2023 – 2024

A2 WRITING BOOKLET

ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY
School of Foreign
Languages
 2023-2024 ACADEMIC YEAR
ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

A2 WRITING BOOKLET

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 Table of Contents

1. Introduction to Writing a Paragraph ................................................................................ 3

2. Writing a Basic Paragraph & Topic Sentence......................................................................3
3. Supporting Sentences ........................................................................................................5
4. Concluding Sentence .........................................................................................................7
5. How to Develop Paragraphs ........................................................................................... 10
6. Development and Elaboration….......................................................................................11
7. Unity……………….………….….………….....................................................................................12
8. Ensuring Coherence.……………..……….................................................................................13
9. The Definite Article & Pronouns …....................................................................................14
10. Transitions……………….……………..………...............................................................................15
11. Paragraph Types: Opinion Paragraph ..............................................................................19
12. Stages in Writing an Opinion Paragraph…………………........................................................20
13. Paragraph Types: Comparison & Contrast Paragraph......................................................25
14. Block Method & Point-by-point Method ………………………………………………….....………………26
15. Stages in Writing a Comparison & Contrast Paragraph ………..…….………….…………………… 30
16. References ………..……….................................................................................................... 31
17. Codes for Writing Corrections ......................................................................................... 32

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INTRODUCTION TO WRITING A PARAGRAPH

1. Writing a basic paragraph

1.1. Topic Sentence

The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph. It introduces the main idea of the paragraph. There
are two parts of a topic sentence: a topic and a controlling idea. The topic is the subject of a paragraph
or what the paragraph is about. The controlling idea is what you are going to say about the topic.

The following paragraphs show how the controlling idea of a topic sentence controls a paragraph. The
topics are circled and the controlling ideas are underlined. The topic of all four paragraphs is the same:
beaches. However, the content of each paragraph is different because the controlling idea is different.

Paragraph 1
Beaches

Beaches offer different pleasures to different kinds of people. People who go alone can enjoy sunbathing
or reading. Sociable people can usually find someone to talk to or take a walk with. Curious people can
collect seashells or study the habits of seashore creatures, such as sand crabs or seagulls. Athletes can
swim, surf, run or play football. Indeed, every type of person can find enjoyment at a beach.

Paragraph 2
Beaches
Beaches are fun in summer and in winter. In summer you can swim and do many other water sports. If
you don't like water sports, you can play beach games or relax on the warm sand. In winter beaches are
less crowded, so they are good places for going for walks on your own. Also, on a clear winter night,
nothing is more fun than sitting with a group of friends around a big bonfire, talking, laughing, and singing.
Indeed, a beach is a place to have fun all year.

Paragraph 3
Beaches
Beaches differ in various parts of the world. Thailand has miles of empty beaches. They are beautiful,
clean, and not crowded, even in summer. You can spend the whole afternoon on a beach and not see
another person. In Japan, on the other hand, the beaches are very crowded. You can hardly find a place
to sit down at the more popular Japanese beaches. The beaches in Northern Europe are different in
another way. The water is cold, so most people go to the beach only to sunbathe. Along the French Riviera,
the beaches are rocky, not sandy as they are on tropical islands. Each type of beach - empty or crowded,
sandy or rocky - has its own special features to enjoy.

Paragraph 4
Beaches
People of all ages have fun at the beach. First, young children love going to the beach. Children love to
splash in the water, jump in the waves, and play in the sand. They happily dig holes, fill buckets, and build
sandcastles all day long. A second group of people who have fun at the beach is teenagers. Teenagers
enjoy active sports, such as surfing, jet skiing, and boardsailing. They also like to hang out at the beach
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with their friends. Third, senior citizens have a good time at the beach, too. They take long walks along
the water’s edge or simply relax and enjoy the sunshine. In brief, children, teenagers, and grandparents
can have fun at the beach.

hang out: relax and socialize senior citizens: people older than about sixty-five

Practice 1: Circle the topic and underline the controlling idea in each of the following sentences.

1. Good roommates have four characteristics.

2. International Women’s Day is an important day.

3. Small cars have several advantages.

4. Big cars are safer than small cars for two reasons.

5. Talent and dedication are two characteristics of Olympic athletes.

Practice 2: Read the paragraph. Then choose the best topic sentence for each one and write it on the line
provided.

1. ___________________________________________________________. First, living in a foreign

country helps you learn another language faster than studying it at school. Second, you can learn directly
about the history, geography, and culture of a country. Third, you become a more tolerant person because
you experience different ways of living. Fourth, living in a foreign country makes you appreciate your own
country better.

a. Living in a foreign country helps you learn.

b. Everyone should live in a foreign country for a while.
c. Living in a foreign country has four benefits.

2. ___________________________________________________________. Some colleges and

universities in the U.S.A are private. Private colleges and universities do not get money from taxes, so they
are usually more expensive. Other colleges and universities are public. The citizens of each state pay some
of the costs through their taxes. As a result, public colleges are cheaper for students. You can get a good
education in both types of colleges and universities.

a. There are two main types of colleges and universities in the U.S.A
b. Public colleges and universities get money from taxes.
c. There are many colleges and universities in the U.S.A

3. ___________________________________________________________. They check their plane to

make sure that it is working properly. They also make sure that the baggage handlers have loaded baggage
and cargo correctly. They check the weather forecast to see if they might run into any bad weather on
their trip. Pilots then decide what route they should take, and how high and fast they should fly.

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a. Flying in bad weather is difficult.
b. Pilots make a lot of money and fly all over the world.
c. Pilots do a lot of pre-flight preparation.

4. ___________________________________________________________. Most people have pets at

home for their companionship. In fact, many of them think that their pet is a part of their family. If they
don’t have a child or are old, these pets share their loneliness and become friends. In addition to this, pets
have practical purposes, such as protecting homes, destroying insects. Also, mental therapists use pets in
therapy. Finally, some people keep pets for their beauty or for their songs.

a. There are many health benefits of owning a pet.

b. People keep pets for many reasons.
c. A pet can entertain you.

Practice 3: Write a topic sentence for each of the following paragraphs.

1. _______________________________________________________________. She likes to watch
comedies on television with me. We laugh a lot together. She helps me with my homework every
weekend. She buys me clothes and cooks my dinner. She taught me to use the computer, and she lets me
use her computer. We go to the park all the time and she plays basketball with me. She is the best mom.
I am lucky.

2. _______________________________________________________________. First of all, it is on the

ground floor so there isn’t enough light. Secondly, I don't like the location of the room because it overlooks
a back garden. I can only see a few trees there. Also, I do not feel safe. Because it is on the ground floor, I
am worried about thieves. In short, I think I am unlucky to have this room because of its location.

3. ________________________________________________________________. First, and most

importantly, the work is very interesting. I learn new things every day and I travel a lot. In addition, my
boss is very nice. She always helps me when I have a problem. I have also made many friends at my job.
Last but not least, the salary is fantastic. I plan to stay at this job for a long time.

4. ________________________________________________________________. You should consider

the fact that a tattoo is permanent. What’s ‘’cool’’ at 18 years old might not be appealing when you are
40 years old. Also, tattoo removal is more painful and expensive than tattooing. The process usually takes
several sessions and offers varying results. Doctors say tattoos can be lightened but not always completely
removed.

1.2. Supporting Sentences

The sentences that follow a topic sentence are called supporting sentences. The supporting sentences
give examples, explanation, information, and opinion to support the main idea of the paragraph.

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Therefore, all supporting sentences should help the reader to understand the topic and the focus of the
sentence.

Example 1:
Fred has terrible eating habits. (1) He often skips breakfast at home and buys a candy bar at
school. (2) For lunch, he usually has chips, coke, and more candy. (3) In the afternoon, he gets junk food.
(4) He never eats fresh fruit or vegetables. (5) In the evenings he usually eats pizza and hamburgers. Fred
should change his eating habits if he wants to stay healthy.

NOTE: In this example paragraph, the topic is Fred. The controlling idea is his terrible eating habits. There
are five supporting sentences. These sentences explain why Fred’s eating habits are terrible or bad.

Example 2:
Fred has healthy eating habits. (1) He never skips breakfast. (2) During school breaks, he eats
some fruit or drinks some milk. (3) After school, he usually has a cheese sandwich with tea. (4) In the
afternoons he sometimes has fish. (5) He eats vegetables every day. Fred is healthy because of his good
eating habits.

NOTE: In example two, the topic is Fred but this time the controlling idea is his healthy or good eating
habits. The supporting sentences tell us the type of food he eats to have a healthy diet.

Use a transition signal in your supporting sentence to tell your reader that you are moving
from one supporting detail to another. There are several transition signals in the following table. Make
sure that you always put a comma (,) after these signals.

Firstly, / First, / First of all, To begin with, In addition, Furthermore,

Secondly, / Second, For one thing, Next, Finally,

Thirdly, / Third, Also, Moreover,

Practice 1 – Look at the topic sentences below and choose the best four supporting sentences for each
blank.
1. Learning English is very difficult. Firstly, _______________________________________________
_______________. In addition, _______________________________________________________
_______________. Also, ____________________________________________________________
_________. Finally, _________________________________________________________________
_______________. I think it will take a long time to learn English well.

a) I don’t like speaking English.

b) we don’t have the chance to practise with native speakers.
c) many people in the world learn English.
d) the grammar is very different from my native language.
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e) the pronunciation is difficult to get right.
f) it is easy to learn English vocabulary.
g) I have only one English class a week.
2. I hate my job. For one thing, ______________________________________________________
_______________________. Another thing is that ______________________________________
______________________. Also, ____________________________________________________
_________. However, the worst thing is that ___________________________________________
____________________________. I think it’s time to look for a new job.

a) my colleagues are friendly.

b) the salary is very low.
c) my boss is always getting angry and shouting at me.
d) the office is in a great location.
e) I want to work there forever.
f) I have to work until about nine o’clock every night.
g) our office building is old and dirty.

Practice 2: Read each topic sentence. Then write two supporting sentences.
1. Cities are exciting places to live in.
a. ___________________________________________________________________________.
b. ___________________________________________________________________________.
2. Cities have many problems.
a. ___________________________________________________________________________.
b. ___________________________________________________________________________.
3. Good roommates have two characteristics.
a. __________________________________________________________________________.
b. __________________________________________________________________________.
4. Being a university student in a big city has some disadvantages.
a. __________________________________________________________________________.
b. __________________________________________________________________________.
5. Living with your parents has certain advantages.
a. __________________________________________________________________________.
b. __________________________________________________________________________.

1.3. Concluding Sentence

The concluding sentence is the final sentence in a paragraph. The function of the concluding sentence is
to signal the end of the paragraph. Concluding sentences can either be a restatement of the topic sentence
or a summary of the supporting sentences. If you want to restate the topic sentence, it should be
expressed in different words. It shouldn’t be an exact copy of the topic sentence.

● The concluding sentence below shows how the topic sentence is written again in different
words. It is restated.

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 I like to go to work by boat (topic sentence). First, it is convenient to travel on boats. There are
many comfortable seats, and you can have something to drink, like tea or coffee on a boat. I also like that
I can get up and move around. Secondly, I like the big windows on boats, too. I enjoy watching the sea on
my way to work. Finally, there is no traffic jam when you travel on a boat. In short, I prefer to travel to
work by boat (restated concluding sentence).

● Sometimes a concluding sentence summarizes the main points.

There are three good options for traveling between Rome and Paris. The fastest way is by
plane. However, flying between these two cities can be expensive. The second way is by train, which is
very popular with many tourists. The train fare is not so expensive, and the service is very good, but the
overnight trip takes about 14 hours. Finally, many people take the bus. The bus is the cheapest of the
three options, but it takes up to 22 hours, which means it takes the most time. All in all, if you want to
travel between Rome and Paris, you can go by plane, by train or by bus.

Many words or phrases can be used to signal the end of the paragraph in the concluding
sentence. Here are some of them:

To conclude, To sum up, Indeed, In brief,

In conclusion, In summary, To summarize, In short, All in all,

Practice 1: Read each paragraph and choose the best concluding sentence.

1. I hate Mondays for many reasons. One reason is work. I get up early to go to work on Mondays. After
a weekend of fun and relaxation, I do not like to do this. Another reason that I do not like Mondays is that
I have three meetings every Monday. These meetings last a long time, and they are extremely boring.
Traffic is also a big problem on Mondays. There are more cars on the road on Mondays. Drivers are in a
bad mood, and I must be more careful than usual. __________________________________.

a. In conclusion, Monday is worse than Tuesday, but it is better than Sunday.

b. In short, I do not like meetings on Mondays.
c. All in all, these are just a few reasons why I do not like Mondays.

2. Buying a car requires careful planning. First, do you want a new or a used car? This depends on how
much money you can spend. Sometimes a used car needs repairs. What style of car do you want? You can
look at many different models to help you decide. Next, do you want extra features in your new car?
Adding lots of extra features makes a car more expensive. Finally, you have to decide where you will buy
your car. ____________________________________________________________________.

a. In brief, it is important to think about all these things when you are buying a car.
b. In addition, the most important thing is the kind of car that you want to buy.
c. Secondly, will you buy your new car from a friend or a car dealer?

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3. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. First, breakfast gives you the energy to start the day.
Also, eating a healthy breakfast helps you think more clearly and improves your memory. Studies show
that when children eat a nutritious breakfast, they do better at school. Similarly, if adults eat breakfast,
they perform better at work. __________________________________________________.

a. Unfortunately, some people do not have breakfast and eat a big dinner.
b. In conclusion, children who study hard usually do better at school.
c. Indeed, breakfast provides many benefits.

4. The island nation of Singapore, the smallest nation in Asia, is one of the best cities in the world to live
in and to visit. Firstly, Singapore is a safe country. It has a very low crime rate. At night, people can walk
the streets without fear. Also, Singapore is very clean. The nation has very strong laws, so there is almost
no litter anywhere. Thirdly, people in Singapore come from many different racial, ethnic, and religious
backgrounds, but they live together in peace. Finally, Singapore’s economy is one of the healthiest in Asia,
so its people enjoy a very high standard of living. ___________________________.

a. Singapore also has many beautiful tourist spots.

b. To conclude, Singapore is a very good city because it is safe, clean, and strong in economy.
c. To summarize, many people come to Singapore because this city is multicultural.

5. There are a few basic rules to safe driving. First, you must always wear your seat belt. You are risking
your life when you do not wear a seatbelt. Second, never drink and drive. Alcohol can cause you to make
wrong decisions or lose control. Third, do not speed. Speeding increases the risk of a crash. Finally, do not
use your mobile phone when you drive. You must give your full attention to the road to avoid accidents.
______________________________________________________________.

a. To sum up, it is not safe to drive when you are too tired or sleepy.
b. In short, never go through a red light and always wait for the signal to turn green.
c. In brief, you can drive safely if you follow several simple rules.

Practice 2: Read the paragraphs below and write a concluding sentence for each.

1. Playing outside has many benefits. First, playing outside gives you sun exposure, which is scientifically
proven to cure seasonal depression. Second, playing active games, such as basketball and football, gets
you moving, which will benefit your physical health. Lastly, playing or running around outdoors can help
get rid of stress and frustration. ___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________.

2. I love autumn more than the other seasons. First, the weather has a moderate temperature. It is never
exceedingly hot or cold. Therefore, you can spend time outside without sweating too much. Also, I love
the way the trees change color. They change from green to yellow, red, and orange. Lastly, I like autumn
because school starts. I get excited when I think about going back to school and seeing my teachers and
friends again. __________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________.

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3. When bad weather, thunder, and strong winds mix, the result is a dangerous storm, but the name for
that storm differs according to where the storm occurs. When a storm forms in the Atlantic or eastern
Pacific Ocean, it is called a hurricane. This type of storm can be dangerous for people living in the United
States, Mexico, Central America, or the Caribbean islands. When a large storm begins in the southern
Pacific Ocean, this same type of storm is called a cyclone. Cyclones are less common due to the colder
temperature of the water there. Finally, if this same storm begins in the western Pacific Ocean, it is
referred to as a typhoon. Typhoons are usually stronger than hurricanes, and they endanger people living
in areas such as Japan, Guam, or the Philippines. _____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________.

HOW TO DEVELOP PARAGRAPHS

The question of ‘What is good writing?’ is not easy to answer. Different kinds of writing are considered
"good" and for many different reasons. There is no formula or program for writing well. However, there
are certain qualities that most examples of good writing share. The following is a brief description of the
qualities of good writing. In a well-written paragraph, all the sentences should support the topic sentence,
discuss the importance of the topic and set the connections among the ideas presented .

FOCUS

FOCUS A paragraph should have a single clear central idea. With your topic sentence,
try to catch the attention of readers at the beginning so that they want to read
the rest of the paragraph.

DEVELOPMENT Ideas are the heart of a piece so each sentence should support or expand the
central idea of the paragraph. The idea of each paragraph should be explained
and illustrated through interesting examples, details, and descriptions.
ELABORATION
Instead of just telling it, show it. Make sure you provide sufficient details.

UNITY Each idea in a paragraph should be related to the topic sentence. In other
words, all sentences should be connected to the main idea. If there is an off
topic / irrelevant sentence, it leads to confusion for the reader.

COHERENCE A paragraph should be organized logically, flow smoothly, and "stick" together.
In other words, everything in the writing should make sense to a reader. There
should be logical order in terms of time, space, and importance of details.
Transitional words should be used to set connections between ideas. There
must be no sudden jumps.

CONVENTIONS Grammar mistakes cause trouble for the reader, so your paragraph should be
error-free. Make sure you have correct paragraphing, capitalization,
punctuation, and correctly used simple and complex grammatical structures,
CORRECTNESS
which will make your paragraph consistent and easy to follow.

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 WORD CHOICE A good paragraph should include a good range of vocabulary from verbs to
adverbs. They should be appropriate, accurate and memorable. Don’t forget,
words help you decorate your paragraph. As a writer, you should avoid
repetitive words in a paragraph. Instead, you should think of ways to mean the
same but with different words. You can benefit from synonyms, antonyms, or
other word forms. Do your best to spell the words correctly.

CREATIVITY One additional quality is creativity. The best writing carries some of the
personality and individuality of its author. Try to make your writing uniquely
your own. Add interesting, original, and authentic details to surprise or shock
your readers. Make sure you avoid Plagiarism.

1. DEVELOPMENT AND ELABORATION

A detail is the answer to a question a writer might have. So, spend more time answering the “Why” and
“How” questions along with other wh- questions. The answers almost always produce the most
interesting details. You can also benefit from definitions, reasons, facts, statistics and quotations while
offering evidence and examples. At the same time, you should make sure you are on topic all the time.

Example paragraph

Drink driving is a matter of public health as it causes countless problems in many ways. To begin with,
drink driving is a crime. It might lead to paralysis, severe injuries, brain damage and even death. Drivers
who commit this crime often have to pay significant fines, lose their license, and face a higher insurance
cost. (fact). According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), approximately
10,265 people died in alcohol-related traffic crashes in 2015. (statistics). Moreover, 1.5 million people are
arrested each year for driving under the influence of alcohol. There are emotional factors to consider, too.
One criminal stated that “You have to live with the consequences if you injure or kill other people when
you are drunk. That emotional burden can be worse than any bodily harm.” (quotation). All in all, drink
driving may be the symptom of an alcohol addiction. If you or someone you care about is fighting an
alcohol addiction, ask for help to create a better society to live in.

Practice 1 Below you are given a topic sentence and concluding sentence about the ways of being healthy.
Please go online and find different ideas to support the topic with facts, statistics and quotations.

Discussion on the ways of being healthy are never ending, yet, to me, doing sports, following a balanced
diet, and avoiding harmful habits like smoking are some of the main ways.
Facts:_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Statististics___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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Quotations____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Other________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

All in all, keeping active, consuming healthy food in moderation, and eliminating harmful habits such as
tobacco use can help an individual to lead a robust and content life.

2. UNITY

Irrelevant ideas destroy the unity of the paragraph.

New year, old celebrations

There have been celebrations to mark the beginning of a new year for thousands of years. Sometimes
these were simply an opportunity for people to eat, drink and have fun, but in some places the festivities
were connected to the land or astronomical events. For example, in Egypt the beginning of the year
coincided with when the River Nile flooded, and this normally happened when the star Sirius rose. The
Persians and Phoenicians started their new year at the spring equinox (this is around 20 March when the
sun shines more or less directly on the equator and the length of the night, and the day are almost the
same). Similarly, in many cities all over the world, spectacular fireworks display take place as soon as the
clock passes midnight on 31 December. All in all, cosmic or natural phenomena are linked with welcoming
a new year.

NOTE: The writer’s topic is the relationship between new year celebrations and astronomical events.
However, the underlined sentence is an example of how the new year is welcomed now. Therefore,
it is not connected to the topic sentence. The sentence starting with similarly is off topic / irrelevant.
That is, it is not a part of a paragraph. So, it should be omitted.

Practice 1 Find the irrelevant sentences in each paragraph below.

Education

(I) At one time in the history of education, one had to be wealthy to attend school. (II) At other
times, women were kept from attending school, despite power in finances. (III) Financial aid was widely
available to aid those less fortunate. (IV) Today, this is not the case because school attendance is
obligatory. (V) The law requires students who are between six and 16 years of age to attend school
regardless of their gender.

Dieting

(I) While dieting or losing weight, there are often times when we are tempted to eat high calorie
food. (II) Therefore, it is not very easy for someone to lose body fat, and it can be very frustrating as well.
(III) However, many studies nowadays support the idea that while dieting, people should allow themselves
to eat whatever they desire once a week (IV) Following a high-protein diet over a long period of time can
cause considerable health problems. (V) It has been proved that this not only makes the dieter happy but
also helps the person to continue his diet.

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Rainforests

(I) Rainforests are extremely important in the ecology of the Earth. (II) They cover about 7 % of
the Earth's surface and are havens for millions of plants and animals. (III) The plants of the rainforests
generate much of the Earth's oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. (IV) There are
many types of tropical rainforests in the world. (V) However, these plants are also very important to
people in other ways; many are used in new drugs that fight diseases and illnesses.

3. ENSURING COHERENCE

Cohesion, literally “sticking together,” is essential to good, clear paragraphs. It helps a reader follow your
argument and see the relationships you want them to understand. Cohesion makes writing flow by
creating and making connections stronger on the sentence level and the paragraph level. We can achieve
cohesion in writing in a variety of ways, mainly by using words, phrases, and ideas. Those ideas might act
as connectors or point back to earlier words/phrases/ideas. The most basic cohesive devices are reference
words, transitions, and repetition.

REFERENCE WORDS: point to a specific thing or to a location in space or time.

■ definite and indefinite articles: the a/an

■ personal pronouns: we, us, you, he, she, it, him, her, his, they, them
■ demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those, none, neither

When do we use this & that and these & those?

● this and that in the singular,

● these and those in the plural.

Generally speaking, we use this/these to refer to people and things, situations and experiences that are
close to the speaker or very close in time. We use that/those to refer to people and things, situations and
experiences that are more distant, either in time or physically.

This is a great game. (We are watching the game.)

● That was a great game. (The game is over.)

The demonstrative determiner and the demonstrative pronoun:

demonstrative determiner (together with a noun): This book is new.

demonstrative pronoun (stand on its own): This is a new book.

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DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE

The definite article is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is specific or particular. The
signals that the noun is definite, that it refers to a particular member of a group. For example:

"The dog that bit me ran away." Here, we're talking about a specific dog; the dog that bit me.

"I was happy to see the policeman who saved my cat!" Here, we're talking about a particular policeman.
Even if we don't know the policeman's name, he is still a particular policeman because he is the one who
saved the cat.

PRONOUNS

Pronouns replace nouns. While writing, the use of pronouns avoids repetition. Pronouns help the writers
to set meaningful connections between sentences.

*
The chart above is a reminder of pronouns. If you have difficulty with their use, visit the link below to study.
*https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/english-grammar-reference/pronouns

Now let’s examine the paragraphs below to see how they improve through the use of reference
words:

The hotel is famous. The hotel is one of the most well-known hotels in the country. The hotel organized a
dancing competition. The hotel wanted to become more popular internationally. The hotel spent a lot of
money to advertise the event. But not many people attended the event in the hotel.

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(The connection of ideas is not very good. Sentences are mostly simple and repetitive. Such repetitions
tire the readers.)

The hotel is one of the most well-known hotels in this region. It wanted to become more popular
internationally, so it organized a dancing competition. Although the managers there spent a lot of money

to advertise the event, not many people participated in the competition. (The connection of ideas is
better than in the first example.)

Practice 1 Have a look at the paragraph about plastic bags to see how cohesive devices make your writing
better and avoid repetition, and underline the cohesive devices used throughout the paragraph.

The use of plastic bags is quite common for many reasons. To begin with, shops usually supply them for
free and people unnecessarily take those plastic bags away with them to store unwanted items like
garbage or to keep food in the freezer. However, the harm they give to the environment is too much. To
exemplify, plastic bags can go into rivers and oceans, so the rivers and oceans are contaminated, and that
plastic waste negatively affects the living creatures there. Moreover, in the long run, as they don’t break
down, they cause soil pollution. Last but not least, the chemicals in these plastic bags are toxic and harmful
to the human body. For instance, these chemicals can cause cancers, immune system problems and
childhood development issues. All in all, to protect both ourselves and the environment we live in, we
should replace plastic bags with green choices.

TRANSITIONS

Transitions connect sentences, showing relationships between ideas or clarifying the progression of an
argument. Transitional devices include comparison, contrast, emphasis, example/illustration, summary,
and time sequence.

NOTE: With the linkers marked with a star (*) in each category below, you should use a noun, or noun-
like phrases like gerunds or noun clauses.
Addition: Moreover, Furthermore, Besides, What’s more, Additionally, In addition, *In addition to,

1. Information is also available on women’s health care.

2. The rent is reasonable and, besides / what’s more / moreover / furthermore / additionally the
location is perfect.
3. The rent is reasonable. What’s more, / Besides, / Moreover, / Furthermore, / Additionally, the
location is perfect.
4. *In addition to its natural beauty, the Bosporus holds an important place in international travel.

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Illustration and Clarification: For example, For instance, To illustrate, To exemplify, In other words, That
is, *including, *such as, * like

1. We should change how we use energy. For instance, / For example, / To illustrate, / To
exemplify, our approach to travel should change.
2. *You’ll need a variety of skills, including leadership and negotiating.
3. *Large electrical goods such as / like television sets and washing machines are getting more
expensive.
4. What we need is a more sustainable transport system, in other words, / that is, more buses and
trains, and fewer cars should be on the roads.

Cause - Effect: because, since, as, so that, Therefore, As a result, For this reason, Consequently, That’s
why, As a consequence, *because of, *owing to, *due to

1. He came home because / since/ as he wanted to see the children before they went to bed.
2. He came home early in order to / to see the children before they went to bed.
3. He wanted to see the children before they went to bed, consequently, / as a result, / for this
reason, / as a consequence, he came home early.
4. Many businesses fail because of / due to / owing to financial problems.

Practice 1 Read each paragraph. Choose from the provided transition words and insert the best word or
phrase into the blanks, to make the paragraph flow more coherently.

1. Transition words: like, so that, including, moreover, as,

People of any age should eat a variety of foods, ________ plenty of fruit and vegetables as well as grains
and protein. If people eat junk food too often, they can become overweight and develop diseases _____
diabetes. _________, people should avoid processed foods ______ they contain a lot of preservatives,
sugar and salt. Another reason to follow a healthy diet is it provides a healthy lifestyle. To illustrate,
people, in particular school children, definitely shouldn’t spend too much time inside. Instead of unhealthy
snacks, people should carry healthy food with them _________ they have more energy and do not get
sick.

16
2. Transition words: such as, to, since, in addition to

My family always throws the best New Year's Eve party, and people love coming to it each year. Initially,
we start with our plans, __________ be sure everything is ready on time. Next, we make a basic guest list,
and then double that number of people __________we always welcome extras. This calculation helps us
get an idea of how much food and drink we'll need. __________ making goodies to store in the freezer,
we start preparations _________ finding engaging games to play or choosing energetic music for the party
ahead of time. Finally, a few days before December 31, we start putting up decorations, adding chairs and
small tables, and preparing last minute food. When party time arrives, we're just as free as our guests to
have a great time and welcome the new year.

Practice 2 Fill in the blanks with one of the transitions below.

so that / because / moreover / due to / that’s why / in addition to / therefore / owing to

1. Continued high-blood pressure is dangerous _________ it can increase the risk of heart disease.
2. The economy in China is booming; __________ many foreigners are investing in China's market.
3. _________ a lack of production, housing prices are increasing in Istanbul.
4. Johnny Pacheco has a creative talent as a composer. __________, he is a successful arranger.
5. Bicycles are the greenest way of transport in town. _______, we should support bike use.
6. Employees always need to expand their job skills ________ they can achieve their full potential.
7. ________ teaching, my father has always been involved in public affairs.
8. Tony and Andy weren’t able to make it on time ________ the harsh weather conditions.

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COHESION EXERCISES

Practice 1 Read the topic sentence and the sentences that follow it. Number the sentences in the
best logical order.

1.Topic sentence: In my country, agriculture is a very big problem.

_____ 1. In these rural areas, lack of water creates dryness in most of the land.
_____ 2. As a result, without water, production levels will certainly decrease.
_____ 3. The first fact to consider is that over 60 percent of the population live in rural areas.
_____ 4. Thus, it will be more difficult to feed people because of food shortage.
_____ 5. To understand the nature of this problem, one has to look at some of the facts.
_____ 6. All in all, farming needs immediate attention to avoid bigger problems in my country.

2. Topic Sentence: Learning a second language provides countless benefits for people.
_____ 1. This may be even more important than the economic reason because understanding a different
culture enriches you a lot.
_____ 2. To conclude, second language acquisition has many advantages for its learners.
_____ 3. The first reason for learning other languages is that this education helps them work in the global
economy.
_____ 4. Secondly, learning another language also opens up the way to seeing how other cultures view
the world.
_____ 5. Additionally, working for international organizations puts you ahead of your rivals
financially.
_____ 6. For example, it helps you become more empathic and more accepting.

3. Topic sentence: Everyone should be required to take a course in first aid for several reasons.
_____1. Firstly, a friend might drown in the lake at a school celebration or a relative might choke on food
during a family picnic.
_____2. Clearly, in case of a crash, the injured need fast and basic help until an ambulance arrives.
_____3. All in all, a first aid course provides various benefits, so individuals should definitely take
time to learn the simple rules of first aid.
_____4. Finally, anyone could be involved in a car accident.
_____5. Secondly, it is helpful to know how to treat minor burns since such injuries are frequent.
_____6. Therefore, learning how to cool such burns might be practical.
_____7. In such events, artificial respiration can save lives if it is applied quickly and properly.

18
 PARAGRAPH TYPES

A) Opinion Paragraph

1. What is an opinion paragraph?

In an opinion paragraph, you express what you think about a topic (=your opinion) and support that
opinion with reasons and details.

First, you decide whether you agree or disagree with the title. Next, you try to think of at least two or
three good reasons to support your opinion and add facts and/or examples as details.

Opinion
Reasons: ideas that support our opinion.
Details: facts and/or examples that support the reasons.

2. Organization (Outline)

Opinion _____________________________________________ Topic sentence

Reason 1
Details (facts and/or examples)
Reason 2 Supporting sentences
Details (facts and/or examples)
Reason 3
Details (facts and/or examples)
………..

Opinion _____________________________________________ Concluding sentence

3. Useful expressions:
to give opinions to give reasons to express facts & examples

I believe / feel / think that … The first / main reason is…. It is widely known that...
In my opinion / in my view … The second reason is… It is a fact that...
I strongly/firmly believe that .. Another reason is… Research has shown that...
I prefer … One reason for… is …. It is obvious / true that…
I am in favour of… First of all, To begin with, … For example / for instance,...
It seems to me that… First, Second, Third, …
I am for / against the idea Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, …
that… Finally,

19
4. Stages in writing an opinion paragraph:

1. Your first sentence should be the Topic Sentence. Introduce your topic and your opinion
about it very clearly.
2. Support your opinion with reasons and details, which are the Supporting Sentences.
3. The final sentence of the paragraph is the Concluding Sentence. Restate your opinion
here.
*** Use linking words and/or phrases to create a connected (cohesive) paragraph.

What is your opinion about public transport as a way to travel?

Do you agree or disagree with the opinion “We should all use public transport”?

4.1 Topic Sentences:

If you agree with the statement, then your topic sentence could be:
“I believe we should all use public transport.”

4.2 Supporting Sentences:

Next, give reasons why you think that. (Why do you believe we should all use public transport?)
Below are some possible reasons:

1. Public transport helps the environment.

2. Using public transport is cheaper.
3. It is less stressful.
…………

Practice: Now write some details (facts and/or examples) for each reason:

1. Public transport helps the environment

It produces less pollution.
It can reduce greenhouse gasses by more than half.
…………………………………………..
2. Using public transport is cheaper
It is five times cheaper than traveling in your car.
It can save us gas bills.
…………………………………………….

3. It is less stressful
You can read or listen to music while traveling.
You don’t need to worry about a parking space.
……………………………………………

4.3 Concluding Sentence:

All in all, public transport is the best mode of travel for all of us.

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 4.4 Outline

Topic Sentence: I believe we should all use public transport

1. Public transport helps the environment REASON 1
1.1 It produces less pollution.
1.2. It can reduce greenhouse gases by more than half.
2. Using public transport is cheaper REASON 2
2.1 It is five times cheaper than travelling in your car.
2.2 It can save us gas bills.
3. It is less stressful REASON 3
3.1 You can read or listen to music while travelling.
3.2 You don’t need to worry about a parking space.

Concluding Sentence: All in all, public transport is the best mode of travel for all of us.

5. Facts and Opinions

Fact & Opinion

A fact is always true. An opinion is what

someone thinks or believes to be true. An
opinion may be true or false.
When you are writing an opinion paragraph, it
is very important to include facts.

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/fact-vs-
opinion-simple-examples-show-difference

Practice 1: Read the following statements and decide if they are facts or opinions. Write “F” for fact and
“O” for opinion.
1.___ Most dieticians believe we should avoid high fat foods.
2.___ UBI=Universal Basic Income is a truly radical solution to poverty.
3.___ Spam is unwanted email, usually advertising goods or services.
4.___ It is time to increase Internet access for everyone.
5.___ Greta Thunberg, a teenager from Sweden, is a climate change activist.

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Practice 2: Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.

The Best Way to Communicate

In my opinion, calling is the best way of communication for several reasons. My first reason is about the
power of a person’s voice. The other person’s tone of voice can give me an idea about their emotions: Are
they excited or feeling gloomy? As a result, I can interpret their words more precisely. The second reason
is that calling can save me time. When I use my phone hands-free, I can do chores like cooking, doing
laundry or even sports while talking on the phone. Finally, calling for help is the best option in case of
emergencies and natural disasters. In brief, calling is definitely my preferred mode of communication.
gloomy: sad
interpret: explain, make clear
chores: routine tasks
option: alternative
mode: way / method

1. Underline the topic sentence of the paragraph.

2. What is the author’s opinion on calling?
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. List three reasons why the writer favors calling.
a._________________________________________________________________________________
b._________________________________________________________________________________
c._________________________________________________________________________________
4. Do you agree with the supporting statements for each reason? Why or why not?
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Underline the concluding sentence.

Practice 3: The following sentences make an opinion paragraph. Read the sentences and number them in
the correct order.
IT CAN WAIT!

___ a. My first and most important reason for this ban is to save lives.
___b. It is because they talk or text on their mobiles instead of focusing on the road.
___ c. Finally, damage to cars from these accidents costs us millions of dollars.
___ d. Because using a mobile phone while driving is a major cause of car crashes, I firmly believe in
a ban on mobile phone use by drivers.
___ e. They kill innocent people: other drivers, passengers or sometimes even pedestrians!
___ f. It is a fact that, each year, thousands of drivers are killed as a direct result of mobile phone
use while driving.
___ g. The second reason is that drivers who use a mobile phone while driving can cause the death of
other people.
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___ h. All in all, I support a complete ban on the use of mobiles while driving.
major: important
pedestrian: someone who walks or goes on foot

Practice 4: Use the sentences in the box to complete the following opinion paragraph.

1- In this way, job seekers can get hands-on experience.

2- A person looking for a job might first take an internship or apprenticeship in the field in which
they are interested.
3- Job seekers can find meaningful, fulfilling work.
4- Many websites are available with job postings, descriptions, and contact information for job
seekers.
5- This allows a job seeker to ask questions, gain information, and discuss opportunities.
6- In today's technological world, you must start your job search on the Internet.

To get more info about this topic: https://www.resumewriter.sg/blog/top-job-portals-in-singapore/

In my view, you can search for a job in three main ways. First, ______________________________ .
___________________________________ . Another way to find a job is to talk to people in the field of
interest. _____________________________________. Finally, __________________________ .
_____________________________________ . In conclusion, by searching the Internet, talking to people
in the field, or taking an internship, ______________________________________________ .

6. Developing an opinion paragraph

Practice 1: Provide details for each of the reasons below and write a well-connected opinion paragraph.

23
 Money, Money, Money!

Topic sentence:

To me, when choosing a job, a big salary is not the most important consideration for three reasons.

Reason 1: A big salary means a more stressful job.

Detail 1: __________________________________________________

Detail 2: __________________________________________________

Reason 2: Having a meaningful job is more important than money.

Detail 1: __________________________________________________

Detail 2: __________________________________________________

Reason 3: A big salary may not guarantee a career growth.

Detail 1: __________________________________________________

Detail 2: __________________________________________________

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 PARAGRAPH TYPES

B) Comparison-Contrast Paragraph

1. What is comparison and contrast?

Comparison is discussing how two things, people or places are similar, and contrast is discussing how
two things, people or places are different.

Practice 1: Read the topics for discussion below. Choose at least 3 of the topics and think of one similarity
and one difference between the two subjects. Stand up and walk around the classroom discussing each of
them with a different classmate.

1. Twitter and Instagram

2. Private and public university
3. Turkish and English
4. Your two teachers
5. Your life now and your life 4 years ago
6. Your life now and your life in ten years’ time
7. Football and basketball
8. You and your best friend
9. A train and a plane
10. Spring and autumn
11. Your two favourite musicians or writers
12. Your two hobbies
13. Your two favourite sportspeople

If you analyse two subjects in a paragraph, you need to think of supporting points for each of them. Then,
you discover their similarities (points of comparison) and differences (points of contrast). Therefore, a
comparison-contrast paragraph explains the important similarities and/or differences between two
things. Generally, you are asked to write about both similarities and differences in a paragraph, but you
might also be asked to write only about the similarities (a comparison paragraph), or only about the
differences (a contrast paragraph).

Practice 2: Below you will read two paragraphs about tennis and golf. Before you read, discuss these
questions with your classmates.

1. Do you like watching or playing tennis? Why?

2. Have you ever watched a golf match? Do you know any famous golf players?
3. Which one do you like more, golf or tennis? Why?

2. Organization (Outline)

There are mainly two ways to organize a comparison-contrast paragraph: block method and point-by-
point method. In the block method, the supporting sentences are grouped into two. As an example, if you
are comparing tennis and golf in a paragraph, after the topic sentence you first explain all your points
about tennis and then you explain all your points about golf. Read the paragraph organized in block-
method below.

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 Tennis and Golf
Tennis is quite different from golf in several ways. First, tennis can be played outside or inside.
Players usually have their matches in a large park or on an open court, but it can also be played inside
a building such as a sports centre. In addition, tennis is a sport played by pairs of women or men. Thus,
in a singles match, two people play the game but in a doubles match, two pairs compete against each
other. Furthermore, tennis is played on a court with a net and players hit a ball with a racket.
Although golf seems like a similar sport, it has several differences. To begin with, golf is only played
outdoors. Players need a large open area which is called a ‘golf course’. Secondly, golf is played with at
least two people. The number can range from two to eight. Finally, in golf, clubs are used to hit a ball
into the holes on the course and the golf ball is much smaller than the tennis ball. In conclusion, there
are a lot more differences than similarities between tennis and golf.

However, in the point-by-point method, after the topic sentence, you explain one point or basis about
both tennis and golf, such as their playing fields. Then, you explain another point about both tennis and
golf, and so on. The basis here is a kind of measure to analyse the subject. Read the paragraph organized
in the point-by-point method below.

Tennis and Golf

Tennis is quite different from golf in several ways. First of all, while tennis is a sport played both
outside and inside, golf is only played outdoors. In tennis, players usually have their matches in a large
park or on an open court, but it can also be played inside a building such as a sports centre. However,
in golf players need a large open area which is called a ‘golf course’. Secondly, while tennis is played
between two players or two pairs, golf can be played between eight people with a minimum of two
players. Finally, tennis players use a racket to hit a ball over the net whereas golf players use clubs to
hit a ball into the holes on the course. When compared, the golf ball is much smaller than the tennis
ball. In conclusion, there are a lot more differences than similarities between tennis and golf.

In order to see the differences between the two types of organizations, study the chart below.

Block Method Point-By-Point Method

Topic Sentence Topic Sentence
Subject 1 (all your points about tennis) Point 1 (the playing fields in tennis and golf)
Subject 2 (all your points about golf) Point 2 (the numbers of players in tennis and golf)
Point 3 (the equipment in tennis and golf matches)
Concluding Sentence Concluding Sentence

Practice 3: Below you will read a paragraph about keeping fish and dogs as pets. Before you read,
discuss these questions within a group of your friends.

1. Have you got a pet? Would you like to have one?

2. What makes the best pet? Why?

26
 Which makes a better pet: a dog or a fish?
All pets are our great friends in life but there are significant differences and similarities between
keeping dogs and fish as pets. First, it is usually easier and less expensive to feed fish than to feed dogs.
Generally speaking, fish are fed once a day with fish feeds, which are really cheap and long-lasting,
whereas you have to feed dogs twice a day with typically rather expensive dog food. Next, if you have
fish as a pet, they never make your neighbours get angry with their noise, but dogs may bark a lot and
this might cause your neighbours to complain. Third, you need to care more for dogs than fish as you
must walk the dog every day, while for fish you just need to keep their tanks clean, which can also be
done by some electric cleaners. However, both fish and dogs help us learn to be a responsible person
in life because we know that they cannot live without our help. We can also teach our children
responsibility by buying them fish or dogs as presents. In summary, keeping a fish as a pet is somewhat
quite different from keeping a dog but these pets are also similar as they both teach us responsibility.

Practice 4: Read the sample paragraph again and answer the questions below.

1.Complete the chart with the information given in the paragraph.

General subject: keeping fish and dogs as pets

Basis of comparison and Specific examples or characteristics Similarity or
contrast difference
1. feeding
2.
3.
4.

2. Which method is used in the paragraph: block method or point-by-point method? Explain.
3. What is the function of the underlined words in the paragraph?

3. Useful Expressions
Below you will study the language patterns (expressions such as linkers, adverbs, and conjunctions) that
you might use in comparison and contrast paragraphs.

a. Patterns to show contrast

Tom is shy and quiet. However, his younger brother never stops talking.
On the contrary,
On the other hand,
In contrast,

Tom is shy and quiet although his younger brother never stops talking.
whereas
while

Tom is completely different from his younger brother.

Tom, unlike his younger brother, is shy and quiet.

27
 The main difference between Tom and his younger brother is that Tom is shy and quiet whereas his
brother never stops talking.
Tom’s younger brother is a lot more talkative than Tom.

b. Patterns to show similarities

Tom is shy and quiet. Likewise, his sister does not talk a lot.
Similarly,

Tom, like his sister, is shy and quiet.

Tom and his sister are alike. They are both shy and quiet.
Both Tom and his sister are shy and quiet.
Tom is shy and quiet. His sister talks very little, too.
Tom and his sister have a lot of things in common.
Tom and his sister are similar in many ways.
Tom’s personality is very similar to his sister’s in some aspects.
Tom’s personality is the same as his sister’s. They are both shy and quiet.
Tom’s personality is just like his sister’s. They are both shy and quiet.

Practice 5: Using the patterns in bold in the tables above, compare the subjects below.

Similarity

1. iPhones and Samsung Mobiles

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. Books and films

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

3. A TV and a computer
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Difference

1. Working from home and working from an office

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. Instagram and Tiktok

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

3. A car and a ship

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

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4. Stages in writing a comparison-contrast paragraph:

1. Your first sentence should be the Topic Sentence. Introduce the two subjects you are comparing
and clearly write whether they are similar or different.

2. Decide on the basis on which you are going to compare the two subjects. Support your opinion
with detailed points of similarities and differences. These are the Supporting Sentences.

3. The final sentence of the paragraph is the Concluding Sentence. Restate your opinion here.

*** Use linking words and/or phrases to create a connected (cohesive) paragraph

Topic: What are the differences and/or similarities between working as a doctor and as a truck driver?

4.1 Topic Sentence

A. If you think that they are almost the same in many aspects, your topic sentence could be:

‘Working as a doctor and as a truck driver have a lot of things in common.’

B. If you think that they are different in many aspects, your topic sentence could be:

‘Working as a doctor is completely different from working as a truck driver.’

C. If you think that they are both similar and different in some ways, your topic sentence could be:

‘There are important differences and similarities between working as a doctor and working as a
truck driver.’

4.2 Supporting Sentences

Explain the two subjects according to the basis you identified before. Write the points of similarities and
differences in detail with examples. For example, if you are comparing two jobs, you can explain the
factors of salary, workplace, and vacation benefits as the basis.

The first supporting sentence could be:

To begin with, doctors get very high salaries while truck drivers earn a lower amount of money.

Then, give details and examples:

For instance, nowadays in Turkey, doctors are paid monthly more than 30,000 TL. However, truck
drivers earn 15,000 TL on average.

Follow the same pattern with the other points of comparison (workplace and vacation benefits).

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4.3 Concluding Sentence

Restate your idea in the topic sentence. The concluding sentence could be:

‘All in all, there are some similarities and differences between working as a doctor and working
as a truck driver.’

5. Developing a Comparison-Contrast Paragraph

Practice 6: Write a paragraph about yourself. Compare and/or contrast your life today and your life 5
years ago. Follow the steps below while developing your paragraph:

1. Make a list of what has changed in your life in the last 5 years in terms of responsibilities, goals, school,
place of living, lifestyle, and free time.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. Make a list of what has not changed in your life in the last 5 years.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

3. Work in pairs. Using your notes, tell your partner about the similarities and differences between your
life today and your life 5 years ago.
4. Now begin your paragraph with a Topic Sentence.
5. Decide which method you will use: block or point-by-point. Plan your paragraph accordingly.
6. Use linkers and transition words to connect your ideas.
7. End your paragraph with a Concluding Sentence.
8. Check for incorrect word forms.

30
 REFERENCES

1. Blanchard, Karen., Root Christine., Ready to Write 2& 3, Pearson Education ESL; 5th Edition, UK,
2016.
2. Folse, Keith., Great Writing 2: Great Paragraphs, National Geographic Learning, 5th edition, USA,
2019.
3. Sentence and Paragraph Writing Basic Skills to Improve Writing, Digital Publishing Trends, 2019.
4. https://www.englishworksheetsland.com/grade3/writing/12/3best.pdf
5. https://writerriver.com/what-is-a-topic-sentence-in-a-paragraph/
6. https://content.nroc.org/DevelopmentalEnglish/unit02/Foundations/supporting-details.html

Codes for Writing Corrections

CODE MEANING INCORRECT SENTENCE CORRECTED SENTENCE
PS
PS Plural/singular I have two sister. I have two sisters.
WW
WW Wrong word All students made their All students did
homework. their homework.
WO
WO Word Order The students can speak well The students can speak
English. English well.
T
T Tense I don’t have dinner last night. I did not have dinner last
night.
WF
WF Word Form He is an ambition person. He is an ambitious person.
SV
SV Subject-Verb She come from Spain. She comes from Spain.
^ ^
MW Missing Word He is going to frightened. He is going to be frightened.
SP
SP Spelling He is turist. He is a tourist.
Delete We live in the another city. We live in another city.
P
P Punctuation Ali is talented but he is also Ali is talented, but he is
lazy. also lazy.
Sentence
SS Structure My sister is likes football. My sister likes football.
?
? Unclear I İstanbul with my family. I live in İstanbul with my
family.

31