2

Chapter # 1
UNIT # 1
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Ex # 1.1 Ex # 1.1
Quadratic equation Solving Quadratic equation by Factorization:
Introduction: In this method, a quadratic equation can easily be
The name Quadratic comes from “quad” means solved by splitting it in factors.
square because the highest power of the variable Rules for Splitting:
is 2. + + =

Definition: 1. Write the quadratic equation in standard form if

An equation in the form of 2
+ + = 0, necessary like above equation.
where , and are real numbers and ≠ 0 2. First we find the product of (coefficient of 2)

OR and (constant term) i.e.

An equation of degree/ exponent/ power 2 is 3. Then find two numbers 1 and 2 such that

called quadratic equation 1 and 2 = and also 12 = .

2
+ + = 0 is quadratic equation in one 4. Now 2
+ + + = 0 can be factorized

1 2

variable. into two linear factors.

Solutions or Roots of equation: 5. Equate each factor to zero by zero – product
All those values of the variable for which the property.
given equation is true are called solutions or 6. Solve the equation for given variable.
roots of the equation. Example # 1 (i)
Solution Set: + − =

The set of all solutions is called solution set. Solution:

Example: 2 2+2 −11=1

− = 2
2 +2 −11−1=0

2
−32=0 2
2 +2 −12=0

( + 3)( − 3) = 0 2
2( + −6)=0

+3=0−3=0 2
+ −6=0

2
=−3=3 +3 −2 −6=0

2
− 9 = 0 is true only for = 3 = −3,
( + 3) − 2( + 3) = 0

Hence = 3= −3 are the solutions or

+1=0 +4=0

roots of 2
− 9 = 0 and {3, −3} is the solution
= −1 = −4

2
set of −9=0 = {− , − }

Note:
2
1. + + = 0 is called General or Standard form of Quadratic equation.
2. In Quadratic equation ≠ 0

Methods of Solving Quadratic equation:

(a) By Factorization
(b) By Completing the Square
(c) By Quadratic Formula
 3
Chapter # 1
Example # 1 (ii) Ex # 1.1
= + 2. Solving Quadratic equation by Completing
Solution: square:
12 2 = + 1 1. Write the quadratic equation in its standard form
Divide all terms by the co-efficient of 2 if other than 1
12 2− −1=0 2.
Shift the constant term to the right side of the
3. equation.
12 2+3 −4 −1=0
1
Multiply the co – efficient of with 2 then take
3 (4 + 1) − 1(4 + 1) = 0

Square of it and Add to B.S

Write Left – hand side of the equation as a perfect
(4 + 1)(3 − 1) = 0

4.
4 +1=0 3 −1=0 square and simplify the Right – hand side
Take square root on B.S of the equation and solve it.
4 = −1 3 =1
5.
−1 1

Example # 3
= 4 = 3 6. − + =

Solution:
Example # 2 2
−8 +9=0 Subtract 9 from B. S

A ball is thrown straight up, from 3 m above

2
−8 +9−9=0−9 2−8 =−9 Add (4)2 on B. S
2
− 8 + (4)2 = −9 + (4)2
( ) −2 2( )(4) + (4)2 = −9 + 16 ( −4)2=7
2

the ground with a velocity of 14 m/s. When √( − 4) = ±√7

−4=±√7
=4±√7

does it hit the ground?

Solution: Solving Quadratic equation by Quadratic
Height starts at 3 m = 3
Velocity is 14 m/s = 14t
Gravity pulls by 5 / 2 = −5 2
Formula:
The height h at any time t is: Write the quadratic equation in its standard form: Compare the given
2
ℎ=3+14 −5 2 equation with the standard quadratic equation + + = 0 to get the
The height is zero when the ball hit the ground. values of , b and c.
2

Put the values of , b and c in the given formula.

0 = 3 +2 14 − 5
0 = −5 + 14 + 3
0 = −(5 2 − 14 − 3)
0 = 5 2 − 14 − 3 2
− ±√ −4
=
2

5 −14 −3=0
2

Now solve it for the values of variable.

5 2+1 −15 −3=0 3.
(5 + 1) − 3(5 + 1) = 0
Note:
(5 + 1)( − 3) = 0
1. By Quadrating formula we can solve all quadratic
5 +1=0 −3=0
2. equations.
5 = −1 =3

= −1
=3 3.
5

−1

The = 5
is negative time which is impossible

So the ball hits the ground after 3 seconds.

4.
 4
Ex # 1.1 Chapter # 1
Derivation of Quadratic Formula:
As we have standard form of quadratic equation: Ex # 1.1
−(−6) ± √(−6)2 − 4(3)(2)
2
+ +=0
=

Divide each term by " " 2(3)

2
0

6
= ±√36−24

+ + =
6

2
+ + =0
6
=
± √12

Shift the constant term to right side =

6
±√4×3

2
+ 1

=− × =
6
=
± 2√3
2 2
2

Add ( 2 ) .
= 2(3 ± √3)

6
2 2

2
+ =
3
+( )=( ) − ± √3
2 2

2
2
3 √3

2
( ) + 2( ) ( 4 2
2 ) + (2 ) = − =3
±
3

2
2 −4
√3

=1 ± 3
2
( + 2 ) =
4
√3

2
2
−4
}
={1± 3
√
( + = ±√
Example # 5
)
2
2 4

A company is making frames of a new

product they are launching. The frame will be
2
√ −4

+ 2
=± √4 2
cut out of a piece of steel. To keep the weight
√
2
−4
down, the final area should be 28 . The inside
+ 2
=± 2 of the frame has to be 11 cm by 6 cm. what
should the width of the meatal be?
2

Solution:
− √ −4

= 2
± 2

= − ±√ 2
−4
2 According to condition:
Length = 11 + 2
Width = 6 + 2

Example # 4 Area of steel before cutting

Solve − + = by quadratic formula. = (11 + 2 )(6 + 2 )
= 66 + 22 + 12 + 4
= 66 + 34 + 4 2
2

= 4 2 + 34 + 66

Solution:
Area of steel after cutting out the 11 × 6 middle

3 2−6 +2=0 =4 2+34 +66−11×6 = 4 2

+ 34 As Area is 28 2
Compare it with
2
+ + =0 28 = 4 2
+ 34
Here = 3, = −6, = 2
As we have 0 = 4 2 + 34 − 28 4 2
+ 34 − 28 = 0 2(2 2
+
= − ±√ 2
−4
17 − 14) = 0
2
Put the values
 5
2 2
+ 17 − 14 = 0
Ex # 1.1 Chapter # 1
2
Compare it with + + = 0 = 2, = 17, = −14 As we have
= − ±√ 2
−4

Ex # 1.1
2
Put the values

−(17) ± √(17)2 − 4(2)(−14) =1 =5 = { , }

= (iii) + − =

Solution:
2(2)

+3 −10=0
2
2
−2 +5 −10=0 ( − 2) + 5( − 2) = 0 ( − 2)( + 5)
−17 ± √289 + 112
=0
= −2=0 +5=0
=2 =−5
={ ,− }
4
(iv) −+ =

=
−17 ± √401 Solution:
6 2−13 +5=0
2
4
6 −3 −10 +5=0 3 (2 − 1) − 5(2 − 1) = 0

(2 − 1)(3 − 5) =0
−17 + √401 −17 − √401

= =
2 −1=0 3 −5=0
4 4
= 0.8 = −9.3
As length cannot be negative.
So width = 0.8 2 =1 3 =5

1 5

Ex # 1.1 = 2 = 3

Page # 8
Q1: Solve each of the following equations (v)
={
( − )= ( − )
, }

by factorization. Solution:
(i) + + =

3( 2 − 1) = 4( − 1) 3 2−3=4 −4 3
Solution:
2
+5 +4=0
2
−3−4 −4=0 3 2−4 −3−4=0
2
3 −4 −7=0

2
+1 +4 +4=0
( + 1) + 4( + 1) = 0
3 2+3 −7 −7=0 3 ( + 1) − 7( + 1) = 0
( + 1)( + 4) = 0 ( + 1)(3 − 7) = 0
+1=0 +4=0
=−1 =−4
= {− , − }
(ii) ( − )= +1=0 3 −7=0

Solution:
( −3) =4 2
= −1 3 =7
( )2 − 2( )(3) + (3)2 = 4 2−6 +9=4 2−6 +9−4=0
2
−6 +5=0
2
−1 −5 +5=0 ( − 1) − 5( − 1) = 0 7
( − 1)( − 5) = 0
−1=0 −5=0

= −1 = 3

={− , }
 Ex # 1.1 6
Chapter # 1
(vi) ( − )=( − )( − )

Solution:
2 2 2
(3 − 5) = ( − 6 )( − 7) 3 −5 = −7 −6 +42 3
2 2 2 2 2
− 5 = − 13 + 42 3 −5 − +13 −42=0 3 − −5
2 2
+13 −42=0 2 +8 −42=0 2( + 4 − 21) = 0 Ex # 1.1
Divide B. S by 2, we get 2+4 −21=0 2+7 −3 −21=0
( + 7) − 3( + 7) = 0 Add (5) on B. S 2
( + 7)( − 3) = 0
+7=0 −3=0
=−7 =3
= {− , }
2
− 10 + (5)2 = −11 + (5)2

( )2 − 2( )(5) + (5)2 = −11 + 25

Q2: Solve each of the following equations by

( − 5)2 = 14
completing the square.
1

(i) + − =
Taking on square root on B. S
10 × 2
=5

Solution:
√( − 5)2 = ±√14

2
+6 −40=0
−5=±√14

Add 40 on B. S 1

−5=√14 −5=−√14

2
+6 −40+40=0+40 6× 2
=3

=5+√14 =5−√14
2
+6 =40

={ +√ , −√ }
Add (3)2 on B. S

2 2 2
+ 6 + (3) = 40 + (3)
(iii) +=

Solution:
( )2 + 2( )(3) + (3)2 = 40 + 9

2
4 + 12 = 0
( + 3)2 = 49

Divide all terms by 4

Taking square root on B. S

4 2 12 0

√( + 3) = ±√49 2
+ 1 3
4 4 = 4 3× =

+3=±7

2
+3 =0 2 2

+3=7 +3=−7

3 2

=7−3 =−7−3
on B. S
Add ( 2
)
=4 = −10
={ ,− } 3 2 3 2
(ii) −+ =
2

Solution: +3 +(
2
) =0+(
2
)

2
−10 +11=0 Subtract 11 from B. S 2
3 3
2 2
9 ( ) + 2( ) (2) + (2) = 4
3 9
2
−10 +11−11=0−11 2 − 10 = −11 Taking square root on B. S
( +2) =4

3 2 9
√
( +
) = ±√

2 4

3 3
+2=±2

3 3 3 3

+ 2
= 2
+ 2
=− 2

3 3 3 3

= 2
− 2
=− 2
− 2

−3−3
=0 =
2

−6

=0 = 2

=0 = −3

={ ,− }
 Ex # 1.1 7
Chapter # 1
(iv) −−=

Solution:
2
5 − 10 − 840 = 0 Divide all terms by 5

5 2 10 840 0 1
Ex # 1.1
2 2 5 2 1 1
5 − 5 − 5 = 5
2× 2
=1 − =− × =
3 81
3 2 3

2 2
−2 −168=0 1

Add 168 on B. S Add (3) on B. S

2 1 2 5 1 2

2
−2 −168+168=0+168 2
− +( +(
3 3 )=−
81 3 )

2
−2 =168 1 1 2 5 1

Add (1)2 on B. S ( )2 − 2( ) ( 3 )+( 3 ) =− 81 + 9

1 −5+9
2
− 2 + (1)2 = 168 + (1)2 2

( )2 − 2( )(1) + (1)2 = 168 + 1

( − 3
) = 81

1 2
4
( − 1)2 = 169

Taking square root on B. S

( − 3
) = 81

Taking square root on B. S

√( − 1)2 = ±√169

−1=±13 1 2 4

−1=13 −1=−13 ( −
√
= ±√
)
3 81

=13+1 =−13+1 1 2
−3=±9

= 14 = −12
={ ,− }
(v) − + =

Solution:
9 2−6 +59=0 Divide all terms by 9

2
9 6 0
9
− + =

9 9 9 9

2 5

2
− + ÷9 =0
3 9

2 5 1
2
− + × =0

3 9 9

2 5 (vi)
2
− + =0
3 81

Subtract 81 from B. S

2 5 5 5

2
− + − =0−
3 81 81 81

1 2 1 2

− 3 = 9 − 3 =− 9

2 1 2 1

= 9 + 3 =− 9 + 3

2+3 −2+3

= 9
= 9

5 1

= 9
= 9

={ , }

( − )( + ) = ( + ) −

Solution:
( − 1)( + 3) = 5( + 2) − 3
2
+3 −1 −3=5 +10−3

+2 −3=5 +7
2

+2 −3=5 +7
2

+2 −3−5 −7=0
2

+2 −5 −3−7=0
2

−3 −10=0
2

Add 10 on B. S

2
−3 −10+10=0+10

−3 =10
2

1 3
3× =
2

2 2

Add ( 2 ) on B. S

3 2 3 2

2
−3 +(
) =10+( )
2 2
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