POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS INSTITUTE OF

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Chapter 2: MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

CALCULUS 2

Faculty of Fundamental Science 1

Hanoi - 2022

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1 2.1 Integral depends on a parameter

2 2.2 Double integrals

3 2.3. Triple integrals

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 2.1.1 Definite integral depends on a parameter

Definition 2.1
Let f : [a, b] × [c, d] → R, if for each fixed y ∈ [c, d] the function f (x, y)
is integrable over [a, b] on the x variable, we define the following
function F : [a, b] → R as

Zb
F (y) = f (x, y)dx
a

is called an integral depending on a parameter. The function F (y) has

the following properties:

Theorem 2.1
If the function f (x, y) is continuous on [a, b] × [c, d] then F (y) is
continuous on [c, d].

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 2.1.1 Definite integral depends on a parameter

Note 2.1
If f (x, y) is continuous on [a, b] × [c, d], and α(y), β(y) are continuous
b(y)
R
on [c, d] with a ≤ α(y), β(y) ≤ b, ∀y ∈ [c, d then F (y) = f (x, y)dx is
a(y)
continuous on [c, d].

Example 2.1
Let the function f (x) be continuous on [0, 1]. Prove that

Z1
y 2 f (x)
F (y) = dx
x2 + y 2
0

is continuous on (0, +∞).

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 2.1.1 Definite integral depends on a parameter
Theorem 2.2
∂f
If f (x, y) and (x, y) are continuous on [a, b] × [c, d], then F (y)
∂y
Rb ∂f
differentiable on [c, d] and F 0 (y) = (x, y)dx.
a ∂y

Theorem 2.3 (Leibniz’s Theorem)

∂f
Let f (x, y) and (x, y) be continuous functions on [a, b] × [c, d], and
∂y
α(y), β(y) differentiable functions on [c, d] with image on [a, b], that is,
α(y), β(y) : [a, b] → [c, d], ∀x ∈ [α(y), β(y)] ⊂ [c, d. We define
b(y)
R
F (y) = f (x, y)dx, then F (y) is differentiable on [c, d] and
a(y)
Rb ∂f
F 0 (y) = f (β(y), y).β 0 (y) − f (α(y), y).α0 (y) + (x, y)dx.
a ∂y
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 2.1.1 Definite integral depends on a parameter

Example 2.2
Calculate the derivative of the following function

Z1
x
F (y) = arctan dx, y > 0.
y
0

Theorem 2.4
Let f (x, y) be integrable over [a, b] × [c, d], then F (y) is differentiable
on [c, d] and

Zd Zd  Zb  Zb  Zd 
F (y)dy = f (x, y)dx dy = f (x, y)dy dx.
c c a a c

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 2.1.1 Definite integral depends on a parameter

Example 2.3
Calculating integrals

Z1
xb − xa
I= dx, b > a > 0.
ln x
0

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 2.1.2 Improper integral depends on parameter

Definition 2.2
1. Let f : D := [a, +∞) × [c, d] → R, if for each fixed y ∈ [c, d] the
function f (x, y) is integrable over [a, +∞) on the x variable, we
define
+∞
Z
F (y) = f (x, y)dx
a

is called an improper integral of depending on a parameter of y.

2. The function F (y) is called uniformly converge for each y ∈ [c, d],
+∞
R
if ∀ε > 0, ∃n0 = n0 (ε, y) > 0, ∀b ≥ n0 ⇒ f (x, y)dx < ε.
b
3. The function F (y) is called uniformly converge on the interval [c, d]
+∞
, if ∀ε > 0, ∃n0 ∈ N∗ , ∀b ≥ n0 ⇒
R
f (x, y)dx < ε, ∀y ∈ [c, d].
b

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 2.1.2 Improper integral depends on parameter

Theorem 2.5 (Weierstrass’ theorem)

+∞
R
If the function h(x)dx converges and |f (x, y)| ≤ h(x), ∀(x, y) ∈ D
a
then the function F (y) is uniformly converge on [c, d].

Example 2.4
Prove that
+∞
Z
cos(x + 2y)
dx
x2 + y 2
1

is continuous on R.

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 2.1.2 Improper integral depends on parameter

Theorem 2.6
If the function f (x, y) is continuous on [a, +∞) × [c, d] and the function
F (y) is uniformly convergent on [c, d] then then F (y) is continuous on
[c, d].

Example 2.5
Prove that
+∞
Z
x
dx
2 + xy
1

is continuous on (2, +∞).

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 2.1.2 Improper integral depends on parameter

Theorem 2.7
If the function f (x, y) is continuous on [a, +∞) × [c, d] and the function
F (y) is uniformly convergent on [c, d] then F (y) is differentiable on
[c, d] and

Zd +∞
Zd  Z  +∞ Zd
Z 
F (y)dy = f (x, y)dx dy = f (x, y)dy dx.
c c a a c

Example 2.6
Given b > a > 0, calculate the following integral:
+∞
e−ax − e−bx
Z
I= dx.
x
0

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 2.1.2 Improper integral depends on parameter

Theorem 2.8
Let f (x, y) be define on the D satisfying the following assumptions:
1) the function f (x, y) is continuous in the variable x on [a, +∞) for
each y ∈ [c, d],
2) a function fy0 (x, y) is continuous in domain D,
3) the funtion F (y) converges for each y ∈ [c, d],
+∞
R 0
4) a integral fx (x, y)dx converges uniformly on the [c, d]
a
+∞
Therefor F 0 (y) = fx0 (x, y)dx.
R
a

Example 2.6
Find the derivative of the function
+∞
R 1 − cos xy
F (y) = dx, y ∈ (0, +∞), and find the function F (y).
0 xe2x
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2.2.1 Definition of double integrals
Problem
Calculate the volume of the bounded domain V is given by:
+ (Oxy) is a plane.
+ The axis Oz and the standard curve L is the boundary of the
finite closed domain D ⊂ (Oxy).
+ The curved surface is the graph of a function of two variables
z = f (x, y), (x, y) ∈ D.

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2.2.1 Definition of double integrals
Definition
Let the function z = f (x, y) define on a closed domain D ⊂ R2 .
+ Divide D into n small regions by a grid of curves, name and area
the domains as ∆Si (i = 1, . . . , n) and denoted di is the diameter of
the second piece i.
+ Choose an arbitrary point Mi (xj , yj ) ∈ ∆Si .
Then In = ni=1 f (xi, yi ) ∆Si is called the sum of the integrals of
P
f (x, y) on the domain D D corresponds to the partition and how
to choose the points M1 , M2 , . . . Mn as above when n → ∞ so that
max di → 0 but In does not depend on the partition ∆Si and how
to choose Mi (xi , yj ) ∈ ∆Si then number I is called the double
integrals of f (x, y) on the domain D and the symbol is
ZZ ZZ n
X
f (x, y)dS So f (x, y)dS = I = lim f (xi , yi ) ∆Si
D D max di →0
i=1
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2.2.1 Definition of double integrals

Note
1) Since the double integral does not depend on the division of the
domain D should be able to divide D by a grid of lines parallel to
the coordinate axes Ox, Oy . Then dS = dx · dy. Therefore, the
double integral is denoted by
ZZ
I= f (x, y)dxdy
D

2) Like definite integrals, the symbol of a variable that is double

integrated does not change the double integral, that is,
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y)dxdy = f (u, v)dudv = I.
D D

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2.2.2 Integral conditions of double integrals

If the function f (x, y) is integrable over the domain D then f (x, y)

is bounded on the domain D (necessary condition of integrable
function).
If the function f (x, y) is continuous on the D , more general: If the
function f (x, y) is only a discontinuity of type 1 on domain D,
then it is integrable on the domain D.

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2.2.3 Properties of double integrals

Let f (x, y), g(x, y) be integrable on D. Then, we have

RR RR RR
1) D [f (x, y) ± g(x, y)]dxdy = D f (x, y)dxdy ± D g(x, y)dxdy.
RR RR
2) D k · f (x, y)dxdy = k D f (x, y)dxdy, ∀k.
3) If D = D1 ∪ D2 and D1 ∩ D2 = ∅ then
ZZ ZZ ZZ
f (x, y)dxdy = f (x, y)dxdy + f (x, y)dxdy
D D1 D2

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2.2.3 Properties of double integrals

4) If f (x, y) ≤ g(x, y), ∀(x, y) ∈ D then

ZZ ZZ
f (x, y)dxdy ≤ g(x, y)dxdy
D D
5) , If f (x, y) is integral on D then |f (x, y)| is also integrable on D
and
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y)dxdy ≤ |f (x, y)|dxdy
D D

6) If f (x, y) is integral on D and satisfies

m ≤ f (x, y) ≤ M, ∀(x, y) ∈ D then
ZZ
mS ≤ f (x, y)dxdy ≤ M S.
D

where S is the area of the domain D.

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2.2.4 Double integrals over rectangles

Theorem 2.2.1 (Fubini’s Theorem)

Let f (x, y) be continuous on D = [a, b] × [c, d] (the domain D is a
rectangular domain). We have

ZZ Zb  Zd  Zd  Zb 
f (x, y)dxdy = dx f (x, y)dy = dy f (x, y)dx .
D a c c a

Example 2.2.1
RR
Calculating integrals I = (2x + y)dxdy, where D = [1, 2] × [0, 2].
D

Example 2.2.2
xy 2 dxdy, where D = [0, 2] × [0, 3].
RR
Calculating integrals I =
D

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2.2.4 Double integrals over general regions
Type I regions
A plane region D is said to be of type I if it lies between the graphs of
two continuous functions of x, that is
D = (x, y) ∈ R2 a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x) . If f (x, y) is


continuous on a type I region D then

 g2 (x)
Rb

RR R
I= f (x, y)dxdy = dx f (x, y)dy .
D a g1 (x)

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2.2.4 Double integrals over general regions
Example 2.2.3
(x2 + 2y)dxdy, where D is a region bounded by the
RR
Evaluate I =
D
parabolas y = 2x2 and y = 1 + x2 .
Solution

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2.2.4 Double integrals over general regions
Type II regions
A plane region D is said to be of type II if it lies between the graphs of
two continuous functions of y, that is
D = (x, y) ∈ R2 c ≤ y ≤ d, h1 (y) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y) . If f (x, y) is


continuous on a type II region D then

 h2 (y)
Rd

RR R
I= f (x, y)dxdy = dx f (x, y)dx .
D c h1 (y)

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2.2.4 Double integrals over general regions
Example 2.2.4
RR
Evaluate I = xydxdy, where D is a region bounded by the parabolas
D
y = x − 1 and y 2 = 2x + 6.
Solution

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2.2.4 Double integrals over general regions
Example 2.2.5
Change the order of integration in double integrals

Z2 Z2x
a)I = dx f (x, y)dy.
0 x
.

Z6 2−y
Z
b)J = dy f (x, y)dx.
−2 y2
− −1
2
√
Z1 Z2−x2
c)K = dx f (x, y)dy.
0 x
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2.2.5 Change of variables in double integrals

 domain D ⊂ (Oxy) and

Let the function f (x, y) be continuous on the
x = x(u, v)
assume the transformation (x, y) → (u, v) : satisfying
y = y(u, v)
the condition
The above transformation is a bijective from ∆ to the domain D
or (x, y) ∈ D ⇔ (u, v) ∈ ∆.
The x(u, v), y(u, v) are the continuous partial derivatives on the
domain ∆ ⊂ (O0 uv).
D(x,y)
The Jacobi determinant is D(u,v) 6= 0 on the domain ∆ (or just
zero at some isolated point) then
ZZ ZZ
D(x, y)
I= f (x, y)dxdy = f [x(u, v), y(u, v)] · dudv.
D ∆ D(u, v)

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2.2.5 Change of variables in double integrals

Example 2.2.6
RR
Calculating integrals I = D (x + y)dxdy, where D is
y = −x, y = −x + 3, y = 2x − 1, y = 2x + 1.
Solution

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2.2.5 Change of variables in double integrals

Example 2.2.7
Calculating integrals I = D x3 dxdy, where D is
RR
2
y = x1 , y = x2 , y = x2 , y = x2 .

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2.2.6 Double integrals in polar coordinates

a. polar coordinate system

A polar coordinates are set of real numbers (r, ϕ) so that
−−→ −−→
r = |OM |, ϕ = (Ox, OM )

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2.2.6 Double integrals in polar coordinates

b. calculate the double integrals

Set
  p  
x = r cos ϕ r = x2 + y 2 0 ≤ ϕ < 2π
⇔ ⇒ D → ∆ = (r, ϕ) |
y = r sin ϕ tan ϕ = xy 0 ≤ r < +∞
D(x, y) cos ϕ −r sin ϕ
J= = =r
D(r, ϕ) sin ϕ r cos ϕ
Then the double integrals in polar coordinates has the form
ZZ ZZ
I= f (x, y)dxdy = f (r cos ϕ, r sin ϕ)rdrdϕ.
D ∆

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2.2.6 Double integrals in polar coordinates

Example 2.2.8
RR p
Calculate I = D x2 + y 2 dxdy, where, the domain D is defined by

D = (x, y) : x2 + y 2 ≤ 2Ry, x2 + y 2 ≥ 2Rx .



Solution

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2.2.7 Applications of double integrals
1. Finding area of a plane regions
If f (x, y) = 1, ∀(x, y) ∈ D then the measure of RR
the area of the domain
D is calculated according to the formula SD = D dxdy.

Example 2.2.9
Calculate the area of the domain D given by

D = (x, y) : (x − 1)2 + y 2 = 1, (x − 2)2 + y 2 = 4, y = x, y = 0 .



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2.2.7 Applications of double integrals

2. Computing volumes
If f (x, y) ≥ 0, ∀(x, y) ∈ D then the volume of the curved cylinder
bounded by the function graph is calculated by the formula
ZZ
V = f (x, y)dxdy.
D

Example 2.2.10
Calculate the volume of the figure V given by the following faces

z = x2 + y 2 , y = x2 , y = 1, z = 0.

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2.2.7 Applications of double integrals
3. Surface area
For surface (S) : z = f (x, y), (x, y) ∈ D has partial derivatives fx0 , fy0
exist and are continuous on domain D. Then the surface area of S is
defined as ZZ q
A(S) = 1 + fx02 + fy02 dxdy.
D

Example 2.2.11
Find the area of the part of the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 that lies under
the plane z = 9.

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2.2.7 Applications of double integrals
4. Density mass
Suppose the lamina occupies a region D of the xy-plane and its density
(in units of mass per unit area) at a point (x, y) in D is given by
ρ(x, y), where ρ is a continuous function on D. The density mass of the
lamina is ZZ
m= ρ(x, y)dxdy.
D

If the plate is homogenous, that is ρ(x, y) = const,∀(x, y) ∈ D , choose

ρ(x, y) = 1, ∀(x, y)RR∈ D then the mass of the plate D is calculated by
the formula m = D dxdy = SD

5. Center of mass
ZZ ZZ
1 1
xG = xρ(x, y)dxdy, yG = yρ(x, y)dxdy,
m D m D
RR
where m = D ρ(x, y)dxdy.
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2.2.7 Applications of double integrals
4. Density mass
Suppose the lamina occupies a region D of the xy-plane and its density
(in units of mass per unit area) at a point (x, y) in D is given by
ρ(x, y), where ρ is a continuous function on D. The density mass of the
lamina is ZZ
m= ρ(x, y)dxdy.
D

If the plate is homogenous, that is ρ(x, y) = const,∀(x, y) ∈ D , choose

ρ(x, y) = 1, ∀(x, y)RR∈ D then the mass of the plate D is calculated by
the formula m = D dxdy = SD

5. Center of mass
ZZ ZZ
1 1
xG = xρ(x, y)dxdy, yG = yρ(x, y)dxdy,
m D m D
RR
where m = D ρ(x, y)dxdy.
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2.2.7 Applications of double integrals

6. Moment of inertia
According to the definition of the moment of inertia of the particle
about the Ox, Oy -axis and the origin O, we have

IOx = my 2 ; IOy = mx2 ; IO = m x2 + y 2

Moment of inertia of the plate about the axes Ox, Oy and the origin O
are ZZ ZZ
2
IOx = y ρ(x, y)dxdy; IOy = x2 ρ(x, y)dxdy;
D D
ZZ
x2 + y 2


IO = ρ(x, y)dxdy.
D

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2.2.7 Applications of double integrals

Example 2.2.12
Find the mass and center of mass of a triangular lamina with vertices
(0, 0), (1, 0), and(0, 2) if the density function is ρ(x, y) = 1 + 3x + y.
Solution

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2.3.1 Definition of triple integrals

Problem
Calculate the mass of the non-homogeneous body V , given that the
density is ρ = ρ(x, y, z), (x, y, z) ∈ V. Similar to the double integral, we
divide V arbitrarily into n parts that do not step on each other. Name
and volume of the parts ∆Vi (i = 1, n) . Choose an arbitrary point
Pi (xi , yi , zi ) ∈ ∆Vi and the di , (i = 1, n) are diameters of ∆Vi (i = 1, n).
We have
Xn Xn
m≈ ρ (Pi ) ∆Vi = ρ (xi , yi , zi ) ∆Vi
i=1 i=1

The mass of the object is

n
X
m= lim ρ (xi , yi , zi ) ∆Vi
max di →0
i=1

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2.3.1 Definition of triple integrals
Definition
Let the function f (x, y, z) define on the domain V ⊂ R3 .
Divide V into n pieces, name and volume of the piece are
∆Vi (i = 1, n) , the piece diameter symbol ∆Vi is di , i = 1, n.
Choose an arbitrary point Pi (xi , yi , zi ) ∈ ∆Vi, (i = 1, n).
The totals In = ni=1 f (xi , yi , zi ) ∆Vi is called the sum of integrals
P
the triple of the function f (x, y, z) taken over the domain V
corresponds to a fraction plan and points Pi ∈ ∆Vi , (i = 1, n)..
When n → ∞ such that max di → 0, we get In converges to I ∈ R
regardless of the partition ∆Vi and how point Pi (xi , yi , zi ) ∈ ∆Vi
is chosen, the number I is called a triple integral of f (x, y, z) over
the region V and denoted by
ZZZ n
X
f (x, y, z)dV = I = lim f (xi , yi , zi ) ∆Vi
V maxi di →0
i=0
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2.3.1 Definition of triple integrals
Note
Like the double integrals, the volume factor dV is replaced by
dxdvdz and then the triple integral is usually denoted by
ZZZ
I= f (x, y, z)dxdydz
V

Similar to the double integrals, triple integrals do not depend on

the notation of the variable being integrated
ZZZ ZZZ
f (x, y, z)dxdydz = f (u, v, w)dudvdw
V V

If the function f(x, y, z) is continuous on the closed, bounded

domain V ∈ R3 , then it’s integrable on V .
The integral conditions and properties of triple integrals are
similar to the double integrals.
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2.3.2 Triple integrals on the rectangular box

Theorem 2.3.1 (Fubini’s Theorem)

If f (x, y, z) is continuous on the rectangular box
V = [a, b] × [c, d] × [r, s], then

ZZZ Zb Zd Zs
f (x, y, z)dxdydz = f (x, y, z)dxdydz.
V a c r

Example 2.3.1
xyz 2 dxdydz, where
RRR
Calculating integrals I =
V

V = [0, 1] × [−1, 2] × [0, 3].

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2.3.2 The triple integral over a general bounded region
The region of type I

A solid region V is said to be of type 1 if it lies between the graphs of

two continuous functions of x and y, that is,
V = {(x, y, z)|(x, y) ∈ D, u1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y)}, then

ZZZ Z Z  u2Z(x,y) 
I= f (x, y, z)dxdydz = f (x, y, z)dz dxdy.
V D u1 (x,y)
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2.3.2 The triple integral over a general bounded region
where D is the projection of V onto xy-plane, z = u1 (x, y) is the lower
surface and z = u2 (x, y) is the upper surface.
Example 2.3.2
RRR
Evaluate I = zdxdydz, where V is the solid tetrahedron bounded
V
by the four planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, and x + y + z = 1.
Solution

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2.3.2 The triple integral over a general bounded region
The region of type II
If the projection D of V onto the xy-plane is of type II plane region,
then
V = {(x, y, z)|a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x), u1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y)},
and we have

ZZZ Zb gZ2 (x) u2Z(x,y)

I= f (x, y, z)dxdydz = dx dy f (x, y, z)dz.

V a g1 (x) u1 (x,y)
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2.3.2 The triple integral over a general bounded region
where D is the projection of V onto xy-plane, z = u1 (x, y) is the lower
surface and z = u2 (x, y) is the upper surface.
Example 2.3.3
RRR √
Evaluate x2 + z 2 dxdydz, where V is the solid tetrahedron
V
bounded by the paraboloid y = x2 + z 2 and the plane y = 4.
Solution

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2.3.3 Change of variables in triple integrals

For the function f (x, y, z) to be continuous on the domain V ⊂ Oxyz

and and assume the  transformation
 x = x(u, v), w)
(x, y, z) → (u, v.w) : y = y(u, v, w), (u, v, w) ∈ Ω satisfy the
z = z(u, v, w)

conditions
The above transformation is a bijective from Ω to the domain V or
(x, y, z) ∈ V ⇔ (u, v, w) ∈ Ω.
The x(u, v, w), y(u, v, w), z(u, v, w) are the continuous partial
derivatives on the domain Ω ⊂ (O0 uvw).
D(x,y,z)
The Jacobi determinant is J = D(u,v,w) 6= 0 on the domain Ω, then
ZZZ ZZZ
f (x, y, z)dxdydz = f [x(u, v, w), y(u, v, w), z(u, v, w)]|J|dud
V
Ω

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2.3.3 Change of variables in triple integrals

Example 2.3.4
RR
Evaluate (x + y)(x − z)dxdydz, where V is the bounded domain by
V
the planes
x + y = 0, x + y = 1; y + z = 1, y + z = 2; x + y − z = 2, x + y − z = 3..
Solution
Set
u = x + y, v = y + z, w = x + y − z
0 ≤ u ≤ 1, 1 ≤ v ≤ 2, 2 ≤ w ≤ 3
D(u, v, w) D(x, y, z)
= −1 ⇒ = −1, (x + y)(x − z) = u(u − v)
D(x, y, z) D(u, v, w)
ZZZ Z 1 Z 2 Z 3
5
I= u(u − v)| − 1|dudvdw = udu (u − v)dv dw = − .
Ω 0 1 2 12

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2.3.4 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates

Cylindrical coordinates
In the cylindrical coordinate system, a point P in three-dimensional
space is represented by the ordered triple (r, θ, z) , where r and θ are
polar coordinates of the projection of P onto the xy-plane and z is the
directed distance from the xy-plane. The connections between
cylindrical coordinates and rectangular coordinates are

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2.3.4 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates

Evaluating triple integrals with cylindrical coordinates

 
 x = r cos ϕ  r≥0
Set y = r sin ϕ then V → Ω : 0 ≤ ϕ < 2π .
z=z −∞ < z < +∞
 
The Jacobi determinant of the functions x, y, z in terms of r, ϕ, z are

cos ϕ −r sin ϕ 0
D(x, y, z)
J= = sin ϕ r cos ϕ 0 = r.
D(r, ϕ, z)
0 0 1

The formula for triple integration in cylindrical coordinates is

ZZZ ZZZ
I= f (x, y, z)dxdydz = f (r cos ϕ, r sin ϕ, z)rdrdϕdz.
V
Ω

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2.3.4 Triple integrals in cylindrical coordinates

Example 2.3.5
(x2 + y 2 + 3z 2 )dxdydz, where
RRR
Evaluate I =
V
p
V = {(x, y, z)| x2 + y 2 ≤ z ≤ 2}.

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2.3.5 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates

Spherical coordinates
The spherical coordinates of a point P in space are (ρ, ϕ, θ), where ρ is
the distance from P to the origin, ϕ is the same angle as in cylindrical
coordinates, and θ is the angle between the positive z-axis and the line
segment OP . Note that ρ ≥ 0, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π.

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2.3.5 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates

Evaluating triple integrals with spherical coordinates

 
 x = r cos ϕ cos θ  r≥0
Set y = r cos ϕ sin θ then V → Ω : 0 ≤ ϕ < 2π .
z = r sin θ 0≤θ≤π
 
The Jacobi determinant of the functions x, y, z in terms of r, ϕ, z are

sin θ cos ϕ −r sin θ sin ϕ r cos θ cos ϕ

D(x, y, z)
J= = sin θ sin ϕ r sin θ cos ϕ r cos θ sin ϕ = −r2 sin θ.
D(r, ϕ, θ)
cos θ 0 −r sin θ

The formula for triple integration in spherical coordinates is

ZZZ
I= f (r cos ϕ cos θ, r cos ϕ sin θ, r sin θ)r2 sin θdrdϕdθ.
Ω

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2.3.5 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates

Evaluating triple integrals with spherical coordinates

 
 x = r cos ϕ cos θ  r≥0
Set y = r cos ϕ sin θ then V → Ω : 0 ≤ ϕ < 2π .
z = r sin θ 0≤θ≤π
 
The Jacobi determinant of the functions x, y, z in terms of r, ϕ, z are

sin θ cos ϕ −r sin θ sin ϕ r cos θ cos ϕ

D(x, y, z)
J= = sin θ sin ϕ r sin θ cos ϕ r cos θ sin ϕ = −r2 sin θ.
D(r, ϕ, θ)
cos θ 0 −r sin θ

The formula for triple integration in spherical coordinates is

ZZZ
I= f (r cos ϕ cos θ, r cos ϕ sin θ, r sin θ)r2 sin θdrdϕdθ.
Ω

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2.3.5 Triple integrals in spherical coordinates

Example 2.3.6
RRR p
Evaluate I = x2 + y 2 + z 2 dxdydz, where
V
a) V is the unit ball.
b) V = {(x, y, z)|x2 + y 2 + 2
pz ≤ 4}.
c) V = {(x, y, z)|0 ≤ z ≤ 4 − x2 − y 2 }.

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2.3.6 Applications of triple integrals
1. Volume
If f (x, y, z) = 1 for all point in V . Then the triple integral does
represent the volume of V
ZZZ ZZZ
V = dV = dxdydz.
V V

Example 2.3.7
Use triple integral to find the volume of the tetrahedron V bounded by
the planes x + 2y + z = 2, x = 2y, x = 0, and z = 0.

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2.3.6 Applications of triple integrals

2. Mass of a solid object

If the density function of a solid object that occupies the region V is
ρ(x, y, z) (in units of mass per unit volume) at any given point (x, y, z),
then its mass is
ZZZ ZZZ
m= ρ(x, y, z)dV = ρ(x, y, z)dxdydz.
V V

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2.3.6 Applications of triple integrals

3. Moments
Its moments about the three coordinate planes are
ZZZ ZZZ
2 2
IOx = (y + z )ρ(x, y, z)dV, IOy = (x2 + z 2 )ρ(x, y, z)dV
V V
ZZZ ZZZ
IOz = (x2 + y 2 )ρ(x, y, z)dV, IO = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )ρ(x, y, z)dV.
V V

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2.3.6 Applications of triple integrals

4. Center of mass
The center of mass is located at the point G, where
ZZZ ZZZ
1 1
xG = xρ(x, y, z)dV, yG = yρ(x, y, z)dV
m V m V
ZZZ ZZZ
1
zG = zρ(x, y, z)dV, m = ρ(x, y, z)dV.
m V V

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2.3.6 Applications of triple integrals

Example 2.3.8
Find the center of mass (if the density is constant, the center of mass is
called the centroid) of a solid of constant density that is bounded by
the parabolic cylinder x = y 2 and the planes x = z, z = 0, and x = 1.

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