Bautista, Nerilyn M.

RMT
MUST TO KNOW IN IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY
IMMUNOLOGY
Emil von Behring Serum antitoxins
Robert Koch TB
Elie Metchnikoff Phagocytosis
Paul Ehrlich Immunity
Charles Richet Anaphylaxis
Jules Bordet Complement
Karl Landsteiner ABO blood group
SSR
Gerald Edelman Structure of antibodies
Rodney Porter
Rosalyn Yallow RIA
Snell MHC
Dausset
Benaceraf
Niels Jerne Immunoregulation
Kohler Monoclonal antibody
Milstein
Susumu Tonegawa Antibody diversity
Déjavu
Thomas Transplantation
Murray
Peter Doherty Dual recognition
Rolf Zinkernagel
Barré-Sinoussi HIV
Luc Montagner
Pope Innocent VII 1st: blood transfusion
Christopher Columbus Old world New world = smallpox
New world Old world = syphilis
1984 Year of discovery of T cell receptor gene
1979 (-) Small pox
US Pure culture of smallpox
Russia
Lysozyme Attacks bacterial cell wall
Ineffective against Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma (no cell wall)
LAK cells NK cells + IL-2
Against cancer
NK/Null/3rd population (-) Markers on T/B cells
lymphocyte Kills virus and tumor cells
CD 16, CD 56
Complement Major humoral immunity (natural)
Phagocytosis “ICED”: Initiation, Chemotaxis, Engulfment, Digestion
Direct phagocytosis Primitive pattern recognition receptor
Indirect phagocytosis Via opsonins
Initiation CR3 (3rd C’ component)
Laminin receptor
Leucyl-formyl-methionyl-phenylalanine receptor
Chemotaxis C5a (potent chemotaxin)
Job’s syndrome = N-RA/Abn-CA
Lazy leukocyte syndrome = Abn-RA and CA
Boyden Chamber assay = test for chemotaxis
Engulfment C3b (opsonin)
Histamine From eosinophils and mast cells
Vasodilation
IL-1 Lymphokine activating factor
Secreted by monocytes and macrophages
Mediates fever, APR’s
CRP APR’s
Serum amyloid A 20-1,000x
Fibroblasts Young cells
Stabilize the wound area
IFN-α Leukocyte IFN (Type 1)
Produced by viral-induced leukocyte culture
Major producer: NK cell
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IFN-β Fibroepithelial IFN (Type 1)
Produced by dsRNA fibroblast cells
IFN-γ Immune interferon (Type 2)
Produced by immunologically-stimulated lymphocytes
TNF-α Cachectin
Produced by macrophages
TNF-β Lymphotoxin
Produced by CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes
H. influenzae Large capsule
N. meningitidis Cause meningitis
S. pneumoniae
CGD (-) NADPH oxidase
NBT dye test Test for CGD
Granulocyte concentrate Appropriate blood component for CGD patients
Hypothalamus Regulates body temperature (fever)
Chronic inflammation γ-globulins (plasma cells)
Heterophile antigens Antigen in unrelated plants and animals but are closely linked that they cross react
with one another
Order of activation (C’) C142356789
Properdin Serum protein
Bactericidal and viricidal
Needs C3 and Mg2+
Betalysin Released by platelets
Against Gram (+) except Streptococcus
Active immunity Antibody production is done by the body
Advantage: Long term
Disadvantage: slow response
Active natural Infection (Ag)
Active artificial Vaccination (Ag)
Vaccines:
1. Live = smallpox
2. Attenuated = BCG (M. bovis)
3. Dead = cholera, typhoid
4. Toxoid = C. tetani
5. Modified virus = poliovirus
Passive immunity Antibody production is not done by the body
Advantage: Immediate
Disadvantage: short term
Passive natural Transfer in vivo (Ab)
Passive artificial Immune serum Ig’s administration (Ab)
Ex. anti-rabies
Quellung German word: Swelling
T. spiralis Highest eosinophil count
1’ lymphoid organs Maturation of T and B cells
2’ lymphoid organs Proliferation and differentiation of T and B cells
Spleen = Ag injected IV or IP
Peyer’s patches = Ag ingested
Lymph nodes = Ag injected subcutaneously
Lymph nodes Cortex = B cells
Paracortex = T cells
T lymphocytes 80% of total lymphocytes
CD2 = Sheep RBC receptor, classical T-cell surface marker
CD3 = part of T cell Ag-receptor complex
CD4 = MHC class II (Th)
CD8 = MHC class I (Tc/Ts)
Ontogeny of T cells (Thymus) Cortex = Immature (85% )
Medulla = Mature (15%)
CD4+: CD8+ ratio NV = 2:1
Abn = 0.5:1 or 1:2 (HIV)
AIDS CD4+ cells: <200/μL
(NV = 500-1300/μL)
Double (-) thymocytes Immature T cell
(+) CD2, CD5, CD7
(-) CD4, CD8
Double (+) thymocytes (+) CD4, CD8
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Mature T cell CD4+/CD8+
Activated T cell 2’ lymphoid organ
CD25+ = receptor for IL 2 lymphocyte proliferation
Sensitized T cell Secretes lymphokines
Th1 cells Secrete IFN-γ and IL2
Activation of Tc, DH
Th2 cells Secrete IL4 and IL5
Activate B cells
Pro-B cells BM
CD19, CD45 receptor
HC = chromosome 14
Pre-B cells BM
μ chains on cytoplasm
κ = chromosome 2
λ = chromosome 22
Immature B cells BM
IgM on surface (monomer)
(+) CD21, CD35
CD 21 = receptor for EBV
Mature B cells IgD on surface
IgM density
Activated B cells CD25+
Plasma cells (-) surface Ig
(-) surface markers
cytoplasmic Ig’s Ab’s
CD10 CALLA
Cell flow cytometry Light scatter
Forward LS = cell size
Side/90O LS = cell granularity/complexity
Fluorescence microscopy Labeled monoclonal antibodies
Rosette test E-rosette assay = T cells (CD2)
EAC (Erythrocyte Ab Complement rosette) = B cells
Differentiate T cells and B cells
T cell B cell
Function CMI HI
Organ Thymus BM (1st: Bursa of Fabricius – birds)
Concentration 60-80% 20-35% (10-20%)
Lifespan Longer Shorter
Soluble substances Lymphokines Antibodies
ID E-rosette Surface immunoglobulins
Mitogen Concanavalin A Lipopolysaccharide
Phytohemagglutinin Pokeweed mitogen
Pokeweed mitogen
Mitogen Substances that cause cells to divide
Lymphocyte capping B cells
HLA Chromosome 6 (short arm)
Class I MHC Endogenous antigen
Locus/Ag = HLA - A, B, C
Chain structure = α-chain + β2 microglobulin
Cell distribution = all nucleated cells
Presents antigen to CD8+ cells
Class II MHC For antigen found on surface of the cell
Locus/Ag = HLA - DP, DQ, DR
Chain structure = α-chain + β-chain
Cell distribution = B cells and macrophages
Presents antigen to CD4+ cells
Class III MHC “CCTB”
Locus/Ag = C2, C4, TNF, Factor B
Dendritic cells Most efficient APC
Langerhans cells DC in skin
IL-2 T cell growth factor
Stimulates lymphocyte proliferation
IL-3 Growth of stem cells and differentiation of blood cells
IL-4 B cell growth factor 1
IL-5 B cell growth factor 2
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Differentiates B cell plasma cell
IL-5: eosinophil differentiation
IL-6 Enhance antibody production of plasma cell
IL-12 NK stimulating factor
Activates NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Heteroantigen Antigenic
Graft rejection 1. Hyperacute = w/in mins
2. Accelerated = 2-5 days
3. Acute = 7-21 days
4. Chronic = >3 months
Potent antigen >10 kDa
Albumin 40 kDa
Good immunogen
Hemocyanin 1M Da
Excellent immunogen
Proteins Most immunogenic (complex)
Haptens Substance that is non-immunogenic but which can react w/ the products of a
specific immune response
Agglutinoids Agglutinins that are modified by heat
Adjuvants Added to vaccines to enhance immune response
1. CFA = H2O in oil emulsion of M. butyricum or B. pertussis (MTB), stimulates T cells
2. LPS = stimulates B cells
3. Synthetic MDP (muranyldipeptide) = stimulates T cells
4. Alum adjuvant = stimulates phagocytic cells
5. Squaline = from shark’s oil, for HIV vaccine (MF59)
Allograft Ex. Fetus on mother’s womb
BM Most immunogenic graft
Cornea Least immunogenic graft
Avascular, privilege site
Lymphocytotoxicity testing Determines class I and II Ag’s
Ficolle-Hypaque solution: separates T and B cells from other cells
Rgts: Trypan blue and C’ (from Guinea pig cells), antisera of known HLA spec.
(+) Blue
(-) Unstained
Polyspecific reagents ID by elimination
Nylon Wool technique For class II
Mixture of T/B cells ---(Straw w/ nylon wool)---> B cells adhere to nylon wool
B cells + antiserum of known HLA spec. ---(C’ + trypan blue)---> (+) Blue
(-) Unstained
MLR: Mixed Lymphocyte For D-related antigens = Class II
Reaction One way = one is inactivated
Pt. lympho. + Donor lympho. (inactivated: irradiated/treated w/mitomycin)
If incompatible proliferation of patient lymphocytes
Tritiated hydrogen = radioactivity
Antibodies Glycoproteins
Ehrlich’s side chain theory Certain cells had specific receptor for antigen
Antigen will select the cell w/ proper receptor
Template theory Antibody-producing cells produce generalized type of antibody
(by Felix Haurowitz) Antigen serves as a mold/template
Clonal Selection Most acceptable theory
(by Neils Jerne & Macfarlane Individual lymphocyte produces 1 type of Ig
Burnet) Antigen finds cells capable of responding to that Ig proliferate
Reduction of a polymer Ex. IgM
1. 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME)
2. Dithiothreitol (DTT)
Fab Ag binding
1 LC + ½ HC
Fc Confer biologic activities of C’ fixation
Skin fixation
Placental transfer
Papain 3 fragments = 2 Fab + 1 Fc
Above the hinge region
Pepsin 2 fragments = 1 F(ab)2 + 1 Fc’
Below the hinge region
F(ab)2 = major fragment

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Fc’ = (-) disulfide bond
κ:λ ratio 2:1 (65%: 35%)
Disulfide bonds N = H-H, H-L
Abn = L-L (identical) = Bence-Jones protein (Multiple myeloma)
Hinge region Proline
Between CH1 and CH2
Fab NH3
Fc COOH
Domains Regions/sections in an immunoglobulin molecule
+1 CH (CH4) IgM and IgE
Isotype HC that determine Ig chain
Allotype Variations in the constant region of HC and LC (Km, Gm)
Idiotype Variations in the variable region of HC and LC
J-chain IgM and IgA
Secretory component Prevents enzymatic degradation of IgA
Starlike Ab (IgM) ≠ Ag
Crablike Ab (IgM) = Ag
IgA Monomer (serum/IgA1)
Dimer (secretory/IgA2)
Fix C’ (alternative pathway)
IgG concentration (80%) > IgA > IgM > IgD > IgE
half-life (23 days)
IgG 4 subclasses Differ in # and arrangement of disulfide bonds
IgG1 %
Best to cross the placenta
IgG3 15 HH
(-) bind to protein A
Best to fix C’ > IgG1 > IgG2
IgG2 (-) Cross placenta
IgG4 (-) C’ fixation
IgM Largest (900 kDa)
Heaviest (19s)
Best to fix C’ (classical pathway)
Agglutination IgM (large)
Precipitation IgG (fine particles)
ADCC NK cells (Fc γ receptor) = release perforins w/c are toxic to the virus (Ag)
IgD Immunoregulation
Found on unstimulated but immunocompetent B cell
IgE Regain
Allergic reactions
Against parasites
Atopy IgE-mediated allergic reaction
RAST Patient allergic to Rye grass
Eosinophil Release MBP and ECP
RIST Total IgE
RAST/FAST Allergen-specific IgE
Complement β-globulin (electrophoresis)
3 anaphylatoxins: C3a, C4a, C5a
C5a: chemotaxin and anaphylatoxin
C3b: opsonin

Produced by the liver except:

- C1 = intestinal epithelial cell
- Factor D = adipose cell
Anaphylatoxin Release of vasoactive amines
smooth muscle contractions
vascular permeability
Classical pathway Activated by Ag-Ab complexes
C3 convertase: C4b2a/C4b2b
C5 convertase: C4b2a3b/C4b2a3b
C1q, 1r, 1s = bound by Ca2+
C1q = 6 globular structures (at least 2 globes must attach to Fc of CH2 of IgG/ CH3
of IgM)
Alternative pathway Initiated by:
1. Aggregates of IgA
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2. Yeast cell wall or zymosan
3. LPS
4. Cobra venom factor
C3 convertase: C3bBb (stabilized by Properdin and Mg2+)
C5 convertase: C3bBb3b
Lectin pathway Initiated by microorganisms w/ mannose in their cell wall
Lectins: proteins that attach to CHO
MASP-1 & 2: MBL associated serine proteases 1 and 2
MBL = C1q
MASP-1 = C1r
MASP-2 = C1s
C8 Starts pore formation (cell lysis)
C9 cell lysis
C1 INH Dissociates C1r and C1s from C1q
Factor I Cleaves C3b and C4b
Factor H Inactivates C3b
Prevents binding of B to C3b
C4-binding protein Inactivates C4b
Vitronectin/S protein Prevents attachment of C5b67 complex to cell membrane
DAF Dissociates C3 convertase
HRF & MIRL (CD59) Inhibit MAC
C1, C4, C2 deficiency LE-like syndrome
C3 deficiency Severe and recurrent infections (most severe)
C2 deficiency Most common C’ deficiency
C56789 deficiency Neisserial infections (gonococcemia/meningococcemia)
C1 INH deficiency HANE
DAF/HRF deficiency PNH
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Type I Type II Type III Type IV
Other name Immediate Cytotoxic Immune-complex Delayed
Anaphylactic Cell-mediated
Immune mediator IgE IgG and IgM IgG and IgM T cells
Complement No Yes Yes No
involvement
Effector cells Basophils RBCs Host tissue cells T cells
Mast cells WBCs Macrophages
Platelets

Type I Type II Type III Type IV

Mechanism Release of mediators Cytolysis due to Ab Deposits of Ag-Ab Release of
and C’ complexes lymphokines
Examples Anaphylaxis HTRs Serum sickness Low MW compounds
Hay fever AIHA Arthus reaction (ex. Ni)
Food allergies HDN SLE Cosmetics
Asthma RA Rubber
Bee sting Poison ivy/oak
Myasthenia gravis Acetylcholine receptor blocking antibody
Multiple sclerosis Anti-myelin antibody
Pernicious anemia Anti-intrinsic factor antibody
Anti-parietal cell antibody
Goodpasture’s syndrome Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody
Primary biliary cirrhosis Anti-mitochondrial antibody
Chronic active hepatitis Anti-smooth muscle antibody
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Anti-microsomal antibody
Anti-thyroglobulin antibody
Graves’ disease Anti-TSH receptor antibody
Bence-Jones protein Multiple myeloma
AFP Hepatocellular carcinoma
hCG Choriocarcinoma
Calcitonin Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma
PSA Prostate cancer
CEA Colorectal cancer
CA 19-9 Pancreatic and colonic adenocarcinoma
CA 15-3 Breast cancer
CA 125 Ovarian cancer
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SEROLOGY
1’ immune response Long lag period
Ab
IgM
2’ immune response Short lag period
(anamnestic/booster) Ab
IgG
Affinity Attraction between 1 Fab and 1 epitope
Weak bonds Dissociation can easily occur
1. ionic bond
2. hydrogen bond
3. hydrophobic bond
4. Van der Waals forces
Avidity Sum of all attractive forces between multivalent Ag and multivalent Ab
avidity = tendency of complex to dissociate
Precipitation Soluble antigen == soluble antibody
Noted by Kraus
Zone of equivalence Max precipitation occurs (Ag = Ab)
Prozone Antibody excess
False (-)
Remedy: Serum dilution
Postzone Antigen excess
False (-)
Remedy: repeat the test after a week to give time for antibody production
Passive immunodiffusion Passive: no electrical current is used
Immunodiffusion: Ag and Ab reaction occurs by diffusion
Radial immunodiffusion Ab Gel
Ag Well
Mancini/Endpoint method Ag is allowed to diffuse completely
(RID) IgG = 24 hrs
IgM = 50-72 hrs
d2 = Ag concentration
Ex. C3 determination
Fahey and McKelvey/ Kinetic Measurement is taken before the point of equivalence
method (RID) Time: 18 hrs
d = log Ag concentration
Oudin single diffusion Ab Gel
Ag Diffuse
(+) precipitin band
Ouchterlony double diffusion Both Ag and Ab diffuse through semisolid media
Serological identity = smooth curve
Nonidentity = 2 crossed-lines
Partial identity = spur formation
Laurell rocket RID + electrophoresis
immunoelectrophoresis Height/apex of rocket α Ag concentration
Countercurrent Ag and Ab are on apoosite sides
immunoelectrophoresis Ag ---(electrophoresis)---> (+) Precipitin lines
migration = Ag concentration
Immunoelectrophoresis Detect Bence-Jones protein
Serum (source of Ag) = electrophoresed to separate protein fractions
Trough = add antiserum
Change in shape, etc (arcs) = abnormality
Immunofixation Similar to IEP except antiserum is layered on the medium
electrophoresis
Agglutination Reaction between cellular or particulate antigen
Direct agglutination Ag found naturally on surface of particle
Ex. Kauffman and White (Salmonella)
Hemagglutination Ag is naturally found on RBC
Ex. ABO blood typing
Passive agglutination Ag == carrier (latex, Bentonite, red cell, charcoal)
(+) Agglutination when (+) Ab
Reverse passive agglutination Ab == carrier
(+) Agglutination when (+) Ag
Coagglutination Uses bacteria as inert particles
Ex. S. aureus = most frequently used

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Agglutination-inhibition (+) No agglutination
Ex. β-hCG = classic example (1st trimester)
Hemagglutination-inhibition Red cells: indicator particles
Classic serologic test for viral Ab (Rubella and Influenza Ab)
Grading (agglutination) 0 = No agglutination
1+ = 25% Agglutination
2+ = 50% Agglutination
3+ = 75% Agglutination
4+ = 100% Agglutination
DAT In vivo sensitization
Specimen: EDTA/citrated RBC
Investigation of:
-HDN
-HTR
-AIHA
-DIHA
IgG Nonagglutinating Ab
Can sensitize cells w/o causing visible agglutination
AHG reagent Spans the distance between 2 IgG’s
Mechanisms of DIHA 1. Drug absorption = Penicillin
2. Membrane modification = Cephalosporin
3. Immune complex formation = Stibophen, Phenacetin, Rifampin
4. Autoantibody formation (Gen. to Rh) = Methyldopa (Aldomet: Ab to Kidd),
Mefenamic acid (Ponstel)
HTR (+) DAT
(-) DAT
(mf) DAT = some are lysed and some are not lysed by C’
IAT In vitro sensitization
Specimen: Patient serum (common)
Uses:
-Cross-matching
-Ab detection
-Ab identification
-RBC Ag phenotyping (weak D) = Specimen: RBC
Wash 3x To remove unbound globulins
Inadequate washing False (-) antiglobulin test
Unbound globulins can neutralize AHG reagent
If (-) AHG Confirm by adding Check or Coomb’s cells (O+ RBCs sensitized w/ IgG)
-Valid: Agglutination
-To ensure AHG was added or not neutralized
Types of AHG reagent 1. Polyspecific AHG = contain anti-IgG and anti-C3d (C’ degradation products)
2. Monospecific AHG = contain anti-IgG or anti-C3d
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Uses radioactive substances as label
-Tritiated Hydrogen
-125I
Scintillation counter Measure radioactivity
β = liquid scintillation counter
γ = crystal scintillation counter
Competitive binding assays Bound radiolabeled Ag is 1/α to patient Ag present
(RIA)
Noncompetitive Bound radiolabeled Ab is α to patient Ag present in supernatant fluid
immunoradiometric assays
(IRMA)
RIST Measure total IgE
RAST Measure Allergen-specific IgE
Wastes container (DOH) 1. Red = sharps, needles
2. Yellow = infectious
3. Yellow w/ black band = chemical wastes
4. Green = non-infectious wet waste
5. Black = infectious dry waste
6. Orange = radioactive waste
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) Similar to IRMA except that it uses enzymes
1. Horseradish peroxidase = most common
2. ALP
3. β-galactosidase

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4. Glucose oxidase
5. G-6-PD
Capture/Sandwich EIA Ab == Ag == enzyme labeled Ab
Enzyme activity is α to the amount of Ag
Fluorescent immunoassay Uses fluorophores/fluorochromes
1. Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC) = Green
2. Tetramethylrhodamine Isothiocyanate (TRITC) = Red
Direct immunofluorescent Histopathology
assay Unknown Ag + FITC/TRITC labeled Ab = (+) Fluorescence
Indirect immunofluorescent Serology (Ex. FANA, FTA-ABS)
assay Known Ag + unknown Ab + FITC/TRITC labeled AHG = (+) Fluorescence
Fluorescence polarization Change in polarization of fluorescent light emitted from a labeled molecule
immunoassay (FPIA)
PACIA Measures the number of nonagglutinating particles left
Syphilis A.k.a. Great pox/Evil Pox/French/Italian/Spanish disease
Caused by T. pallidum subsp. pallidum = RIP: Refrigerate blood for 3 days
Congenital syphilis Hutchinsonian triad: Keratitis, Notched teeth, Deafness
Treatment 1st: Heavy metals (Ex. Arsenic: Arsphenamine, Salvarsan, 606)
Penicillin: Drug of choice (crosses the placenta – Tx: Neurosyphilis)
1’ syphilis Lesion: Hard chancre
Lab: Darkfield microscopy = (+) coiled organisms w/ corkscrew motility
2’ syphilis Highly infectious
Systemic dissemination of organisms
Wart-like lesions: Condylomata lata
Lab: Darkfield microscopy, serologic tests
Latent syphilis (-) Signs and symptoms
(+) Serologic tests
3’ syphilis Granulomatous lesions: Gummas (Dead treponemes)
CSF: Neurosyphilis
Lab: Serologic tests
Jarisch-Herxheimer Large quantities of toxins are released as the bacterial dies during treatment
phenomenon
Serologic Tests for Syphilis ♫1st: Wasserman test
(STS) = Principle: C’ fixation
♫Nontreponemal serologic tests = nonspecific
= Subjected to biologic false (+)
= Principle: Flocculation (special type of precipitation involving fine particles)
= Detects Reagin (Ab to cardiolipin)
= Ex. VDRL, RPR, TRUST, USR, RST
♫Treponemal Serologic tests = specific
= Detect Treponemal antibodies
= Ex. TPI, FTA-ABS, HATTS, TPHA, MHA-TP
Biologic False (+) - Syphilis “TRIPLSM2”
TB
RA
IM
Pregnancy
Leprosy
SLE
Measles
Malaria
VDRL Specimen: Serum (common) or CSF
Reagent: VDRL Ag (C-L-C):
1. Cardiolipin: Main reacting component
2. Lecithin: Removes anticomplementary activity of cardiolipin
3. Cholesterol: Enhances reacting surface of cardiolipin
Serum: Δ 56’C for 30mins (Inactivate C’)
[Reinactivation of C’: After 4 hrs, Δ 56’C for 10mins]
Examine for flocculation microscopically (100x)
= Nonreactive: No clumps
= Weakly reactive: Small clumps
= Reactive: Medium to Large clumps
Qualitative serum VDRL Slide = 14mm diameter (ceramic ring)
(Ag delivery needle) Needle = Gauge 18: delivers 60 drops per mL of Ag (1/60)
Quantitative serum VDRL Slide = 14mm diameter (ceramic ring)

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(Ag delivery needle) Needle:
= Gauge 19: delivers 75 drops per mL of Ag (1/75)
= Gauge 23: delivers 100 drops per mL of saline (1/100)
CSF VDRL Slide
(Ag delivery needle) =16mm (diameter)
=1.75mm (depth)
Needle: Gauge 21/22: delivers 100 drops per mL of Ag
Rotation (VDRL) Serum = 180 RPM for 4 mins
CSF = 180 RPM for 8 mins
RPR Specimen: Serum
Reagent: Modified VDRL Ag
1. C-L-C
2. Charcoal: makes the reaction easy to read
3. EDTA: prevents lipid oxidation
4. Choline chloride: inactivates C’
5. Thimerosal: preservative
Examine macroscopically
RPR Antigen delivery needle Ring (plastic card) = 18mm
Needle = Gauge 20: delivers 60 drops per mL of Ag
Rotation (RPR) 100 RPM for 8 mins
Treponema pallidum Standard test to which other tests are evaluated
immobilization test (TPI) Live organisms (from testicular chancre of rabbit) + Patient serum (anti-Trep)
Positive = ≥50% immobilized
Doubtful = 20-50% immobilized
Negative = <20% immobilized
FTA-ABS Gold standard
1. Patient serum (Δ 56’C for 30mins) + Reiter strain (nonpathogenic strain)
♫ Reiter strain = Sorbent (removes cross-reactivity w/ other treponemes)
2. Indirect immunofluorescence
Nichol’s strain (known Ag, virulent) + Patient serum (anti-Trep) + FITC AHG
(+) Fluorescence
Hemagglutination tests Ag: RBCs sensitized w/ Nichol’s strain
HATTS, TPHA, MHA-TP
Congenital infections “ToRCHeS”
a. Toxoplasmosis
b. Rubella
c. CMV = common
d. Herpes
e. Syphilis
ASO Tube test Titer: reported as Todd unit
Neutralization of the hemolytic activity of Streptolysin O
(+) No hemolysis
(-) Hemolysis
Serum preparation Serum ÷ TV
Titer Reciprocal of the highest dilution in w/c a positive reaction occurs
RBC control No hemolysis
SLO reagent control Complete hemolysis
ASO Titer NV = 0-166 Todd (Tube test)
Significant = >200 IU/mL (Slide test)
DNase B Ab testing Anti-DNase B sometimes appear earlier than ASO
Sensitivity for detection of glomerulonephritis
Measured by neutralization
DNA == methyl green Green
DNase == DNA ≠≠ methyl green (-) Colorless
Anti-DNase == DNase ≠≠ DNA == methyl green (+) Green [no color change]
Streptozyme Slide agglutination screening test for detection of Ab’s to several Streptococcal Ag’s
1’ Hepatitis viruses Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E
2’ Hepatitis viruses EBV, CMV, etc.
Hepatitis A Infectious hepatitis
PicoRNAviridae (RNA)
MOT: fecal-oral
Short incubation period = 15-40 days
Hepatitis B Serum hepatitis
HepaDNAviridae (DNA)
MOT: sexual, parenteral, perinatal

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Dane particle = infectious
Hepatitis C Non-A, non-B hepatitis
Flaviviridae (RNA)
MOT: sexual, parenteral, perinatal
Major cause of post-transfusion hepatitis (80% HCV || <10% HBV)
Hepatitis D Viroid like (RNA)
Require infection w/ HBV (coinfection or superinfection)
Hepatitis E Caliciviridae/HepEviridae (RNA)
MOT: fecal-oral, contaminated H2O
fatality: pregnant
HBsAg A.k.a. Australia antigen
1st marker to appear in HBV infection
Screen blood donors
Acute or chronic infection
HBeAg High vertical transmission risk (Mother Child)
High degree of infectivity
HBcAg NOT a serologic marker
Detected only by liver biopsy
IgM anti-HBc 1st antibody to be produced
Only marker detectable during “core window” period
Acute infection
Total anti-HBc Acute or chronic
IgG: lifelong marker of HBV
Anti-HBs Marker of past infection and immune state
Tested for vaccination and follow up
Anti-HBe Marker of convalescence (recovery)
HBsAg Anti-HBc Anti-HBs
No HBV infection - - -
Early infection + - -
Acute HBV + + -
Window period - + -
Past infection - + +
Immunization - - +
HCV Surrogate test: ALT, (+) anti-HBc
Specific test: (+) Anti-HCV = ELISA, RIBA
IgM anti-HDV Detected by ELISA
IgM anti-HEV Detected by ELISA, WB, Fluorescent antibody blocking assay
HEV RNA ID by PCR
PCR D>A>E: Denaturation > Annealing > Extension
1st generation test (HBsAg) Ouchterlony double diffusion
2nd generation test (HBsAg) Counterelectrophoresis
Rheophoresis
Complement fixation
3rd generation test (HBsAg) RIA
ELISA
RPHA
RPLA
HIV-1 A.k.a. HTLV-III, LAV, ARV
RNA virus (ssRNA, icosahedral, enveloped)
Retroviridae (Lentiviridae)
AIDS in US, Europe
HIV-2 West Africa
Less pathogenic, transmission
HIV Retains infectivity for:
3 days (dried specimen)
>A week (aqueous environment)
Main structural genes (HIV) Env
Gag
Pol
Env (envelope) gene gp160
= gp120: knobs/spikes
= gp41: spans the inner and outer membrane
Attachment and fusion to CD4+ cells
Gag (Group Ag) gene p55
= p15
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= p17
= p24
Located in nucleocapsid
Pol (polymerase) gene Located in the core near the nucleic acid
= Reverse transcriptase: transcribes RNA DNA
= Integrase: inserts viral DNA to host DNA
Ab to p24 1st Ab to appear in HIV infection
Screening tests (HIV) 1. ELISA = standard screening test
2. Agglutination tests = gel/latex particles
3. Dot-Blot testing
Confirmatory tests (HIV) 1. Western Blot = standard confirmatory test
- CDC Criteria: 2 out of 3 Ab bands to p24, gp41 and gp120/160 = (+) WB
2. Immunofluorescence assay
SLE Lupus = “wolf”
Connective tissue disorder
LE factor 7s IgG
LE cell (buffy coat) Neutrophil w/ homogeneous round body
ANA test Nonspecific
1. FANA = immunofluorescence
2. Visible ANA = light microscopy
FANA Mouse liver (Ag) +Patient serum (ANA) + FITC labeled AHG
(+) Green gold fluorescence
Visible ANA Hep 2 cells (Ag) + Patient serum (ANA) + HRP labeled AHG + Diaminobenzidine
(+) Dark brown stain
Hep 2 cells Human epithelial cells
Homogeneous/Diffuse/ Solid Anti-DNP = Rheumatoid disorder
Peripheral/Ring/Rim/ Anti-dsDNA = most specific for SLE
Membranous Active stage of SLE
Speckled/Mottled/ Require another test
Pepperdot Anti-ENA:
a. anti-Smith = SLE
b. anti-RNP = MCTD, SLE, RA
Nucleolar Anti-nucleolar RNA = Scleroderma
Anti-centromere CREST syndrome
♫ Calcinosis
♫ Reynaud’s phenomenon
♫ Esophageal dysmotility
♫ Sclerodactyly
♫ Telangiectasia
RA Inflammatory disease involving joints
RF IgM reacting against Fc portion of IgG (HC)
Specimen: Serum, synovial fluid
Tests (RA) 1. Rose-Waaler test = sheep cell agglutination
2. Singer-Plotz test = latex fixation
Titer (RA) Positive = >80
Weakly positive = 20-40
Negative = <20
CRP Nonspecific indicator of inflammation
Thought to be an antibody to the C-polysaccharide of pneumococci
4-6 hrs | Peak: 24-72 hrs (48 hrs)
Similar to antibody
Ca2+ dependent
Tests:
1. RPLA = latex w/ anti-CRP
2. Precipitation test
3. RIA
4. C’ fixation = (+) No hemolysis | (-) Hemolysis
C’ fixation (CRP) Specimen: Serum (Ag)
Positive reaction:
Ag == Ab + C’ Ag == Ab == C’ + Amboceptor (indicator) No hemolysis
Negative reaction:
Ag ≠≠ Ab + C’ Ag ≠≠ Ab, free C’ + Amboceptor (indicator) Hemolysis
Amboceptor (hemolysin) Indicator
Sheep RBCs coated w/ anti-sRBC
IM Caused by EBV

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= Target cells: B cells (CD21)
Hema: Lymphocytosis
Atypical lymphocytes = T cells reacting to B cells infected w/ EBV
Paul-Bunnell screening test General/screening test for heterophile Ab’s
Reagent: sheep RBC
(+) Agglutination
Davidsohn differential test 1. Adsorption (removal of Ab in serum) w/ Guinea pig kidney cells and beef/ox
(Tube) erythrocytes
2. Addition of indicator cells (sRBCs)
3. Agglutination
Antibodies to IM (+) Adsorption w/ beef/ox erythrocytes
(+) Agglutination after adsorption w/ GPK cells
Antibodies to Forssman Ag (+) Adsorption w/ GPK cells
(+) Agglutination after adsorption w/ beef/ox erythrocytes
Antibodies to Serum sickness (+) Adsorption w/ beef/ox erythrocytes and GPK cells
(-) Agglutination after adsorption w/ beef/ox erythrocytes and GPK cells
EBV Ag’s 1. VCA = Viral Capsid Ag (cytoplasm)
2. EA = Early Ag
a. EA-D = Diffuse early Ag (nucleus and cytoplasm)
b. EA-R = Restricted early Ag (cytoplasm)
3. EBNA = Epstein-Barr nuclear Ag (nucleus)
Monospot/Spot/Rapid Horse RBCs (indicator cells) = more sensitive indicators of Ab’s found in IM
differential slide test
Additional Topics
H. capsulatum Cross reacts w/ B. dermatitidis
SREHP Serine-rich E. histolytica protein
Optimal pLDH (parasitic LDH)
Malarial organisms
Malaquick HRP-2/HRP II Ag: Histidine Rich Protein Ag
P. falciparum
Streptococcus MG Primary atypical pneumonia
OspC Outer membrane associated protein
Lyme disease
Latex agglutination Cryptococcal Ag in CSF
Seroconversion (+) specific Ab previously undetectable
Transient 5-6 months of age
Hypogammaglobulinemia of IgG = most affected
infancy
Selective IgA deficiency Most common congenital immunodeficiency
Severe combined Most serious congenital immunodeficiency
immunodeficiency Affects T and B cells
Children Enclosed in a plastic bubble (“Bubble boy”)
DiGeorge’s syndrome Congenital thymic aplasia
X-linked Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia
hypogammaglobulinemia All Ig
(-) B cells
Common variable Recurrent bacterial infection and sinusitis
immunodeficiency Selective IgG deficiency may occur
PNP deficiency Metabolism of purines is affected
WAS Triad of immunodeficiency, eczema and thrombocytopenia
Inability to mount IgM response to the capsular polysaccharide of bacteria
A-T IgG2, IgA, IgE
Uncoordinated muscle movements (ataxia)
Dilatation of blood vessels (telangiectasia)
Waldenström’s IgM
macroglobulinemia other antibodies
Leukocyte adhesion Defective adhesion protein (CD18) on the surface of phagocytes
deficiency syndrome
S. typhi (Widal) Titer of >1:160 (clinically significant)
R. rickettsii (Weil-Felix) Titer of >1:320 (clinically significant)
Tolerance Refers to the specific immunological non-reactivity to an antigen resulting from a
previous exposure to the same antigen
Tolerogen Antigens that induce tolerance
Self-tolerance No immune response against self-antigens
Clonal detection Involves killing of T cells (negative selection) that reacts against antigens present in
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the fetus at that time
Central tolerance Tolerance to self acquired w/in the thymus
Peripheral tolerance Tolerance acquired outside the thymus
Clonal anergy Functional inactivation of certain T cells
Clonal ignorance State in which certain autoantigens are undetected by the immune system under
normal circumstances
Autoimmunity Result of breakdown of mechanisms responsible for tolerance
Induction of immune response against components of the self
Molecular mimicry Invading pathogen expresses antigens that resemble “self”. These activate T and B
cells. When the infection is under control, these cells may now turn against self-
antigens
Ex. Rheumatic heart disease
Sjögren’s syndrome Chronic inflammatory disease that affects the exocrine glands (lacrimal and salivary
glands)
Reiter syndrome Triad of arthritis, conjunctivitis and urethritis
HLA-DR3 SLE
Addison’s disease
Graves’ disease
IDDM
Myasthenia gravis
Sjogren’s syndrome
Atrophic thyroiditis
HLA-DR4 RA (HLA-Dw4)
IDDM
HLA-B27 Ankylosing spondylitis
Reiter syndrome
HLA-Dw5 Pernicious anemia
HLA-DR5 Goitrous thyroiditis

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Autoimmune Diseases
Specificity Disease Organ Autoantibody to
Organ specific Hashimoto’s thyroiditis Thyroid Thyroglobulin
| TPO (microsomal)
| Primary myxedema Thyroid Cytoplasmic TSH receptor
| Graves’ disease Thyroid TSH receptor
| Pernicious anemia Red cells Intrinsic factor
| Parietal cell
| Addison’s disease Adrenal Adrenal cells
| Premature onset Ovary Steroid producing cells
| menopause
| Male infertility Sperm Spermatozoa
| IDDM Pancreas Pancreatic islet β-cells
| NIDDM Systemic Insulin receptor
| Atopic allergy Systemic β-adrenergic receptor
| Myasthenia gravis Muscle Acetylcholine receptor
| Muscle
| Goodpasture’s syndrome Kidney Renal and lung basement
| Lung membrane
|
Pemphigus Skin Desmosomes
|
Pemphigoid Skin Skin basement membrane
|
Phacogenic uveitis Lens Lens protein
|
AIHA Red cells Red cells
|
Platelets
|
Idiopathic Platelets Platelets
|
thrombocytopenia
|
| Primary biliary cirrhosis Liver Mitochondria
| Idiopathic neutropenia Neutrophils Neutrophils
| Ulcerative colitis Colon Colon
| Sjögren’s syndrome Secretory glands Duct mitochondria
| Vitiligo Skin Melanocytes
| Joints
| RA Skin, kidney, joints, etc IgG
| SLE Joints, etc. DNA, RNA nucleoproteins
Non-organ specific

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