LAB REPORT 3

Course name (and course’s ID): Practice in Biology S1_2023-24_G06

Instructor: Ms. Phạm Hồng Điệp
Group number: 5 – Saturday afternoon
Group member: Phạm Hữu Tuấn Anh BTBTIU23119
Bùi Ngọc Thảo My BTBTIU23134
Trần Bảo Ngọc BTBTIU23145
Trần Vũ Thanh Thảo BTBTIU23115
Date of submission: 01/12/2023

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I/ PHOTOSYNTHESIS:

1. Introduction:

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants or other organisms use sunlight, water, and
carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar (glucose). Through cellular
respiration, the chemical energy is converted into ATP, “fuel” used by all living things.
Photoautotroph describes creatures such as plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, in which
performs photosynthesis.

6H2O + 6CO2 => C6H12O6 + 6O2

Photosynthesis is associated with the activities of the primary pigment – chlorophyll, which
is responsible for the green color of certain plants. It reflects the green light and absorb red and
blue light most strongly. Chlorophyll can be found inside chloroplasts and is divided into
chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Pigment are substances that absorb visible light. In other
words, the color of the pigment can be seen due to the reflection of wavelengths of light.

2. Procedure:

- Material: waterweed, leaf with covered part, ethanol 70%, lugol solution, beaker, petri dish,
test tube, forceps, absorbent paper
- Examination of Oxygen Formation:
+ Prepare one beaker with two thirds of water
+ Turn down the funnel to the beaker
+ Put 10 waterweed branches into the funnel
+ Cover the tunnel end with the test tube filled with water and bring this beaker to the light
+ Observe the formation of coming up bubbles and record the level of water goes down
every 3 days up to 2 weeks
+ After the incubation time, take out the test tube from the funnel while keep it at the
original orientation, cover the test tube by hand and upturn this test tube
+ Immediately test the gas in test tube with the burned match
- Examination of Starch Formation:
+ Clean the chosen leaf with wet paper and then dry
+ Use a piece of black paper to cover the middle part of the leaf, so that no light can go
through. Leave it for 2 weeks
+ On the experiment day, remove the cover
+ Put this leaf into boiling water for 5 minutes
+ Then take it out and put into the test tube with ethanol 70%, continue to boil until the
green color disappears
+ Take out the leaf from test tube, wash with water and stretch it out on a Petri dish, dry
the leaf with absorbent and then add Lugol solution into the dish.
+ Observe the color in 2 areas of the leaf

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3. Results:

a) Examination of Oxygen formation:

Duration (days) Level of water (mm)

0 2.5

3 3

6 6

9 7

12 7

14 8

b) Examination of Starch formation:

Color Observation

Leave sample Original After 1-week After boiling After Lugol

Color covering

Uncovered part Green Green White Lugol color

(does not
change - fail)

Covered part Green/ Yellow White Lugol color

Yellow (does not
change - fail)

Figure I.1, I.2, I.3. Leaf after 1-week covering/Leaf after being boiled/Leaf after adding Lugol

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4/- Discussion:

a) Explain the phenomenon in lowering level of water in experiment 1.

Due to photosynthesis happening in a beaker, oxygen was produced during photosynthesis

process by water weed. As we know, oxygen which is small and nonpolar molecules therefore
push the water to below, lead to the phenomenon in lowering level of water.

Due to photosynthesis happened in a beaker, oxygen was produced during photosynthesis

process by water weed. As we know, oxygen, which is small and nonpolar molecules therefore
push the water to below, lead to the phenomenon in lowering level of water.

Due to photosynthesis happening in a beaker, oxygen was produced during photosynthesis

process by water weed. As we know, oxygen, which is small and nonpolar molecules therefore
push the water to below, leads to the phenomenon in lowering level of water.

b) What will happen if we get the burned match to meet the O2, CO2, H2?

- If the burned match meets O2, the match will burn again because Oxygen isa “burning gas”.
Burning is a reaction with oxygen to produce energy.

- If the burned match meets H2, it can lead to an explosion since some properties of H2 are
relatively simple with O2. However, H2 has higher potential energy than O2 in the burning
process.

- If the burned match meets CO2, the state is no difference because it cannot remain the burning
process

c) Explain why the color of 2 areas (covered and uncovered) is different.

- The color of uncovered leaves will be green. Because when not covering the leaves, the leaves
can do the procedure of photosynthesis normally, they will get intense light waves, absorb red
and blue light then reflect the green light since the leaves can produce a green pigment called
(chlorophyll).

- The color of covered leaves will be a lighter green because it did not produce any chlorophyll.
It is inverse to the uncovered leaves. When covering the leaves, the leaves can not do the
procedure of photosynthesis, it will not produce any chlorophyll and receive no light.

* Because the cover areas weren’t covered completely; therefore, light is still able to meet the
leaves and the procedure of photosynthesis happens normally. As a result, there isn’t any
differences in the color of 2 areas (covered and uncovered) of the leaves

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II/ TRANSPIRATION:
1/- Introduction:
Transpiration is the exhalation of water vapor through the stomata.
Leaves contain specialized structures known as stomata to allow gas to enter and leave the
leaf. This is especially important for photosynthesis process. Carbon dioxide cannot pass
through the protective waxy layer covering the leaf (cuticle), but it can enter the leaf through
an opening the stoma flanked by two guard cells. Likewise, oxygen produced during
photosynthesis can only pass out of the leaf through the opened stomata. Unfortunately for
the plant, while these gasses are moving between the inside and outside of the leaf, a great
deal water is also lost though the same way.

2/- Procedure:
Materials and Equipments: 3 different kinds of leaves, 3% CoCl2 solution, absorbent paper,
scissors, sticking tape, forceps, petri dish, desiccator.
Steps:
1. Cut the absorbent paper into pieces with size smaller than size of sticking tape and of
leaves examined.
2. Soak these paper pieces into 3% CoCl2 solution for two minutes and then dry the paper at
80oC in desiccator till dried.
3. Clean and dry leaves with tissue paper to make sure that the leaf is completely dry.
4. Use forceps to take out the dried piece and place it on a sticking tape.
5. Quickly and tightly apply this tape onto a leaf to ensure that no moisture from the air can
enter to the paper.
6. Check the color of paper frequently and notice the time needed for this color change,
compare the results from different kinds of leaves, if possible.

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3/- Results:

Color observation

Original color White

Absorbent paper After 3% CoCl2 Pink

After drying Blue

0 min Blue

5 min Blue and partially pink

10 min Blue and partially pink

Duration after applying on
leaf 15 min Pink and partially blue

20 min Pink and slightly blue

30 min Pink

Figure II.1. Absorbent paper after being soaked into 3% CoCl2 solution and dried

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Figure II.2. Absorbent paper after being taped to leaf for 0 minutes

Figure II.3. Absorbent paper after being taped to leaf for 5 minutes

Figure II.4. Absorbent paper after being taped to leaf for 15 minutes

Figure II.5. Absorbent paper after being taped to leaf for 20 minutes

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4/- Discussion: Different trees will have different level of water-out through transpiration.
Based on the character(s) of the leaf, we can tell the level high or low. What is that character(s)?
Explain your answer.

- The character(s) of the leaf that can indicate the level of water loss through transpiration in
different trees are known as the stomata and leaf size.
- Stomata are small openings or pores located on the surface of the leaf that allow for gas
exchange between the plant and its environment. They are responsible for the intake of carbon
dioxide needed for photosynthesis and the release of oxygen and water vapor. The density and
arrangement of stomata on the leaf surface can vary between different tree species. This affects
the rate of transpiration, which is the process of water movement from the roots to the leaves
and its subsequent loss through the stomata.
- The variation of biological carbon, water, and energy processes are significantly impacted by
leaf size. Therefore, it is anticipated that the remarkable variation in individual leaf size of
plants will have specific thermal regulating skills that influence leaf water loss and shed heat.
If the size is more then it regulates the high rate of transpiration and low for short-sized leaves.
For instance, big leaves are preferred in moist, cold climates with lower solar radiation intensity
than small leaves. Small leaves are preferred in hot, dry climates with high solar radiation
intensity.