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7DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS - Parti

This document provides an introduction to differential calculus. It defines the derivative as the slope of a function at a given point and is obtained through differentiation. The derivative of a function f(x) is denoted as f'(x) and higher order derivatives are denoted with additional primes. Basic rules of differentiation are presented, including the power rule, constant multiple rule, sum and difference rules. Tangents to curves are described geometrically. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating first and second derivatives. Applications of derivatives include finding maxima and minima by setting the first derivative equal to zero and using the second derivative test.

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50 views41 pages

7DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS - Parti

This document provides an introduction to differential calculus. It defines the derivative as the slope of a function at a given point and is obtained through differentiation. The derivative of a function f(x) is denoted as f'(x) and higher order derivatives are denoted with additional primes. Basic rules of differentiation are presented, including the power rule, constant multiple rule, sum and difference rules. Tangents to curves are described geometrically. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating first and second derivatives. Applications of derivatives include finding maxima and minima by setting the first derivative equal to zero and using the second derivative test.

Uploaded by

Manesha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 02

2.1: DIFFERENTIAL
CALCULUS- Part I

T. G. M. Madushani 1
B.Sc. ( Industrial Mathematics –Rajarata)
Introduction
❑Differentiation and the Derivative

The study of calculus usually begins with the basic


definition of a derivative. A derivative is obtained
through the process of differentiation, and the study of
all forms of differentiation is collectively referred to as
differential calculus. If we begin with a function and
determine its derivative, we arrive at a new function
called the first derivative. If we differentiate the first
derivative, we arrive at a new function called the
second derivative, and so on. 2
• The derivative of a function is the slope at
a given point.
y

y = f ( x)

y

x

dy y
Definition: = lim
dx x→0 x 3
• Various Symbols for the Derivative

4
Tangents to curves

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Tangents to curves

6
7
Basic Rules of Differentiation

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

9
Basic Rules of Differentiation

10
Basic Rules of Differentiation

11
Basic Rules of Differentiation

12
Basic Rules of Differentiation

13
Basic Rules of Differentiation

14
15
Basic Rules of Differentiation

16
Basic Rules of Differentiation

17
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Basic Rules of Differentiation

19
Basic Rules of Differentiation

20
Basic Rules of Differentiation

21
Basic Rules of Differentiation

22
Basic Rules of Differentiation

23
Basic Rules of Differentiation

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Basic Rules of Differentiation

25
Examples
• Determine dy/dx for the function shown below.
1. y = x 2 sin x

Answer dy dv du
=u +v
dx dx dx
d ( sin x ) d ( x2 )
=x 2
+ sin x
dx dx
dy
= x 2 cos x + sin x ( 2 x )
dx 26

= x 2 cos x + 2 x sin x
2. sin x
y =
x
Solution

du dv d ( sin x ) d ( x)
v −u x − sin x
dy
= dx 2 dx = dx
2
dx
dx v x
x cos x − sin x
= 2
x
27
x2
3. −
y = e 2

x2
u =−
2

 x2 
d − 
du  2   1
= =  −  ( 2x) = −x
dx dx  2

x2 x2
dy − −
=e 2
( − x ) = − xe 2 28

dx
Higher-Order Derivatives
y = f ( x)
dy df ( x)
= f '( x) =
dx dx
2
d y d f ( x) d  dy 
2
= f ''( x) = =  
dx 2
dx 2
dx  dx 
3
d y d f ( x) d d y 
3
 2

3
= f ( x) =
(3)
3
=  2
dx dx dx  dx  29
Examples
• Determine the 2nd derivative with respect to x of the function
below.
y = 5sin 4 x

dy d
= 5(cos 4 x)  (4 x) = 20 cos 4 x
dx dx

2
d y d
2
= 20 ( − sin 4 x )  (4 x) = −80 sin 4 x
dx dx 30
Applications: Maxima and
Minima
1. Determine the derivative.

2. Set the derivative to 0 and solve for values that


satisfy the equation.

3. Determine the second derivative.

(a) If second derivative > 0, point is a minimum.


(b) If second derivative < 0, point is a maximum. 31
Examples
• Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration

Displacement y

dy
Velocity v=
dt
2
dv d y
Acceleration a= = 2
32

dt dt
• Determine local maxima or minima of function below

y = f ( x) = x − 6 x + 9 x + 2
3 2

dy
= 3x − 12 x + 9
2

dx
3x −12x + 9 = 0
2

x = 1 and x = 3 33
dy
= 3x − 12 x + 9
2

dx
d2y
2
= 6 x − 12
dx

•For x = 1, f”(1) = -6. Point is a maximum and


ymax= 6.

•For x = 3, f”(3) = 6. Point is a minimum and


ymin = 2.
34
Questions
• Differentiate the following functions

35
36
37
38
39
40
Thank You

41

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