series. In fact,
3
X
∞ ∞  
X X∞
2n + 5 2 n 5
= +
n=0
3n n=0
3 n=0
3n
1 5
= +
1− 2
3
1− 1
3
21
=
2

X
∞
2n + 5 21
Therefore, is convergent to .
n=0
3n 2

page 14
5. Determine if the following alternating series converge or diverge?
X
∞
3n
5.1 (−1)n−1 ·
n=1
2n + 1

Solution
3n
Let an =
2n + 1
Consider lim an = 0
n→∞
or not
3n
Since lim an = lim
n→∞ n→∞ 2n + 1
3n
n
= lim
n→∞ 2n+ n1
n
3
= lim
n→∞ 2 + 1
n
3
=
2

We get, n→∞
lim an ̸= 0
X
∞
3n
Therefore, (−1)n−1 · diverge.
n=1
2n + 1
X
∞
(−1)n+1
5.2
n=1
n5n

1 1
Solution Let an = and an+1 =
n5n (n + 1)5(n+1)

Consider an+1 < an

1 1
Then < decreasing
(n + 1)5(n+1) n5n
And consider lim an = 0
n→∞
or not
1
Since lim an = lim
n→∞ n→∞ n5n

=0

X
∞
(−1)n+1
Therefore, converges.
n=1
n5n

page 15
 X∞
(−1)n
6. Determine if absolutely converge or conditionally converge or diverge.
n=1
n!7(−n)
(Using Ratio Test)
Solution
X∞
(−1)n X∞
(−1)n · 7n
Since =
n=1
n!7(−n) n=1
n!
X
∞
(−7)n
=
n=1
n!
n
(−7)
Let an =
n! !
an+1 7n+1 n!
Then lim = lim · n
n→∞ an n→∞ (n + 1)! 7
!
7 · 7n n!
= lim · n
n→∞ (n + 1)n! 7
7
= lim
n→∞ n+1
=0

X∞
(−1)n
Therefore, absolutely converge.
n=1
n!7(−n)

page 16
 X∞
(−1)n+1
7. Determine if absolutely converge or conditionally converge or diverge.
n=1
(3n + 5)2
(Using Comparison Test)

(−1)n+1 1
Solution Let an = and bn =
(3n + 5)2 n2

X
∞ X∞
(−1)n+1
Consider |an | =
n=1 n=1
(3n + 5)2
X
∞
1
=
n=1
(3n + 5)2
1
≤
n2
Since an ≤ b n
X
∞ X∞
1
And bn = is a convergent p − series as p = 2 < 1
n=1 n=1
n2

X
∞ X∞
(−1)n+1
So, |an | = converge
n=1 n=1
(3n + 5)2
X∞
(−1)n+1
Therefore, absolutely converge.
n=1
(3n + 5)2

page 17
 X∞
xn
8. Find the radius of convergence and the interval of convergence of the power series 2n
.
n=0
3

Solution
an+1 xn+1 32n
Consider lim = lim 2(n+1) · n
n→∞ an n→∞ 3 x
xn+1 32n
= lim (2n+2) · n
n→∞ 3 x
x
= lim 2
n→∞ 3
|x|
=
9
|x|
We get, converge to <1
9
|x| < 9

So, −9<x<9

Consider at
X∞
9n X∞
x = 9; = 1 diverges
n=0
32n n=0
X
∞
(−9)n X
∞
x = −9; = (−1)n diverges
n=0
32n n=0

X∞
xn
Therefore, the convergence interval of x where −9 < x < 9.
n=0
32n

page 18
 1
9. Find the Taylor polynomial of f (x) = about the given point x = 1.
x
Solution
1
Let f (x) = , f (1) = 1
x
1
Then f ′ (x) = − , f ′ (1) = −1
x2
2
f ′′ (x) = , f ′′ (1) = 2
x3
6
f (3) (x) = − 4 , f (3) (1) = −6
x
24
f (4) (x) = 5 , f (4) (1) = 24
x
120
f (5) (x) = − 6 , f (5) (1) = −120
x
.. ..
. .
(−1)n n! (−1)n n!
f (n) (x) = , f (n) (1) =
xn+1 1n+1
=(−1)n n!

Therefore, the Taylor polynomial of f about x = 1 is

1 ′′ 1 1
f (1) + f ′ (1)(x − 1) +
f (1)(x − 1)2 + f (3) (1)(x − 1)3 + f (4) (1)(x − 1)4
2! 3! 4!
1 (5) 1 (n)
+ f (1)(x − 1) + · · · + f (1)(x − 1)
5 n
5! n!
1 1 1
= 1 + (−1)(x − 1) + (2)(x − 1)2 + (−6)(x − 1)3 + (24)(x − 1)4
2! 3! 4!
1 1
+ (−120)(x − 1) + · · · + (−1) (n!)(x − 1)
5 n n
5! n!
= 1 − (x − 1) + (x − 1)2 − (x − 1)3 + (x − 1)4 − (x − 15 ) + · · · + (−1)n (x − 1)n

page 19
10. Find Maclaurin series of f (x) = ln(1 − x).
Solution

Let f (x) = ln(1 − x), f (0) = ln(1 − 0) = 0

1
Then f ′ (x) = −
1−x
= (−1)(1 − x)−1 , f ′ (0) = −1

f ′′ (x) = (−1)(−1)(1 − x)−2 (−1)

= (−1)(1 − x)−2 , f ′′ (0) = −1

f (3) (x) = (−1)(−2)(1 − x)−3 (−1), f (3) (0) = −2

f (4) (x) = (−1)(−2)(−3)(1 − x)−4 (−1)(−1), f (4) (0) = −3!

.. ..
. .
f (n) (x) = (−1)2n−1 (n − 1)!(1 − x)−n

= −(n − 1)!(1 − x)−n , f (n) (0) = −(n − 1)!

X
∞
f (n) (0) X
∞
−(n − 1)!
Therefore xn = xn
n=1
n! n=1
n!
X∞
xn
=−
n=1
n

page 20
 1
11. Find the power series of f (x) = √ .
4−x
Solution
1
Since f (x) = √
4−x
1
= 1
2(1 − x4 ) 2
1 x − 12
= 1−
2 4
X∞  
k n
And (1 + x)k = x
n=0
n
1 x
Then k=− , x=−
 2   4   
 1 − 1
− 3
− 5
· · · − 1
− n + 1
−2 2 2 2 2
=
n n!
 
(−1)n (1)(3)(5) · · · (2n − 1)
=
2n · n!
 
1 x − 21 1 X − 21  x n
∞
Therefore, 1− = −
2 4 2 n=0 n 4
 
1X
∞ h (−1) n
(1)(3)(5) · · · (2n − 1) (−1)n xn i
= ·
2 n=0 2n · n! 4n
1 X h (1)(3)(5) · · · (2n − 1)xn i
∞
=
2 n=0 8n · n!
" #
1 x 3x2 15x3
= 1+ + 2 + + ···
2 8 8 · 2! 83 · 3!

page 21
 

x + 2, −2 ≤ x < 0
12. Draw graphs and Write Fourier series of f (x) =

2, 0<x≤2


x + 2, −2 ≤ x < 0
Solution Since f (x) = graph of f (x) is

2, 0<x≤2

From
!
a0 X
∞  nπx   nπx 
f (x) = + an cos + bn sin
2 n=1
L L

f (x) has period 2L is 4 then L = 2

Find a0
Z
1 L
a0 = f (x)dx
L −L
Z
1 2
= f (x)dx
2 −2
Z 2 Z 0 !
1
= 2dx + (x + 2)dx
2 0 −2
!
1
2  x2 0
= 2x + + 2x
2 0 2 −2
!
1  
= (4 − 0) + 0 − (2 − 4)
2
1
= (4 + 2)
2
a0 = 3

page 22
 Find an
Z 2  nπx 
1
an = f (x) cos dx
2 −2 2
Z Z !
1 2  nπx  0  nπx 
= 2 cos dx + (x + 2) cos dx
2 0 2 −2 2
 Z !
nπx
2  nπx
 nπx

2 0 0
1 4 2
= sin + (x + 2) sin − sin dx
2 nπ 2 0 nπ 2 −2 nπ −2 2
!
1 4  nπx  0
= cos
2 (nπ)2 2 −2
!
1 4  
= 1 − cos(nπ)
2 (nπ)2
2  
an = − (−1) n
− 1
(nπ)2

Find bn
Z 2  nπx 
1
bn = f (x) sin dx
2 −2 2
Z Z !
1 2  nπx  0  nπx 
= 2 sin dx + (x + 2) sin dx
2 0 2 −2 2
 Z !
nπx
2  nπx
 nπx

2 0 0
1 4 2
= − cos + − (x + 2) cos + cos dx
2 nπ 2 0 nπ 2 −2 nπ −2 2
 !
1 4
4 4  nπx  0 
= − cos(nπ) − 1 + − + sin
2 nπ nπ (nπ)2 2 −2
!
1 4 4 4
= − (−1)n + −
2 nπ nπ nπ
2
bn = − (−1)n
nπ

Thus, Fourier series of f (x) is

!
3 X 2    nπx   nπx 
∞
2
f (x) = + − (−1) n
− 1 cos − (−1) n
sin
2 n=1 (nπ)2 2 nπ 2

page 23
13. Write Fourier series of f (x) = |x| − 1 with period − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2.

Solution
From !
a0 X
∞  nπx   nπx 
f (x) = + an cos + bn sin
2 n=1
L L

f (x) has period 2L is 4 then L = 2

Consider f (x) is odd or even

f (−x) = | − x| − 1

= |x| − 1

So, f (−x) = f (x)

Thus, f (x) is even then fourier series of y = f (x) has bn = 0

Find a0
Z
1 L
a0 = f (x)dx
L −L
Z
1 2
= f (x)dx
2 −2
Z 2
= (x − 1)dx
0
 x2  2
= −x
2 0

= (2 − 2) − 0

a0 = 0

Find an
Z  nπx 
1 2
an = f (x) cos dx
2 −2 2
Z 2  nπx 
= (x − 1) cos dx
0 2
! Z 2
2  nπx  2 2  nπx 
= (x − 1) sin − sin dx
nπ 2 nπ 0 2
0
4  nπx  2
= 2
cos
(nπ) 2 0
4  
an = (−1) − 1
n
(nπ)2

page 24
 Thus, Fourier series of f (x) is
X 4    nπx 
∞
f (x) = (−1) n
− 1 cos
n=1
(nπ)2 2



2, −2 < x < 0
14. Write Fourier series of f (x) =

−2, 0<x≤2

Solution
From
!
a0 X
∞  nπx   nπx 
f (x) = + an cos + bn sin
2 n=1
L L

f (x) has period 2L is 4 then L = 2

Consider f (x) is odd or even

f (−1) = 2

f (1) = −2

So, f (−1) = −f (1)

Thus, f (x) is odd,then fourier series of y = f (x) has a0 = an = 0

Find bn
Z L  nπx 
2
bn = f (x) sin dx
L 0 2
Z 2  nπx 
= −2 sin dx
0 2
4  nπx  2
= cos
nπ 2 0
4  
bn = (−1) n
− 1
(nπ)2

Thus, Fourier series of f (x) is

X 4    nπx 
∞
f (x) = (−1) − 1 sin
n

n=1
nπ 2

page 25
 

x + π, −π ≤ x < 0
15. Determine Fourier series of f (x) =

x − π, 0<x≤π
X∞
2
is f (x) = − sin(nx)
n=1
n

X
∞
(−1)n−1 π
and show the sum of = .
n=1
2n − 1 4

Solution
From
!
a0 X
∞  nπx   nπx 
f (x) = + an cos + bn sin
2 n=1
L L

f (x) has period 2L is 2π then L = π

Consider f (x) is odd or even
π π
f (− ) =
2 2
π π
f( ) = −
2 2
So, f (−x) = −f (x)

Thus, f (x) is odd, then fourier series of y = f (x) has a0 = an = 0

Find bn
Z  nπx 
2 L
bn = f (x) sin dx
L 0 L
Z
2 π
= (x − π) sin(nx)dx
π 0
Z π
2 π 2
= − (x − π) cos(nx) + cos(nx)dx
nπ 0 nπ 0
2 2 π
= 0 − + 2 sin(nπ)
n nπ 0
2
bn = −
n

Thus, Fourier series of f (x) is

X∞
2
f (x) = − sin (nx)
n=1
n

page 26
 π
Consider at x = , then
2
π  X∞
2  nπ 
f =− sin
2 n=1
n 2
π X∞
1  nπ 
−π = −2 sin
2 n=1
n 2
π X∞
1  nπ 
− = −2 sin
2 n=1
n 2
π X∞
1  nπ 
= sin
4 n=1
n 2
π 1 1 1 (−1)n−1
= 1 − + − + ··· + + ···
4 3 5 7 2n − 1
π X (−1)n−1
∞
Thus, =
4 n=1
2n − 1

page 27
 

x + 2, −2 < x ≤ 0
16. Determine Fourier series of f (x) =

0, 0<x≤2
and find convergent values when x = 0.

Solution
From
!
a0 X
∞  nπx   nπx 
f (x) = + an cos + bn sin
2 n=1
L L

f (x) has period 2L is 4 then L = 2

Find a0
Z
1 L
a0 = f (x)dx
L −L
Z
1 2
= f (x)dx
2 −2
Z
1 0
= (x + 2)dx
2 −2
1  x2 0
= + 2x
2 2 −2
1 
= 0 − (2 − 4)
2
1
= (2)
2
a0 = 1

Find an
Z  nπx 
1 2
an = f (x) cos dx
2 −2 2
Z  nπx 
1 0
= (x + 2) cos dx
2 −2 2
 !
1 2  nπx  0
2
Z 0  nπx 
= (x + 2) sin − sin dx
2 nπ 2 −2 nπ −2 2
!
1 4  nπx  0
= cos
2 (nπ)2 2 −2
!
1 4  
= 1 − cos(nπ)
2 (nπ)2
2  
an = − (−1) n
− 1
(nπ)2

page 28
 Find bn
Z  nπx 
1 2
bn = f (x) sin dx
2 −2 2
Z  nπx 
1 0
= (x + 2) sin dx
2 −2 2
 !
1 2  nπx  0
2
Z 0  nπx 
= − (x + 2) cos + cos dx
2 nπ 2 −2 nπ −2 2
!
1 4 4  nπx  0
= − + sin
2 nπ (nπ)2 2 −2
!
1 4
= −
2 nπ
2
bn = −
nπ

Thus, Fourier series of f (x) is

!
1 X 2    nπx   nπx 
∞
2
f (x) = + − (−1) − 1 cos
n
− sin
2 n=1 (nπ)2 2 nπ 2

Consider at x = 0 is discontinuous point.

f (0+ ) + f (0− ) 0+2
Therefore, convergent values is = =1
2 2

page 29