An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings, thoughts,

and behaviour. Emotions are subjective experiences, or experienced from an individual point of view.
It is often associated with mood, temperament, personality, and disposition.

Type of Emotions
Emotions emerge from 2 dominant factors namely pain and pleasure.

Primary or Positive Emotions

 Love and Affection Acceptance, adoration, devotion, infatuation

 Joy and Happiness Cheerfulness, enthusiasm, contentment, delight, euphoria, thrill etc.
 Surprise Wonder, excitement, astonishment, amazement and shock

Negative emotions

 Fear Anxiety, apprehension, concern, dread, fright, panic, phobia

 Sadness Grief, sorrow, gloom, despair, rejection, disappointment an suffering
 Anger Outrage, hostility, dejection, indignation, irritability
 Disgust Contempt, horror, revulsion, distaste
 Shame Guilt, remorse, humiliation, insult embarrassment

Emotions vs Mood (Affect)

Affect encompasses broad range of feeling that people can experience. It embodies both emotions
and mood. Emotion is an intense feeling that is short term and is typically directed at a source.
Emotions can often of indicative facial expression and body language. a mood is state of mind and
tends to be less intense than emotion and not necessarily need contextual stimulus. Moods last
longer from hours to days.

Factors Mood Emotion

Duration Relatively Long term Relatively short term
Time pattern Gradual onset, continuous Rapid onset, episodic, phasic
tonic
Intensity Relatively weak Relatively strong
Causation Not caused by specific events Caused by specific event
Function Provides information about Provides information about
current state of self current state of situation
Directedness Unfocussed Takes specific object

Sources of emotion
 Gender
 Age
 Personality
 Time
 Stress

Theories of Emotion
Physiological theories suggest that responses withing the body are responsible for emotions

Neurological theories propose that activity within brain leads to emotional responses
Cognitive theories argue that thoughts and mental activity play essential role in forming emotions

 Evolutionary theory of Emotion

 James Lange theory of emotion is a best-known example of Physiological theory. Emotions
occur as a result of physiological reactions to events. This theory suggests that seeing an
external stimulus leads to physiological reactions and your emotional reaction dependent on
how you interpret those physiological responses. As per this theory, You are not trembling
because you are frightened, Instead you feel frightened because you are trembling.

 Cannon Bard Theory of emotion Well known physiological theory is Cannon Bard theory.
Walter Cannon disagreed with Janes Lange theory on several different grounds. People can
experience physiological reactions linked to emotions without actually feeling the emotion.
The heart racing can be due to exercising and not necessarily when you are afraid. As per
cannon emotional responses occur too much quickly to be simply products of physical states.
When we encounter danger in an environment, we feel afraid before we experience the
physical symptoms associated with it like shaking hands rapid breathing etc.
This theory was expanded by Philip Bard in 1930’s. We experience emotions and experience
physiological reactions simultaneously and that one does not cause other.

 Schachter-Singer theory Also known as two factor theory. Is an example of cognitive theory.
This theory suggests that physiological arousal occurs first and then individuals must identify
the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as emotion the stimuli lead to
physiological response that is then cognitively interpreted and labeled resulting in an
emotion. This theory draws on both James-Lange theory and Cannon Bard theory. Proposes
that people infer emotions based on physiological responses. The critical factor is the
situation and the cognitive interpretation that people use to label. The theory suggestion
similar physiological responses can produce varying emotions.
 Cognitive Appraisal theory
 Facial Feedback theory
 Affective Events Theory (AET)
 is a model developed by organisational psychologists Howard M. Weiss and Russell
Cropanzano to identify how emotions and moods influence job performance and job
satisfaction. According to the AET, environmental exigencies generate "affective events" that
cause emotional reactions in organisational members which, in turn, determine members'
attitudes and behaviours. The model increases understanding of links between employees
and their emotional reaction to things that happen to them at work. Work events model
includes hassles, tasks, autonomy, job demands, emotional labor and uplifting actions. These
work events affect employees positively or negatively. Employee mood predisposes the
intensity of their reaction. This emotional response intensity therefore affects job
performance and satisfaction. Furthermore, other employment variables like effort, leaving,
deviance, commitment, and citizenship, are affected. AET shows that the individual
behaviour in organisations is not always a controlled, deliberate, purely cognitive process, as
it is often described. Rather, we contend that the moods and emotions that managers
experience in response to positive and negative workplace events have a significant effect on
strategic decision-making processes and ultimately, organisational-level outcomes

Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence is all about self-awareness, self-management and understanding people
around. The emotional intelligence is the capability of individual to recognize their own emotions
and that of others, discern between different feelings and label them appropriately, use emotions to
guide thinking and behavior, manage and or adjust emotions to adapt to environments or achieve
one’s goal.

Below are the components of emotional intelligence

Self-Awareness is the basic understanding of one’s own personality. It is one of the core qualities
that disclose the capacity of the individual to make self-reflection and monitor self. He is aware of
the feeling than taking informed decisions in crucial times becomes uncomplicated. The person starts
self-assessment of job that is being executed and feels confident and never hesitates to change the
direction in mid-journey. This helps them taking quick decisions and act public opinion.

Self-Management is all about how person manages emotions. It allows people to control their
thoughts and feelings. The ability to remain calm, self-motivated and showing flexibility is self
management. We are put through the various state of disequilibrium, a person who holds the ground
and retain equilibrium is a well-defined leader. Managing fear, anxiety, anger, distrust and
disappointment can be achieved if a person is well self-managed.

Social Skills refer to management of relationships and building networks which helps to
communicate and interact with each other. It is a major personality trait required to be an
outstanding leader, he can be an inspiring leader and motivate team during tough times. He can
create enthusiasm and make missions accomplished at ease and quicker. Social skills help in building
rapport and better bonds with team members and other organizations. How a leader make
employee feel plays a vital role in the level of their work execution and commitment.

Empathy makes us understand how other people are thinking and feeling. It is critical skill required
to be an outstanding leader. He has concern that how team members feel, help in critical situations,
take care of the employees and come forward and stand in times of failures. Disagreements and
asking questions always made organization strong and resilient. A mature leader tries to value the
differences and learn from them instead of eliminating them.

Motivation is the willingness of an individual to do something. It drives them to goals and targets
indirectly. External motivation stays for a very short duration but inner and self-motivation makes
you work more enthusiastic towards work and duties. It helps discard various distraction and makes
us move forward. As he understands the purpose and sense of meaning the work is providing the
person gets motivated and tries to achieve the goals. Motivation keeps the person positive and as a
leader passes similar vibe and energy to his team members.

Advantages
 It would strengthen team work
 It helps deal with conflicts within organization
 It enhances the effective execution of duties assigned
 It gives competitive edge and makes people work for you
 It provides you a distilled wisdom of theory and practical approaches
 It makes a person much more productive and successful