Case Study

Case study: Dell—
Distribution and supply chain

innovation
Lessons from Dell’s distribution and supply chain innovation:
1. Cutting out the middleman can work very well.

2. Forgoing the retail route can increase customer value.
3. Re-examine & improve efficiency for process/operations.
4. Use sales data and customer feedback to get ahead of the curve.
In 1983, 18-year-old Michael Dell left college to work full-time for the company
he founded as a freshman, providing hard-drive upgrades to corporate
customers. In a year’s time, Dell’s venture had $6 million in annual sales. In
1985, Dell changed his strategy to begin offering built-to-order computers.
That year, the company generated $70 million in sales. Five years later,
revenues had climbed to $500 million, and by the end of 2000, Dell’s
revenues had topped an astounding $25 billion. The meteoric rise of Dell
Computers was largely due to innovations in supply chain and manufacturing,
but also due to the implementation of a novel distribution strategy. By carefully
analyzing and making strategic changes in the personal computer value
chain, and by seizing on emerging market trends, Dell Inc. grew to dominate
the PC market in less time than it takes many companies to launch their first
product.
No more middleman: Dell started out as a direct seller, first using a mail-
order system, and then taking advantage of the Internet to develop an
online sales platform. Well before use of the Internet went mainstream, Dell
had begun integrating online order status updates and technical support into
their customer-facing operations. By 1997, Dell’s Internet sales had reached
an average of $4 million per day. While most other PCs were sold
preconfigured and pre-assembled in retail stores, Dell offered superior
customer choice in system configuration at a deeply discounted price, due to
the cost-savings associated with cutting out the retail middleman. This move
away from the traditional distribution model for PC sales played a large role in
Dell’s formidable early growth. Additionally, an important side-benefit of the
Internet-based direct sales model was that it generated a wealth of market
data the company used to efficiently forecast demand trends and carry out
effective segmentation strategies. This data drove the company’s product
development efforts and allowed Dell to profit from information on the value
drivers in each of its key customer segments.
Virtual integration: On the manufacturing side, the company pursued an

aggressive strategy of “virtual integration.” Dell required a highly reliable
supply of top-quality PC components, but management did not want to
integrate backward to become its own parts manufacturer. Instead, the
company sought to develop long-term relationships with select, name-brand
PC component manufacturers. Dell also required its key suppliers to establish
inventory hubs near its own assembly plants. This allowed the company to
communicate with supplier inventory hubs in real time for the delivery of a
precise number of required components on short notice. This “just-in-time,”
low-inventory strategy reduced the time it took for Dell to bring new PC
models to market and resulted in significant cost advantages over the
traditional stored-inventory method. This was particularly powerful in a market
where old inventory quickly fell into obsolescence. Dell openly shared its
production schedules, sales forecasts and plans for new products with its
suppliers. This strategic closeness with supplier partners allowed Dell to reap
the benefits of vertical integration, without requiring the company to invest
billions setting up its own manufacturing operations in-house.
Innovation on the assembly floor: In 1997, Dell reorganized its assembly

processes. Rather than having long assembly lines with each worker
repeatedly performing a single task, Dell instituted “manufacturing cells.”
These “cells” grouped workers together around a workstation where they
assembled entire PCs according to customer specifications. Cell
manufacturing doubled the company’s manufacturing productivity per square
foot of assembly space, and reduced assembly times by 75%.
Dell combined operational and process innovation with a revolutionary
distribution model to generate tremendous cost-savings and
unprecedented customer value in the PC market.
The following are some key lessons from the story of Dell’s incredible rise:
1. Disintermediation (cutting out the middleman): Deleting a player in the

distribution chain is a risky move, but can result in a substantial reduction in
operating costs and dramatically improved margins. Some companies that
have surged ahead after they eliminated an element in the traditional industry
distribution chain include:
 Expedia (the online travel site that can beat the rates of almost any
travel agency, while giving customers more choice and more detailed
information on their vacation destination)
 ModCloth (a trendy virtual boutique with no bricks-and-mortar retail
outlets to drive up costs)
 PropertyGuys.com (offers a DIY kit for homeowners who want to sell
their houses themselves)
 iTunes (an online music purchasing platform that won’t have you sifting
through a jumble of jewel cases at your local HMV)
 Amazon.com (an online sales platform that allows small-scale buyers
and sellers to access a broad audience without the need for an
expensive storefront or a custom website)
 Netflix (the no-late-fees online video rental company that will ship your
chosen video rentals right to your door)
2. Enhancing customer value: Forgoing the retail route allowed Dell to
simultaneously improve margins while offering consumers a better price on
their PCs. This move also gave customers a chance to configure PCs
according to their specific computing needs. The dramatic improvement in
customer value that resulted from Dell’s unique distribution strategy propelled
the company to a leading market position.
3. Process and operations innovation: Michael Dell recognized that “the

way things had always been done” wasn’t the best or most efficient way to run
things at his company. There are countless examples where someone took a
new look at a company process and realized that there was a much better
way to get things done. It is always worth re-examining process-based work to
see if a change could improve efficiency. This is equally true whether you’re a
company of five or 500.
4. Let data do the driving: Harnessing the easily

accessible sales and customer feedback data that resulted from online sales
allowed Dell to stay ahead of the demand curve in the rapidly evolving PC
market. Similarly, sales and feedback data were helpful in discovering new
ways to enhance customer value in each of Dell’s key customer segments.
Whether your company is large or small, it is essential to keep tabs
on metrics that could reveal emerging trends, changing attitudes, and other
important opportunities for your company.
See additional learning materials for distribution.

Summary: Dell combined operational and process innovation with a
revolutionary distribution model to generate tremendous cost-savings and
unprecedented customer value in the PC market.

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Case study: Dell—

Distribution and supply chain

Lessons from Dell’s distribution and supply chain innovation:

1. Cutting out the middleman can work very well.

Virtual integration: On the manufacturing side, the company pursued an

Innovation on the assembly floor: In 1997, Dell reorganized its assembly

1. Disintermediation (cutting out the middleman): Deleting a player in the

3. Process and operations innovation: Michael Dell recognized that “the

4. Let data do the driving: Harnessing the easily

See additional learning materials for distribution.

revolutionary distribution model to generate tremendous cost-savings and

unprecedented customer value in the PC market.

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