Heat Transfer From Extended Surfaces

Heat Transfer from
Extended Surfaces 5
5.1. Types of Fins. 5.2. Fin Selection and Applications. 5.3. Governing Equation. 5.4. Fin Performance—Fin effectiveness—Fin
efficiency—Overall fin effectiveness—Area weighted fin efficiency. 5.5. Approximate Solution of Fin: Concept of Corrected Fin Length.
5.6. Error in Temperature Measurement by Thermometers. 5.7. Design Considerations for Fins—Space considerations : Condition for
use of fins—Weight consideration. 5.8. Summary—Review Questions—Problems.
The term ‘extended surface’ is commonly used in Longitudinal Fin : It is a straight rectangular
reference to a solid that experiences energy transfer by fin attached to a plane wall. It may be of uniform cross-
conduction and convection between its boundary and sectional area, or its cross-sectional area may vary along
surroundings. A temperature gradient in x direction
its length to form a triangular, parabolic or trapezoidal
sustains heat transfer by conduction internally, at the
same time, there is heat dissipation by convection into shape.
an ambient at T∞ from its surface at temperature Ts, Annular Fin : An annular fin is a fin that is
given as circumferentially attached to a cylinder and its
Q = h As (Ts – T∞) cross-section varies with radius from centre line of
where h = convection heat transfer coefficient, cylinder.
and As = heat transfer area of a surface.
When the temperatures Ts and T∞ are fixed by Spine : In contrast, a pin fin, or spine is an
design considerations, there are only two ways to extended surface of circular cross-section whose
increase the heat transfer rate : (i) to increase the diameter is much smaller than its length. The pin fins
convection coefficient h, or (ii) to increase the surface may also be of uniform or non-uniform cross-section.
area A. In the situations, in which an increase in h is
not practical or economical, the heat transfer rate can
be improved by increasing surface area.
For heat transfer from a hot liquid to a gas,
through a wall, the value of heat transfer coefficient on
the gas side is usually very less compared to that for
liquid side (hgas << hliquid). To compensate low heat
transfer coefficient, the surface area on the gas side may (a) (b)
be extended for a given temperature difference between
surface and its surroundings. These extended surfaces
are called fins. The fins are normally thin strips of highly
conducting metals such as aluminium, copper, brass etc.
The fins enhance the heat transfer rate from a surface
by exposing larger surface area to convection.
(c) (d)
5.1. TYPES OF FINS
Fig. 5.1. (a) Longitudinal fins ; (b) Cylindrical tube with
The fins are designed and manufactured in many shapes fins of rectangular profile ; (c) Longitudinal fin of trapezoi-
and forms, some of them are shown in Fig. 5.1 and dal profile ; (d) Longitudinal fin of parabolic profile.
Fig. 5.2.
136
HEAT TRANSFER FROM EXTENDED SURFACES 137
To derive an equation for temperature distri-

bution, we make an energy balance for a differential
element of a fin made of a material of uniform thermal
conductivity k.
The rate of heat conduction into the element
(a) (b) = The rate of heat conduction out the
element + The rate of heat convection
from the element surface
The rate of heat conduction into the element is
given by
dT( x)
(c) (d) (e) Q(x) = – kAc ...(5.1)
dx
Fig. 5.2. Annular fins and spines ; (a) Cylindrical tube
with annular fin of rectangular profile ;
(b) Cylindrical tube with annular fin of
truncated conical profile ; (c) Cylindrical Temperature = T(x)
pin fin ; (d) Truncated conical spine ; Perimeter P = 2(w + t)
(e) Parabolic spine. Cross-sectional area Ac = wt
Qconv
5.2. FIN SELECTION AND APPLICATIONS Base t

at T0
Generally, the fins are used on the surfaces where the w
heat transfer coefficient is very low. For example, in a
Qx Q(x+dx)
car radiator the outer surface of the tubes is finned Q0
because the heat transfer coefficient for air at the outer h T¥
x
surface is much smaller than that of water flow inside dx
the tubes. Similarly, the electrical transformers and the
motors in which the generated heat is dissipated to air L
by providing fins on its outer surface. The fins are also
provided on cylinder and cylinder head of an air cooled (a)
I.C. engine and large variety of the heat exchangers. Temperature = T(x)
Perimeter, P = pd
The selection of fins is made on the basis of 2
Cross-sectional area, Ac = (p/4)d
thermal performance and cost. The selection of suitable
fin geometry requires a compromise among the cost,
weight, available space, pressure drop of heat transfer
fluid and heat transfer characteristics of the extended
x
surface.
It should be noted that the fins of triangular and Base at T0
x dx
parabolic profiles contain less material and are more L
efficient than the fins of rectangular profiles and thus (b)
are more suitable for applications that require minimum Fig. 5.3. Nomenclature for the derivation of
weight such as space applications. one dimensional governing fin equation
The rate of heat conduction out the element
5.3. GOVERNING EQUATION d
Q(x + dx) = Q(x) + [Q(x)] dx ...(5.2)
Consider the surface of a plane wall at temperature T0, dx
exposed to an ambient at T∞. Let us consider a fin has a The rate of heat convection from the element
constant cross-section area Ac, and length L, attached surface of perimeter P ;
to the surface as shown in Fig. 5.3. In order to determine Qconv = hdAs [T(x) – T∞] ...(5.3)
temperature distribution and heat flow through a fin,
where dAs is surface area of differential element.
the energy balance on the fin is required.
138 ENGINEERING HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Substituting these quantities in energy balance ; On integration, ln θ = mx + B

d or θ = emx eB = C2 emx ...(5.10)
Q(x) = Q(x) + [Q(x)] dx + hdAs [T(x) – T∞]
dx where C2 is a constant of integration.
LMd OP
dT Therefore, from eqns. (5.9) and (5.10), the general
0=
Ndx
− kAc
Q
dx
dx + hdAs [T(x) – T∞]
solution to temperature distribution is
d F dT I h dA θ(x) = C1e–mx + C2 emx ...(5.11)
or
dx
G
H A
dx K
c J − k dx [T(x) – T ] = 0
s
∞ ...(5.4)
where the constants C1 and C2 of integration are
Assuming the cross-section area Ac, perimeter P, evaluated from the boundary conditions specified for the
heat transfer coefficient h, thermal conductivity of fin fin. One such condition may be specified in terms of
material k as constants. Using element surface area dAs temperature T0 at the base of fin i.e.,
= Pdx, then At x = 0 θ0 = T0 – T∞
FG
d dT( x) hPdx IJ
dx dxH −
kA c dxK[T( x) − T∞ ] = 0 Substituting, we get
θ0 = C1 + C2 ...(5.12)
d 2 T( x) hP The second boundary condition, specified at the
or 2
− [T(x) – T∞] = 0 ...(5.5)
dx k Ac fin tip, the free end of fin, that may correspond to any of
Let θ(x) = T(x) – T∞ ...(5.6) four different physical situations given below :
dP Case 1. The fin is very long, and the tempera-
and m2 = ...(5.7)
kA c ture at the fin tip approaches that of the surrounding
Substituting, in eqn. (5.5), we get fluid.
Case 2. The finite long fin and with negligible
d 2 θ( x)
– m2θ = 0 ...(5.8) heat loss from fin tip.
dx 2
Case 3. Finite long fin with convection heat loss
It is a linear homogeneous, second order differen-
from its fin tip.
tial equation. It can be solved by using operator D,
Case 4. The finite long fin with specified tempera-
(D2 – m2) θ = 0
ture at its fin tip.
or (D – m) (D + m) θ = 0
Case 1. The boundary condition at fin tip for very
Either (D – m) θ = 0
long fin is shown in Fig. 5.4.
or (D + m) θ = 0
At x → ∞; θ(x) = T(x) – T∞ → 0
If (D + m) θ = 0
dθ
= – mθ
dx
Q0 x ¥
dθ
or = – mdx
θ
On integration,
ln θ = – mx + A T
or θ= e–mx eA = C1 e–mx ...(5.9) T0
T(x)
where C1 is a constant of integration.
If (D – m) θ = 0
dθ T¥ T¥
= mθ
dx 0
x
x
dθ
or = mdx
θ Fig. 5.4. Infinite long fin
Substituting in eqn. (5.11), we get

C2 = 0
Qfin = z ∞
h(Pdx) (T(x) – T∞)
z
0
Using it in the eqn. (5.12), we get ∞

or Qfin = hP (T0 – T∞) e–mx dx ...(5.15)
C1 = θ0
z
0
and θ(x) = T(x) – T∞ = θ0 e–mx ∞

= hP (T0 – T∞) e–mx dx
Thus, the temperature distribution in infinite long 0
fin yields to FG 1 IJ
θ( x) T( x) − T∞
= = e–mx ...(5.13)
= hP (T0 – T∞) × −
H m K
(e–m × ∞ – e–m × 0)
θ0 T0 − T∞ (− 1)
= hP (T0 – T∞) ×
The dependence of dimensionless temperature −m
T − T∞ = hPkA (T0 – T∞)
along the fin length for different values of m is
T0 − T∞ same as eqn. (5.14).
shown in Fig. 5.5. The plot indicates : Case 2. A fin is usually very thin and long enough
(i) as the value of m increases the dimensionless so that the heat loss from the fin tip may be assumed
temperature falls, the fin temperature drops. negligible. The boundary condition for such finite long
fin, at its tip is :
LM dθ OP
N dx Q x=L
=0
m1 < m2 < m3 (Tip may be treated as adiabatic)

T – T¥
T0 – T¥ m1
h T¥ dT
m2 T0 =0
dx x=L
m3
0 Q0
x
Fig. 5.5. Temperature distribution in an infinite long fin L
(ii) as the length of fin approaches infinity, all

the curves approach. T
T0
T − T∞
= 0 (asymptotically)
T0 − T∞ T(x)
The Heat transfer rate :
The total heat transfer rate by fin = Heat
TL
conduction rate into the fin at its base (x = 0) T¥
Qfin = Qx = 0 0 x
LM dT OP = − kA LM dθ OP
N dx Q N dx Q
= – kAc c
Fig. 5.6. Finite long fin insulated at free end
x=0 x=0 Substituting in eqn. (5.11), we get
LM(T − T ) d (e − mx O
)P
d
= – kAc
N0 ∞
dx Q x=0 dx
(C1 e–mx + C2 emx)x = L = 0
= – kAc (T0 – T∞) (– m) e–m×0 or C1 e–mL – C2emL = 0 ...(5.16)

= kAc m(T0 – T∞) e mL
Substituting C1 = C2 in eqn. (5.12), we get
= h Pk A c (T0 – T∞) ...(5.14) e − mL
The heat flow rate from a fin can also be obtained
by calculating the convection heat transfer from the fin θ0 = C2
e mL
+ C2 = C2
LM e mL
+ e − mL OP
surface to the surrounding fluid e − mL
N e − mL
Q
θ 0 e − mL LM dθ OP
It gives C2 =
(emL
+e − mL
)
...(5.17) or –k
N dx Q x=L
= hθx = L ...(5.22)
and C1 = θ0 – C2 Substituting the values from eqn. (5.11), we get

LM
= θ0 1 −
e − mL OP – km[– C1e–mL + C2emL] = h[C1e–mL + C2emL]
Rearranging as,
N e
mL
mL
+e − mL
Q C1e–mL – C2emL =
h
[C1e–mL + C2emL]
θ0 e mk
It gives C1 = ...(5.18)
e + e − mL
mL Substituting C1 from eqn. (5.12), in terms of C2
Using the value of C1 and C2 in eqn. (5.11), we and θ0,
get θ0e–mL – C2e–mL – C2emL
h
θ( x) T( x) − T∞ e m(L − x) + e − m(L − x) = [θ e–mL – C2e–mL + C2emL]
= = ...(5.19) mk 0
θ0 T0 − T∞ e mL + e − mL RS
or C2 e mL + e − mL +
h
[ e mL − e − mL ] UV
In terms of hyperbolic functions T mk W
θ( x) T( x) − T∞ cosh { m(L − x)} − mL LM
h − mL OP
θ0
=
T0 − T∞
=
cosh mL
...(5.20) = θ0 e −
N
mk
e
Q
It is the equation for the temperature distribution θ 0 e − mL − LM
h − mL OP
in finite long fin, insulated at its free end. or C2 =
mk Ne
Q
h
The fin heat transfer rate from the fin base : e mL + e − mL + [ e mL − e − mL ]
mk
LM dθ OP ...(5.23)
Qfin = Qx = 0 = – kAc
N dx Q Similarly, we get
x=0
θ0 emL +LM h mL OP
or Qfin = – kAc (T0 – T∞)
sinh (mL)
cosh (mL)
(– m)
C1 =
N mk
e
Q
h mL
emL + e− mL + [ e − e− mL ]
= hPkA c (T0 – T∞) tanh (mL) ...(5.21) mk
...(5.24)
Case 3. The finite long fin with convection heat
loss from its free end, Substituting C1 and C2 in eqn. (5.11), we get
h m( L − x ) h − m( L − x )
e m (L − x) +
e + e − m( L − x ) − e
θ( x) mk mk
=
θ0 h
hAc(TL – T¥) e mL + e − mL + [ e mL − e − mL ]
Q0 Qcond mk
It may be rearranged and expressed in terms of
L hyperbolic functions as
θ( x) T( x ) − T∞
=
T θ0 T0 − T∞
T0 FG h IJ sinh {m (L − x )}
T(x) cosh {m ( L − x )} +
H mk K
=
cosh (mL ) + G
F h IJ sinh (mL)
q = T(x) –T¥ H mk K
T¥ ...(5.25)
0 x The total heat transfer from fin
Fig. 5.7. Finite long fin with convection heat LM dθ OP
transfer from its free end
Q0 = Qfin = – kAc
N dx Q x=0
The boundary condition can be obtained by energy sinh (mL) + (h/mk) cosh (mL)
balance at fin tip. = hPkA c (T0 – T∞)
cosh (mL) + (h/mk) sinh (mL)
dT LM OP
– kAc
dx x = LN Q
= hAc[T(x = L) – T∞] ...(5.26)
Case 4. The boundary condition for finite long At base of fin, i.e., at x = 0
fin with specified temperature at its free end.
LM dT OP LM dθ OP
At x = L ; θL = TL – T∞
Substituting in eqn. (5.11)
Qx = 0 = – kAc
N dx Q x=0
= – kAc
N dx Q x=0
Using eqn. (5.29) and differentiating it, with
θL = C1e–mL + C2emL ...(5.27) respect to x,
Qx = 0 = – kAc (T0 – T∞)
T0
T¥ h
TL LM sinh m (L − x) + T − T L ∞
sinh mx
OP
×
d
dx M
M T −T
sinh mL
0 ∞ PP
L MN PQ x=0
kA c ( T0 − T∞ )
=−
sinh mL
LM OP
T0
T(x) TL − T∞
× cosh m ( L − x ) ( − m ) + T − T cosh mx (m )
N 0 ∞ Q x=0
q = T(x) – T¥
=−
kA c × (− m) (T0 − T∞ ) LM
T − T∞
cosh mL − L
OP
T¥ sinh mL N
T0 − T∞ Q
0 x LM cosh mL – F T − T I OP
Fig. 5.8. Finite long fin with specified GH T − T JK P L ∞
–T ) M
temperature at its free end
MM sinh mL PP
0 ∞
or Qx = 0 = hPkA c (T0 ∞
Using the C1 in terms of C2 and θ0 from eqn. (5.12)
θL = (θ0 – C2)e–mL + C2emL MN PQ
= θ0e–mL + C2[emL – e–mL] ...(5.30)
− mL
θL − θ0 e The heat leaving the base surface at x = 0 will
It gives C2 = not be totally convected to surrounding medium, but
e mL − e − mL
some heat will also reach to the surface at x = L.
θ L − θ 0 e − mL
And C1 = θ0 – The rate of heat dissipation to surrounding fluid
e mL − e − mL
can be worked out from relation
It gives C1 =
e mL − e − mL
θ 0 e mL − θ L
Substituting C1 and C2 in eqn. (5.11), we get Using eqn. (5.29), we get

Qfin =
z0
L
hPdx (T − T∞ )
m (L − x) − m( L − x) mx − mx
θ0 [ e −e ] + θ L (e −e ) Qfin = hP (T0 – T∞)
θ(x) =
e mL
− e − mL F sinh m (L − x) + T − T sinh mx I
GG
z JJ dx
L ∞
...(5.28) L T −T
× 0 ∞
or in terms of hyperbolic functions ;
θ( x) T − T∞
GGH
0 sinh mL JJK
z
=
θ0 T0 − T∞
hP (T − T ) F sinh m(L − x) + T − T sinh mxI dx
FT IJ GH JK
L
0 ∞ L ∞
=
sinh m {( L − x )} + G L − T∞ sinh mL T −T
HT K
sinh mx 0 0 ∞
− T∞
hP (T − T ) L cosh m (L − x) F T − T I cosh mx O
0 L
=
sinh (mL) = 0
sinh mL MN
M− m + GH T − T JK m PP
∞ L ∞
...(5.29)
The heat conduction to fin at the base surface :
Q 0 ∞ 0
hP (T0 − T∞ )
The heat conduction rate at any section is given =
by m sinh mL
dT LMF T − T∞IJ OP
MNGH T
Q = – kAc L
dx ×
0 − T∞ K
(cosh mL − 1) − (1 − cosh mL )
PQ
= hP kA c Qinfinite fin = hP kA c (T0 – T∞)
L (T
×M
L − T∞ ) (cosh mL − 1) + ( T0 − T∞ ) (cosh mL − 1) OP where P = πd = π × (0.025 m) = 0.0785 m
N sinh mL Q Ac =
π 2 π
4
d =   × (0.025 m)2
4
(cosh mL − 1)
or Qfin = hP kA c [(TL – T∞) + (T0 – T∞)] = 4.908 × 10–4 m2
sinh mL
...(5.31) ∴ Qinfinite fin = 10 × 0.0785 × 380 × 4.908 × 10 −4
The heat conducted to other surface at x = L × (120 – 25)
Qx = L = Qx = 0 – Qfin ...(5.32) = 36.35 W. Ans.
For fins of non-uniform cross-section, the solution (ii) From an infinite log fin TL = T∞, and no heat
is quite complex. The solution for triangular and transfer from its free end. Therefore,
parabolic fins are presented in section 5.5, but the Qinfinite fin = Qinsulated tip fin
approximate solution to these fins in graphical form is Thus hP kA c (T0 – T∞)
presented in Fig. 5.26. The interested students can also
refer Schneider [1] and Arpaci [2]. = hP kA c (T0 – T∞) tanh mL
Example 5.1. A very long 25 mm diameter copper The equivalent result is obtained if
(k = 380 W/m.K) rod extends from a surface at 120°C. tanh(mL) ≥ 0.99
The temperature of surrounding air is 25°C and the heat mL = 2.646
transfer coefficient over the rod is 10 W/m2.K. Calculate: hP
(i) Heat loss from the rod, Here m=
kA c
(ii) How long the rod should be in order to be
10 × 0.0785
considered infinite ? (Shivaji University, Nov. 2002) =
380 × 4.908 × 10 −4
Solution = 2.052
Given : A very long (infinite long) copper rod as a 2.646
fin : ∴ L= = 1.29 m. Ans.
2.052
d = 25 mm = 0.025 m, k = 380 W/m.K Example 5.2. One end of a long rod 3 cm in diameter is
T0 = 120°C, T∞ = 25°C inserted into a furnace with the outer end projecting into
h = 10 W/m2.K the outside air. Once the steady state is reached the
temperature of the rod is measured at two points, 15 cm
apart and found to be 140°C and 100°C, when the
atmospheric air is at 30°C with convection coefficient of
20 W/m2.K. Calculate the thermal conductivity of the rod
material. (P.U., May 1992)
T0 = 120°C d = 25 mm Solution
Given : One end of the long rod inserted into a
k = 380 W/m.K
furnace ;
d = 3 cm = 0.03 m, L = 15 cm = 0.15 m,
2 T0 = 140°C, T∞ = 30°C,
h = 10 W/m . K
TL = 100°C, h = 20 W/m2.K.
T¥ = 25°C
Furnace
Fig. 5.9. A very long rod extends from a surface. 2
h = 20 W/m .K, T¥ = 30°C
To find : T0 TL d = 3 cm
(i) The heat loss from infinite long fin.
(ii) Length of rod as infinite long fin.
Analysis : (i) The heat loss from infinite long fin, 15 cm
eqn. (5.14) Fig. 5.10. Schematic for example 5.2
To find : The thermal conductivity of the rod (ii) One dimensional conduction along the rod.
material. (iii) Constant properties.
Assumptions : (iv) No internal heat generation.
(i) Steady state conditions. (v) Infinite long fin.
(ii) One dimensional conduction along the rod. Analysis : For infinite long fin, the temperature
(iii) Constant properties. distribution is given by eqn. (5.13)
(iv) No internal heat generation. T( x) − T∞
= e–mx
(v) Infinite long fin. T0 − T∞
Analysis : For infinite long fin, the temperature For rod A, at x1
distribution is given by eqn. (5.13) TA − T∞ −m x
T( x) − T∞ = e A 1
= e–mx T0 − T∞
T0 − T∞
The starting point, or mAx1 = – ln
LM 75 − 25 OP = 0.405 ...(i)
at x = 0, T0 = 140°C N 100 − 25 Q
and at x = L = 0.15 m, TL = 100°C Similarly for rod B at x1
100 − 30 mBx1 = – ln
LM T − T OP
B ∞
Thus
140 − 30
= e–m × 0.15
NT − T Q
0 ∞
It gives m = 3.013
= – ln M
L 60 − 25 OP = 0.762 ...(ii)
We have m=
hP
kA c
N 100 − 25 Q
Dividing eqn. (i) by eqn. (ii)
20 × (π × 0.03) mA kB 0.405
Thus = 3.013 = =
k × {(π/4) × (0.03) 2 } mB kA 0.762
It gives k = 293.74 W/m.K. Ans. LM 0.405 OP 2
Example 5.3. The two long rods A and B, equivalent in

or kB = 200 ×
N 0.762 Q
every respect except that one is fabricated from material = 56.5 W/m.K. Ans.
of known thermal conductivity of kA while other of
Example 5.4. It is required to heat the oil to 300°C for
material of unknown thermal conductivity kB, are
frying purpose. A long laddle is used in a frying pan.
attached to a surface of fixed temperature T0 , and are
The section of the laddle is 5 mm × 18 mm. The
exposed to a fluid at T∞ , with convection coefficient h.
surrounding air is at 30°C. The thermal conductivity
These rods are instrumented with thermocouples to
of the material is 205 W/m.K. If the temperature at a
measure the temperature at a fixed distance x1 from the
distance of 380 mm from the oil should not exceed 40°C,
heat source. If the standard material is of aluminium
determine convective heat transfer coefficient.
kA = 200 W/m.K and measurements reveal TA = 75°C
(N.M.U., Dec. 2002)
and TB = 60°C at x1 when T0 is 100°C and T∞ is 25°C.
What is the thermal conductivity of the test material ? Solution
(N.M.U., May 1999) Given : The long handle of a laddle as shown in
Fig. 5.11.
Solution
T0 = 300°C
Given : Two long similar rods.
Ac = 5 mm × 18 mm = 90 mm2
kA = 200 W/m.K, x = x1,
= 90 × 10–6 m2
TA = 75°C, T0 = 100°C,
P = 2(w + t) = 2 × (18 + 5)
TB = 60°C, T∞ = 25°C.
= 46 mm = 0.046 m
To find : The thermal conductivity of the test
T∞ = 30°C
material B.
k = 205 W/m.K
Assumptions :
x = 380 mm = 0.38 m
(i) Steady state conditions.
T(x) = 40°C.
Solution
Given : Two similar long rods as infinite long fins.
t = 5 mm
Air k1 = 85 W/m.K
k2 = 375 W/m.K
w = 18 mm T¥ = 30°C x1 = 105 mm = 0.105 m
Cross-section of T1 = 120°C.
the handle Oil at
300°C 105 mm T1 Brass rod
1
Laddle
h T¥
Fig. 5.11. Schematic for example 5.4 Furnace
To find : The heat transfer coefficient. 2

Assumptions : x2
T1
(i) Steady state conditions. Copper rod
(ii) Long handle is treated as infinite long fin. Fig. 5.12. Schematic for example 5.5
(iii) Oil temperature as base temperature of fin.
To find : The distance x2 from furnace of copper
(iv) Constant properties. rod, where temperature of 120°C will reach.
Analysis : As the long handle may be treated as
Analysis : The long rods are treated as infinite
an infinite long fin, the temperature distribution is given
long fins. For infinite long fin, the temperature
by eqn. (5.13)
distribution
T(x) − T∞ T − T∞
= e–mx = e–mx
T0 − T∞ T0 − T∞
40 − 30 T1 − T∞ −m x
or = e–0.38 m For brass rod = e 11 ...(i)
300 − 30 T0 − T∞
T1 − T∞
F 10 IJ = – 0.38 m
ln G
For copper rod
T0 − T∞
= e − m2 x2 ...(ii)
or
H 270 K Equating eqns. (i) and (ii), we get
It gives m = 8.673 m1 × 105 = m2 x2
and m is expressed as m1
or x2 = × 105
hP m2
m=
kA c hP/k1A c k2
= × 105 = × 105
hP/k2 A c k1
m 2 kA c
It gives h= 375
P = × 105 = 220.5 mm. Ans.
85
( 8.673) 2 × 205 × 90 × 10 − 6
= Example 5.6. Three rods of copper, aluminium and
0.046
= 30.17 W/m2.K. Ans. stainless steel are coated with wax all around and are
dipped vertically in a water bath at 85°C. The length of
Example 5.5. Two long rods of the same diameter, one each rod projecting outside the bath is 300 mm. Diameter
made of brass (k = 85 W/m.K) and the other made of of each rod is 20 mm and length is 400 mm. Convective
copper (k = 375 W/m.K) have one of their ends inserted heat transfer coefficient at the surface of each rod is
into a furnace. Both the rods are exposed to same 11 W/m2.K.
environment. At a distance of 105 mm away from the Thermal conductivity of
furnace, the temperature of brass rod is 120°C. At what (i) Copper rod = 380 W/mK
distance from the furnace, the same temperature would (ii) Aluminium rod = 206 W/mK
be reached in the copper rod ? (I.E.S., 1993) (iii) Steel rod = 17 W/mK
Calculate the ratio of lenghts of rod up to which Example 5.7. An electric motor is to be connected
wax melting occurs due to transfer of heat. by a horizontal steel shaft (k = 42.56 W/m.K), 25 mm in
(N.M.U., May 2004) diameter to an impeller of a pump, circulating liquid
Solution metal at a temperature of 540°C. If the temperature of
Given : The rods identical in length and cross- electric motor is limited to a maximum value of 52°C
section, coated with wax with the ambient air at 27°C and heat transfer coefficient
T0 = 85°C, L = 300 mm, of 40.7 W/m2.K, what length of shaft should be specified
d = 20 mm, h = 11 W/m2.K, between the motor and pump ?
kcu = 380 W/m.K, kAl = 206 W/m.K, Solution
kst = 17 W/m.K. Given : A horizontal steel shaft as a fin.
To find : Ratio of lengths of rods at which wax k = 42.56 W/m.K, d = 25 mm = 0.025 m,
melts.
T0 = 540°C, TL = 52°C,
Assumptions :
T∞ = 27°C, h = 40.7 W/m2.K.
(i) Steady state condition.
(ii) Since diameter of rods is small as compared To find : The length of steel shaft
to length, thus treating infinite long fin. Steel shaft
(iii) Constant properties. Pump
circulating Electric
Analysis : For long rod (infinite long fins), the liquid metal motor
air at 27°C
temperature distribution is given as at 540°C
T( x) − T∞
= e − mx
T0 − T∞ Fig. 5.13. Schematic for example 5.7
For melting of wax along the rod of three different Assumptions :
materials, let us assume x1, x2 and x3 are lengths for
copper, aluminium and steel rods, respectively up to (i) Steady state conditions
which wax melts at temperature T (say). Then (ii) Since one end of shaft is connected to electric
T − T∞ motor, thus assuming, no heat loss from the fin tip.
For copper rod, = e − m1 x1 ...(i)
T0 − T∞ (iii) Constant properties.
For aluminium rod, Analysis : The diameter of fin is very small and
T − T∞ hence treating fin of insulated tip.
= e − m2 x2 ...(ii)
T0 − T∞ π 2 π
Ac = d = × (0.025)2 = 4.90 × 10–4 m2
T − T∞ 4 4
For steel rod, = e − m3 x3 ...(iii)
T0 − T∞ P = πd = 0.025 π m
Since L.H.S. and base e on R.H.S. are same in all
three equations thus hP 40.7 × 0.025 π
m= =
m1x1 = m2x2 = m3x3 kA c 42.56 × 4.90 × 10 − 4
hP hP hP = 12.37 m
or x1 = x2 = x3
kcu A c kAl A c kst A c The temperature distribution in the fin at x = L
x1 x2 x3 TL − T∞ 1
or = = =
kcu kAl kst T0 − T∞ cosh mL
Thus x1 kcu 380 52 − 27 1

= = = 4.727 =
x3 kst 17 540 − 27 cosh mL
x2 kAl 206 or cosh mL = 20.52
and = = = 3.481
x3 kst 17 or mL = 3.714
Thus x1 : x2 : x3 = 4.727 : 3.481 : 1. Ans. or L = 0.3 m = 30 cm. Ans.
Example 5.8. Consider a stainless steel spoon 15 × 0.024

(k = 15.1 W/m.K), partially immersed in the boiling ∴ m= = 34.52 m–1
15.1 × 0.2 × 10 − 4
water at 95°C in a kitchen at 25°C. The handle of the
spoon has a cross-section 0.2 cm × 1 cm and it extends mL = 34.52 × 0.18 = 6.21
18 cm in the air from the free surface of the water. If the cosh mL = 250.0
heat transfer coefficient on the exposed surface of the
spoon is 15 W/m2.K, calculate the temperature difference 95 − 25
Then TL – T∞ = = 0.2799 ≈ 0.28°C
across the exposed surface of the spoon handle. State your 250
assumptions, if any. (Shivaji University, 2008) or TL = 25 + 0.28 = 25.28°C,
Solution Thus T0 – TL = 95 – 25.28 = 69.72°C. Ans.
Given : The handle of a stainless steel spoon :
k = 15.1 W/m.K, T0 = 95°C, Example 5.9. The handle of a saucepan, 30 cm long
T∞ = 25°C, Ac = 0.2 cm × 1 cm, and 2 cm in diameter is partially immersed in boiling
L = 18 cm = 0.18 m, h = 15 W/m2.K. water at 100°C. The average unit conductance over the
handle surface is 7.35 W/m2.K in the kitchen air at 24°C.
Spoon The cook is likely to grasp the last 10 cm of the handle
Air at 25°C
and hence, the temperature of this portion should not
exceed 32°C. What should be the material conductivity
t = 0.2 cm
of handle ? The handle may be treated as a fin of
cm
insulated tip. (N.M.U., May 2002)

18
w = 1 cm
Solution
Boiling Cross-section of
water spoon handle Given : The handle of a saucepan :
at 95°C L = 30 cm = 0.3 m, d = 2 cm = 0.02 m,
Fig. 5.14. Schematic for example 5.8 h = 7.35 W/m2.K,
To find : The temperature difference across x = L – 10 cm = 20 cm = 0.2 m,
exposed surface of handle.
T0 = 100°C, T∞ = 24°C,
Assumptions :
T(x) = 32°C.
1. Steady state conditions.
2. The handle of spoon is thin and heat loss from
its free end be negligible. 10 cm
3. No heat radiation. d = 2 cm
4. Constant cross-section of handle.
T = 32°C
5. Constant properties.
30 cm
Analysis : The temperature distribution for Cross-section

insulated tip fin is given by eqn. (5.20) of handle
T − T∞ cosh m (L − x)
=
T0 − T∞ cosh mL
For temperature difference across the exposed
surface of spoon handle i.e., x = L ;
TL − T∞ 1
= Boiling water at 100°C
T0 − T∞ cosh mL
Fig. 5.15. Schematic for example 5.9
hP
where m = To find : Thermal conductivity of handle material.
kA c
Analysis : Since handle is treated as a fin of
P = 2(w + t) = 2(1 cm + 0.2 cm) insulated tip, hence, the temperature distribution in the
= 2.4 cm = 0.024 m fin.
Ac = wt = 1 cm × 0.2 cm T( x) − T∞ cosh m (L − x)
=
= 0.2 cm2 = 0.2 × 10–4 m2 T0 − T∞ cosh mL
Using numerical values 3

32 − 24 cosh m (0.3 − 0.2) = × (5 × 10–3)2 = 1.0825 × 10–5 m2
= 4
100 − 24 cosh m (0.3) Perimeter,
cosh (0.1 m) P = 3a = 3 × 5 × 10–3 = 0.015 m
or 0.10526 =
cosh (0.3 m) hP 90 × 0.015
By trial and error : m = 11.71 m= =
kA c 54 × 1.0825 × 10 −5
For a circular handle = 48.06 m –1
π 2 π The heat transfer rate from infinite long fin

Ac = d = × (0.02)2
4 4 Q fin = hPkA c (T0 – T∞)
P = πd = (π × 0.02)
= 90 × 0.015 × 54 × 1.0825 × 10 − 5
hP
and m= × (400 – 50)
kA c
= 9.82 W. Ans.
7.35 × (π × 0.02)
or (11.71)2 = Note: The students can also solve this example by
k × (π/4) × (0.02) 2 assuming insulated tip fin or with corrected length
0.4618 approximation. The result does not change in either case.
It gives k=
(11.71) × 3.141 × 10 −4 2
Example 5.11. Calculate the temperature distribution,
= 10.72 W/m.K. Ans. temperature at the middle and rate of heat flow at the
It must be stainless steel. root of a turbine blade with 80 mm long, 600 mm2 in
cross-section and 150 mm in perimeter. The blade is
Example 5.10. A steel fin (k = 54 W/m.K) with a cross- made of stainless steel (k = 23.3 W/m.K) and is exposed
section of an equilateral triangle, 5 mm in side is 80 mm to steam at 1000°C, while its root is maintained at 600°C.
long. It is attached to a plane wall maintained at 400°C. The heat transfer coefficient between the blade surface
The ambient air temperature is 50°C and unit surface and steam is 500 W/m2.K.
conductance is 90 W/m2.K. Calculate the heat dissipa-
Solution
tion rate from the rod.
Given : A turbine blade as a fin
Solution
Ac = 600 mm2, L = 80 mm,
Given : A finite long fin with an equilateral
triangle cross-section. P = 150 mm, k = 23.3 W/m.K,
side a = 5 mm, L = 80 mm, T0 = 600°C, T∞ = 1000°C,
k = 54 W/m.K, T0 = 400°C, h = 500 W/m2.K.
T∞ = 50°C, h = 90 W/m2.K.
Steam
T¥ = 50°C
T0 = 400°C
T¥ = 1000°C
a a L = 80 mm
a = 5 mm T0 = 600°C
80 mm
Rotor
Fig. 5.16. Schematic of a triangular fin
To find : The heat dissipation rate from the fin.

2
h = 500 W/m .K
Assumptions :
2. Length of fin is very large in comparison to its
cross-section, thus treating fin as infinite long fin.
Analysis : For triangular fin
Cross-sectional area, To find :
(i) Temperature distribution in the turbine blade.
1 1 3
Ac = base × height = a × a (ii) Temperature at the middle of blade, and
2 2 2
(iii) The heat flow at root of the blade.
Assumptions : Example 5.12. The handle of a ladle used for pouring

1. Steady state conditions. molten metal at 327°C is 30 cm long and is made of
2. Finite long fin with convection heat transfer 2.5 cm × 1.5 cm mild steel bar stock (k = 43 W/m.K). In
from its tip. order to reduce the grip temperature it is proposed to
3. Constant properties. make a hollow handle of mild steel plate 0.15 cm thick
Analysis : (i) For given turbine blade to the same rectangular shape. If the surface heat transfer
Ac = 600 mm2 = 600 × 10–6 m2 coefficient is 14.5 W/m2.K and the ambient temperature
P = 150 mm = 0.15 m is at 27°C, estimate the reduction in the temperature of
grip. Neglect the heat transfer from inner surface of the
L = 80 mm = 0.08 m
hollow shape. (N.M.U., Nov. 1999)
hP 500 × 0.15
m= = = 73.245 Solution
kA c 23.3 × 600 × 10 − 6
Given : A handle of ladle as a finite long fin
mL = 73.245 × 0.08 = 5.86
T0 = 327°C, T∞ = 27°C,
h 500
= = 3.662 k = 43 W/m.K, h = 14.5 W/m2.K,
mk 73.245 × 23.3
L = 30 cm, w = 2.5 cm,
The temperature distribution in finite long fin
with convective tip H = 1.5 cm,
h Ac = 2.5 × 1.5 cm2 (solid handle),
cosh m (L − x) + sinh m (L − x)
T − T∞ mk t = 0.15 cm thick.
=
T0 − T∞ h To find : The reduction in temperature of grip.
cosh mL + sinh mL
mk
cosh [73.245 × (0.08 − x)]
T( x ) − 1000 + 3.662 sinh [73.245 × (0.08 − x)] 2.5 cm
=
600 − 1000 cosh (5.86) + 3.662 × sinh (5.86)
− 400 × [cosh (5.86 − 73.245 x ) L = 30 cm 1.5 cm
+ 3.662 sinh (5.86 − 73.245 x )]

or T(x) – 1000 = Solid
817.534
T(x) – 1000 = – 0.489 [cosh (5.86 – 73.245 x)
+ 3.662 sinh (5.86 – 73.245 x)] 0.15 cm
It is the required expression for temperature
distribution. Ans. Laddle Hollow
(ii) Temperature at the middle of blade i.e., Fig. 5.18. Cross-section of handle
x = 40 mm = 0.04 m
Assumptions :
Tmiddle = 1000 – 0.489 [cosh (5.86 – 73.245 × 0.04)
1. Steady state one dimensional conduction
+ 3.662 sinh (5.86 – 73.245 × 0.04)]
along the handle.
= 1000 – 0.489 [43.591] = 978.68°C. Ans.
2. Constant properties.
(iii) The heat transfer rate from fin
3. No internal heat generation.
h
sinh mL + cosh mL 4. Assuming no heat loss from end face of handle
mk
Qfin = hPkA c (T0 – T∞) × h due to grip cover.
cosh mL + sinh mL
mk Analysis : Case 1. Solid handle
= 500 × 0.15 × 23.3 × 600 × 10 − 6 × (600 – 1000) Ac = wH
= 2.5 × 10–2 × 1.5 × 10–2
sinh (5.86) + 3.662 × cosh (5.86)
× = 3.75 × 10–4 m2
cosh (5.86) + 3.662 × sinh (5.86)
P = 2(w + H)
= – 409.58 W. Ans.
= 2(2.5 × 10–2 + 1.5 ×10–2) = 0.08 m
(Heat transfer towards centre)
TL = 227°C, T∞ = 27°C,
hP 14.5 × 0.08
m= = h = 5 W/m2.K, k = 45 W/m.K.
kA c 43 × 3.75 × 10 − 4
TL = 227°C
= 8.48 m–1
mL = 8.48 × 0.3 = 2.544 2
T0 = 127°C T¥ = 27°C, h = 5 W/m .K
The temperature at the grip of handle can be
calculated by relation
T( x = L) − T∞ 1 100 cm
=
T0 − T∞ cosh (mL)
TL − 27 1 Fig. 5.19. Schematic for example 5.13

= = 0.1561 To find :
327 − 27 cosh (2.544)
or TL = 27 + 300 × 0.1561 = 73.84°C (i) The minimum temperature.
Case 2. When steel plate is used in a hollow (ii) Heat loss at two ends.
handle. Analysis : (i) In steady state the temperature
Ac, H = 2Ht + 2 (w – 2t) t distribution in the finite long fin,
= 2 × (1.5 × 10– 2 × 0.15 × 10–2) TL − T∞
sinh (mx) + sinh {m (L − x)}
+ 2 × (2.5 – 2 × 0.15) × 10–2 × 0.15 × 10–2 T − T∞ T − T∞ ...(i)
= 0
= 1.11 × 10–4 m2 T0 − T∞ sinh (mL)
P = 0.08 m and L = 30.0 cm
hP 5 × 2 × 10 − 2
where, m = = = 3.33
hP 14.5 × 0.08 kA c 45 × 2 × 10 − 4
m= = = 15.59 m–1
kA c, H 43 × 1.11 × 10 − 4
For location of minimum temperature, differen-
mL = 15.59 × 0.3 = 4.677 tiating equation (i) w.r.t. x and equating it to zero.
The temperature at the grip handle R| T L − T∞
cosh mx (m)
U|
TL, H − 27 1 |S T 0 − T∞ |V
–T )× | || = 0
= = 0.0186 dT + cosh [m( L − x )]( − m)
327 − 27 cosh (4.677) = (T0
TL, H = 32.58
dx ∞
|T sinh (mL)
W
The reduction in temperature or (TL – T∞) cosh mx = (T0 – T∞) cosh m(L – x)
= TL – TL, H or (227 – 27) × cosh (3.33x) = (127 – 27)
= 73.84 – 32.58 = 41.25°C. Ans. × cosh [3.33(1 – x)]
Example 5.13. Two ends of a fin of the cross-sectional Le

2× M
3.33 x
+ e − 3.33 x OP = LM e 3.33(1 − x )
+ e − 3.33(1 − x ) OP
area 2 cm2, perimeter 2 cm, 100 cm long are maintained
at 127°C and 227°C, respectively. It losses heat from the
or
MN 2 PQ MN 2 PQ
surface due to natural convection to surroundings at 27°C or 2e3.33x + 2e–3.33x = e3.33 × e–3.33x + e–3.33 × e3.33x
with heat transfer coefficient of 5 W/m2.K. Thermal or 25.94 e–3.33x – 1.964e3.333x = 0
conductivity of fin material is 45 W/m.K. Find the It gives, x = 0.3875 m
minimum temperature in the fin and its location. Also
The minimum temperature
calculate the heat conducted from each end.
(P.U. and N.M.U.) 227 − 27
× sinh (3.33 × 0.3875)
Solution 127 − 27
Given : Finite long fin with specified temperature T(x ) − 27 + sinh [3.33(1 − 0.3875)]
= = 0.5109
at two ends. 127 − 27 sinh (3.333 × 1)
Ac = 2 cm2, P = 2 cm,
or T(x) = 27 + 100 × 0.5109 = 78.1°C. Ans.
L = 100 cm, T0 = 127°C,
Alternatively : The minimum temperature can Assumption : Steady state heat conduction along
also be calculated by assuming two fins with insulated the rod.
tip. Analysis : Considering finite long fin with
(T0 − T∞ ) specified temperature at its free end as shown in
From left face, T(x) = + T∞ Fig. 5.20 (a).
cosh mL
RS∵
T( x) − T∞
=
1 UV Ac =
π 2 π
d = × (6 × 10–3)2
T T0 − T∞ cosh mL W 4 4
From right face, = 2.827 × 10–5 m2
TL − T∞ P = πd = π × 6 × 10–3 = 0.0188 m
T(L – x) = + T∞
cosh m(L − x) hP 30 × 0.0188
m= =
Equating T(x) = T(L – x), we get kA c 330 × 2.827 × 10 −5
x = 0.3875 m.
= 7.785 m
T(x) = T(L – x) = 78.1°C. Ans.
(ii) The heat conducted from left end d = 6 mm
TL = 100°C
QL = hPkA c (T0 – T∞) tanh (mx) 2
h = 30 W/m .K
= 5 × 2 × 10 −2 × 45 × 2 × 10 −4 T¥ = 30°C
T0 = 100°C
× (127 – 27) × tanh (3.33 × 0.3875)
x
= 2.578 W. Ans. 25 cm
The heat loss from right end
Fig. 5.20. (a) Schematic for example 5.14
QR = hPkA c (TL – T∞) tanh m (L – x)
= 5 × 2 × 10 − 2 × 45 × 2 × 10 − 4
25 cm 25 cm
100°C 100°C
× (227 – 27) × tanh [3.33 × (1 – 0.3875)] TL
= 5.8 W. Ans. Fig. 5.20. (b) Alternative arrangement
Example 5.14. The both ends of a 6 mm diameter copper (i) The temperature distribution in the fin
rod (U-shaped) having k = 330 W/m.K are rigidly
connected to a vertical wall as shown in Fig. 5.20 (a). LM θ OP sinh (mx) + sinh {m(L − x)}
L
=N Q
The wall temperature is constant at 100°C. The developed T( x) − T∞ θ0
length of the rod is 50 cm and is exposed to air at 30°C. T0 − T∞ sinh (mL)
The combined convective and radiative heat transfer
coefficient is 30 W/m2.K. Calculate : The temperature at the centre of fin i.e., At
x = 25 cm,
(i) The temperature at the centre of the rod.
Due to symmetry θL = θ0
(ii) Heat transfer by the rod.
(P.U., Nov. 1996 ; N.M.U., Nov. 2000) sinh (7.785 × 0.25)
Solution Tc − 30 + sinh {7.785 ( 0.5 − 0.25)}
Thus =
100 − 30 sinh (7.785 × 0.5)
Given : U-shaped circular fin.
= 0.28
d = 6 mm, L = 50 cm,
or Tc = 30 + 70 × 0.28
k = 330 W/m.K, T0 = 100°C,
= 49.6°C. Ans.
T∞ = 30°C, TL = 100°C,
Alternatively : At the centre of fin, temperature
h = 30 W/m2.K.
would be constant due to symmetry.
To find : The temperature of U-shaped fin can also be
(i) The temperature at the centre of the fin. obtained by considering two insulated tip fins, 25 cm
(ii) The heat transfer rate. long each, as shown in Fig. 5.20 (b).
Tc − T∞ 1
= hP 20 × 0.015 π
T0 − T∞ cosh (mL) m= =
kA c 380 × 1.767 × 10 − 4
Tc = 49.6°C. Ans.
(ii) The heat transfer rate from the fin : = 3.746 m–1
Considering two fins of 25 cm long each with mL = 3.746 × 0.3 = 1.124
insulated tip. (i) The heat dissipated to air from fin is given by
eqn. (5.31)
Q = 2 hPkA c (T0 – T∞) tanh (mL)
RS cosh mL − 1UV
= 2 30 × 0.0188 × 330 × 2.827 × 10 − 5
× (100 – 30) × tanh (7.785 × 0.25)
Qfin = hPkA [(TL – T∞) + (T0 – T∞)]
T sinh mL W
= 20 × 0.015π × 380 × 1.767 × 10 –4
= 9.76 W. Ans.
cosh (1.124) − 1
Example 5.15. One end of a copper rod (k = 380 W/m.K), × [(100 – 40) + (300 – 40)]
300 mm long is connected to a wall which is maintained sinh (1.124)
at 300°C. The other end is firmly connected to other wall = 0.2515 × 320 × 0.5094 = 41.0 W. Ans.
at 100°C. The air is blown across the rod so that the heat (ii) The heat conduction rate to fin from surface
transfer coefficient of 20 W/m2.K is maintained. The at x = 0, eqn. (5.30)
diameter of the rod is 15 mm and temperature of air is FG TL − T∞ IJ
40°C. Determine :
(i) Net heat transfer rate to air, Qx = 0 = hPkA c (T0 – T∞) ×
cosh mL −
HT 0 − T∞ K
sinh mL
(ii) The heat conducted to other end which is at
100°C. (M.U., Nov. 1999) Qx = 0 = 20 × 0.015π × 380 × 1.767 × 10 −4 × (300 – 40)
Solution FG 100 − 40 IJ
Given : A copper rod as fin with specified
×
cosh (1.124) −
H 300 − 40 K
temperature at its two ends. sinh (1.124)
k = 380 W, L = 300 mm = 0.3 m, = 0.2515 × 260 × 1.0684 = 69.88 W.
T0 = 300°C, TL = 100°C, The heat reaches to other end at 100°C
h = 20 W/m2.K, d = 15 mm = 0.015 m, = Qx=0 – Qfin = 69.88 – 41.0
T∞ = 40°C. = 28.87 W. Ans.
Wall - 1 d = 15 mm Wall - 2 5.4. FIN PERFORMANCE

TL = 100°C
T0 = 300°C The fins are used to increase the heat transfer rate from
a surface by increasing the effective surface area. The
use of fins on a surface cannot be recommended unless
T¥ = 40°C
2 the increase in heat transfer justifies the added cost and
h = 20 W/m .K
complexity associated with fins. However, the fin itself
L = 300 mm puts a conduction resistance to heat transfer from
x
original surface. For this reason, there is no assurance
that the heat transfer rate will be increased through
Fig. 5.21. Schematic for example 5.15 the use of fins. A parameter called as fin effectiveness,
To find : justifies the use of fins, if its value is greater than unity.
(i) Net heat transfer rate to air, 5.4.1. Fin Effectiveness
(ii) Heat conduction rate to wall at 100°C. The fin effectiveness is defined as the ratio of the fin
Analysis : For the copper rod as a fin heat transfer rate to that of which would occur from the
π 2 π surface on which the fin was attached, therefore,
Ac = d = × (0.015)2 Heat transfer rate with
4 4
= 1.767 × 10–4 m2 fin from base area Q fin
εfin = = ...(5.33)
P = πd = 0.015 π m Heat transfer rate from Q no fin
base area without fin
5.4.2. Fin Efficiency

T0 Qfin
T0 Consider a fin of uniform cross-sectional area, made of
Qno fin
constant thermal conductivity material as shown in
Ac Qfin
efin = ——–
Fig. 5.23. The heat flows from the surface to the fin by
Ac Qno fin conduction and from the fin to the surrounding medium
Fig. 5.22. Effectiveness of a fin by convection. The convection from the fin surface causes
Some observations with use of fins are : gradually temperature drop along the fin length.
(i) An effectiveness εfin = 1, indicates that the
addition of fins to the surface does not affect T0 T(x)
the heat transfer rate at all.
(ii) An effectiveness εfin < 1, indicates that the
fin actually acts as insulation and decreasing
the heat transfer rate from the surface. It may DT = T(x) – T¥
occur, if fin of low thermal conductivity
materials is used. T¥
(iii) An effectiveness εfin > 1, indicates that fins 0

L
x
are increasing the heat transfer rate from the
surface. h T¥
However, the use of fins cannot be justified unless T0
εfin is more than 5. For an infinite long fin of uniform
cross-section, using eqn. (5.14) to obtain the fin
effectiveness. L
Q fin hPkA c (T0 − T∞ ) Fig. 5.23. Temperature of a fin drops gradually
εfin = =
Q no fin hA c (T0 − T∞ ) along the fin
F kP I 1/2 In the limiting case of zero thermal resistance

εfin = GH hA JK
c
...(5.34) (k → ∞), the temperature of fin along its length will be
uniform at the base temperature T0. The heat transfer
where Ac is cross-sectional area of fin.
from such an ideal fin will be maximum and can be
We can conclude from the fin effectiveness
expressed as
eqn. (5.34) for consideration in design and selection of
the fins : Qideal = hAfin (T0 – T∞) ...(5.35)
1. The fin effectiveness can be increased by choice The area Afin represent total surface area of the
of a material of higher thermal conductivity. fins. For a fin of uniform cross-section,
Therefore, the fins are usually made from metals, Afin = Alateral + Atip = Alateral + Ac
with copper, aluminium and iron. But aluminium
Usually Ac << Alateral
is the best choice due to its low cost and weight
and its resistance to corrosion. ∴ Afin ≈ Alateral ≈ PL
2. The fin effectiveness is also enhanced by increas- However, in actual practice, the temperature
ing the ratio of perimeter to cross-sectional area drops along the fin length and the resulting heat
of the fin (P/Ac). For this-reason, aluminium or dissipation from the fin will be less due to decreasing
copper thin fins, or slender pin fins, closely temperature difference T(x) – T∞ towards the fin tip. A
spaced are preferred in most engineering parameter called the fin efficiency, evaluates the thermal
applications. performance of a fin and is defined as
3. The use of fins can be better justified under con- Actual heat transfer rate from fin
ditions for which the convection heat transfer co- ηfin =
Ideal heat transfer rate from fin, if entire
efficient is small. Therefore, fins are placed on a
fin surface were at fin base temperature T0
surface on gas side, where the heat transfer is
by natural convection instead of forced Q fin
convection. = ...(5.36)
Q ideal
If the fin efficiency is known, the heat transfer Q total h (A unfin + ηfin A fin ) (T0 − T∞ )
or εfin overall = =
rate Qfin through the fin is determined as Q no fins h A no fin (T0 − T∞ )
Qfin = ηfin Qideal = ηfin hAfin (T0 – T∞) ...(5.41)
or Qfin ≈ ηfin h PL (T0 – T∞) ...(5.37)
The fin efficiency for earlier defined fin geometrics
are given below :
(i) The fin efficiency of infinite long fin :
Ano fin = w × H
hPkA c (T0 − T∞ ) kA c 1 1 Aunfin = w H – Nfin wt
ηfin = = × = fin t
hPL (T0 − T∞ ) hP L mL Au
n
Afin Afin » Nfin × 2(w + t) × L
H
...(5.38) w
(ii) The fin efficiency for insulated fin tip : L
hPkA c ( T0 − T∞ ) tanh ( mL )
ηfin =
hPL (T0 − T∞ ) Fig. 5.25. Various surface areas associated
with rectangular fins
tanh (mL ) where Ano fin = area of the surface, when there are no
= ...(5.39)
mL fins,
(iii) Similarly for finite long fin with convection Afin = total surface area of all fins,
heat transfer at the fin tip :
Aunfin = area of the unfinned portion of the
h surface,
sinh (mL) + cosh (mL)
mk
ηfin = ...(5.40) ηfin = fin efficiency.
mL
The fin efficiency relations are developed for fins The overall fin effectiveness depends on the fin
of various profiles. These are plotted in Fig. 5.24 for density (number of fins per unit length), as well as the
fins of plane surfaces with insulated tip. effectiveness of individual fins. The overall effectiveness
is a better measure of the performance of a finned surface
1.0 than the effectiveness of the individual fins.
0.8 5.4.4. Area Weighted Fin Efficiency

In practical applications, a finned heat transfer surface
tanh (mL)
0.6 hfin = is composed of the fin surfaces and the unfinned por-
mL
tion. Therefore, total heat transfer
0.4 Qtotal fin = Qfin + Qunfin
= ηfin hAfin (T0 – T∞)
0.2 + (Atotal – Afin) h(T0 – T∞) ...(5.42)
where Afin = heat transfer (surface) area of all (Nfin) fins
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 Atotal = total heat transfer area = Afin + Aunfin
LÖh/kt We can also define area weighted fin efficiency or
Fig. 5.24. Fin efficiency for insulated tip fin total fin efficiency which evaluates the thermal
performance of the finned surface and defined as
5.4.3. Overall Fin Effectiveness
The total heat transfer rate
The overall fin effectiveness for a finned surface can be
defined as from finned surface
ηtotal fin =
The heat which would be transferred
Total heat transfer rate from
the finned surface if the total area was maintained
εfin overall =
Heat transfer rate from the base at base temperature T0
surface if there were no fins
ηfin h A fin (T0 − T∞ ) presents the efficiency for annular or circular fins of
rectangular profile. These results are presented in terms
+ (A total − A fin ) h (T0 − T∞ )
= of corrected length Lc and profile area. The maximum
h A total (T0 − T∞ ) heat transfer rate from rectangular, triangular and
A fin parabolic fins is
=1– (1 – ηfin) ...(5.43) Qmax = hPLc (T0 – T∞) ...(5.47)
A total
100
Lc = L
5.5. APPROXIMATE SOLUTION OF FIN: y~x
2
Ap = Lt/3
CONCEPT OF CORRECTED FIN LENGTH 80
y
Fin efficiency hfin, %

X
The solution in case of fin of finite length, losing heat by L
t/2
60
convection from its free end (actual case) is very tedious.
Lc = L + t/2
In order to avoid complex calculations, the heat loss from Ap = Lct
the fin tip can be approximated by increasing the fin 40
y~x
t/2
length by δ (friction length) and assuming the fin of y
L
insulated tip. 20
x
In this approach, the solution for finite long fin t/2 Lc = L
Ap = Lt/2
with convection heat loss from its tip can be L
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
approximated by the expressions for finite long fin, 3/2 1/2
Lc (h/kAp)
insulated at its tip, when length of fin L is replaced by
corrected length Lc. The resulting error from this Fig. 5.26. Efficiency of straight fins (rectangular, triangular
approximation will be less than 8%, when and parabolic profiles) (from Gardner)
ht
≤ 1/4 ...(5.44) 100
2k
Corrected length, Lc = L + δ ...(5.45)
80
where δ is called friction length of fin and is calculated
Fin efficiency hfin, %
as 1
r2c
r1
60
A 2
δ= c ...(5.46)
P 5 3
For rectangular or square fin 40
Ac = w × t t r2c = r2 + t/2
P ≈ 2w Lc = L + t/2
20 L AP = Lc × t
w×t t r1
then, δ= = Afin = 2p(r 22 – r 12 ) + 2pr2t
2w 2 r2
For circular fin, pin fin, 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
3/2 1/2
(π/4) d 2 d r
Lc (h/kAP)
δ= = =
πd 4 2 Fig. 5.27. Efficiency of circular fins of rectangular profile
It is often convenient to use the profile area of (from Gardner)
fin Ap
For circumferential fins of constant thickness
For a rectangular fin, Ap = Lt
For a triangular fin, Ap = Lt/2 Qmax = 2πh (r2c2 – r12) (T0 – T∞) ...(5.48)
For a parabolic fin, Ap = Lt/3
The triangular and parabolic fins contains less
The fin efficiency relations are developed for fins
material and are more efficient than the fins of
of various profiles and are plotted in Fig. 5.26 for fins
on a plane surface and of three common profiles: rectangular profile, and thus they are more suitable
rectangular fin of uniform cross-section, and triangular for applications that require minimum weight such as
and parabolic fins of non-uniform cross-section. Fig. 5.27 space applications.
Example 5.16. An aluminium alloy fin (k = 200 W/m.K), Example 5.17. It is better to use 10 fins of 5 cm length
3.5 mm thick and 2.5 cm long protrudes from a wall. than 5 fins of 10 cm length. State and prove correctness
The base is at 420°C and ambient air temperature is of the statement. Take properties as follows :
30°C. The heat transfer coefficient may be taken as Diameter of fin = 10 mm
11 W/m2.K. Find the heat loss and fin efficiency, if the Thermal conductivity = 45 W/m.K
heat loss from fin tip is negligible. Heat transfer coefficient = 95 W/m2.K.
(P.U., May 2012)
Solution
Solution
Given : A rectangular fin
Given : Two arrangement of fins with
L = 2.5 cm, T∞ = 30°C,
d = 10 mm,
t = 3.5 mm, h = 11 W/m2.K,
k = 45 W/m.K, h = 95 W/m2.K
T0 = 420°C, k = 200 W/m.K.
Arrangement 1 : L1 = 5 cm, Nfin = 10
2
h = 11 W/m .K Arrangement 2 : L2 = 10 cm, Nfin = 5
T¥ = 30°C
Insulated To find : Better arrangement.
Tip
Analysis : The length of fin in either case is much
larger than its diameter, therefore, assuming negligible
t = 3.5 mm
heat loss from fin tip. For a fin
w π 2 π
Ac = d = × (0.01)2 = 78.54 × 10–6 m2
T0 4 4
= 420°C P = πd = π × 0.01 = 0.01 π m
hP 95 × 0.01 π
L = 2.5 cm m= = = 29.06
kA c 45 × 78.54 × 10 − 6
Fig. 5.28 For arrangement 1 :
mL1 = 29.06 × 0.05 = 1.453
To find :
tanh (mL1) = 0.896
(i) Heat transfer rate from fin surface.
The fin efficiency
(ii) Fin efficiency.
Assumptions : tanh mL 1 0.896
ηfin = = = 61.68%
1. Steady state conditions. mL 1 1.453
2. One dimensional conduction along the rod. The heat transfer rate from 10 fins
3. Constant properties. Qfin = Nfin hPkA c (T0 – T∞) tanh (mL1)
5. The width of fin is 1 m. = 10 × 95 × 0.01 × π × 45 × 78.54 × 10 −6
Analysis : (i) The heat transfer rate × (T0 – T∞) × 0.896
Qfin = hPkA c (T0 – T∞) tanh (mL) = 9.2 (T0 – T∞) Watts.
For arrangement 2 : 5 fins 10 cm long
hP
where, mL = L mL2 = 29.06 × 0.1 = 2.906
kA c tanh (mL2) = 0.994
and P = 2w = 2 m
tanh mL 0.994
Ac = w × t = 1 × 3.5 × 10–3 m2 ηfin = = = 34.2%
mL 2.906
11 × 2 and heat transfer rate with this arrangement
mL = 2.5 × 10–2 × = 0.14
200 × 3.5 × 10 − 3
−3
Qfin = 5 × 95 × 0.01 π × 45 × 78.54 × 10 − 6
Qfin = 11 × 2 × 200 × 3.5 × 10
× (420 – 30) × tanh (0.14) × (T0 – T∞) × 0.994
= 213 W. Ans. = 5.10 (T0 – T∞) Watts.
(ii) The fin efficiency Comment : The fin efficiency and heat transfer
tanh mL tanh (0.14) rate, both are much less in second arrangement of fins,
ηfin = =
mL 0.14 i.e., 5 fin, 10 cm long in comparison to arrangement of
= 99.35%. Ans. 10 fins, 5 cm long. The heat dissipation decreases along
the length of the fin. The short fins are always effective. Analysis : (i) The corrected length of fin
Therefore, large number of short fins should be installed d
on a surface to increase the heat transfer rate. Lc = L + = 120 mm + 2.5 mm
4
Example 5.18. Three identical straight fins, 10 mm in = 122.5 m
diameter and 120 mm long are exposed to an ambient P = πd = π × 0.01 = 0.01 π
with convective heat transfer coefficient of 32 W/m2.K.
Compare their efficiency and relative heat flow π π
Ac = × d2 = × (0.01)2
performance. The three fin materials and their thermal 4 4
conductivities are : = 78.53 × 10–6 m2
Copper : 380 W/m.K
Aluminium : 210 W/m.K hP 32 × 0.01 π 113.13
m= = =
Mild steel : 45 W/m.K. kA c k × 78.53 × 10 − 6 k
Solution
113.13
Given : Three identical circular fins For copper fin m1 = = 5.804
d = 10 mm, L = 120 mm, 380
h = 32 W/m2.K, k1 = 380 W/m.K, m1Lc = 5.803 × 0.1225 = 0.711
k2 = 210 W/m.K, k3 = 45 W/m.K. Fin efficiency
tanh (mL c ) tanh (0.711)
=
2
h = 32 W/m .K d = 10 mm ηfin =
mL c 0.711
T0 Copper
= 0.86 = 86%
T¥ d = 10 mm (ii) Heat dissipation rate for copper fin
Mild steel
Qfin = h P k A c (T0 – T∞) tanh mLc
L = 120 mm d = 10 mm
Aluminium
= 32 × 0.01π × 380 × 78.53 × 10−6
× (T0 – T∞) tanh (0.711)
Fig. 5.29 = 0.106 (T0 – T∞) Watts
To find : The calculated values of all materials are
(i) Efficiency of each fin tabulated below.
(ii) Relative heat dissipation rate.
Material m mL tanh m ηfin Qfin for (T0 – T∞) Relative heat dissipation
with respect to copper fin
Copper 5.804 0.711 0.611 86% 0.106 100

Aluminium 7.807 0.956 0.742 77.6% 0.0956 90.2%
Mild steel 16.865 2.066 0.968 46.8% 0.0577 54.5%
The heat dissipation rate by mild steel fin is least, proposed to install aluminium (k = 190 W/m.K) square
the fin efficiency of mild steel fin is also low, due to its fins 0.6 mm side, 10 mm long, to provide additional cool-
low value of thermal conductivity. The efficiency of ing. Find the number of fins required. Assume no heat
copper fin is highest. The fin efficiency with same loss from the tip of fins. (P.U., May 1989)
material can also improved, if the fins are made short. Solution
Example 5.19. An electronic semiconductor device has Given : Square fins with insulated tip
a rating of 60 mW. In order to keep its proper operation, Qunfin = 20 mW, Qtotal = 60 mW,
the inside temperature should not exceed 70°C. The device
T0 = 70°C, T∞ = 40°C,
can dissipate about 20 mW of heat on its own when placed
2
h = 12.5 W/m .K, k = 190 W/m.K,
in an environment at 40°C with heat transfer coefficient
of 12.5 W/m2.K. To avoid overheating of the device, it is t = 0.6 mm, L = 10 mm.
To find : The number of fins. t

12 such fin
Assumptions :
1. Steady state conditions, one dimensional heat
conduction along the rod.
2. Constant properties. 1m

Analysis : The net heat to be dissipated by fins
To find : The heat transfer rate from surface.
Qfin = Qtotal – Qunfin = 60 – 20
Analysis : The fin is of finite length, it will
= 40 mW = 40 × 10–3 W
dissipate heat by convection from its tip. Therefore,
Cross-section area of square fin using corrected length.
Ac = (0.6 × 10–3)2 = 3.6 × 10–7 m2
t 0.75 × 10 −3
Perimeter of square fin Lc = L + = 2.5 × 10–2 +
2 2
P = 4t = 4 × 0.6 × 10–3
= 0.025375 m
= 2.4 × 10–3 m
P = 2w = 2 m
hP Ac = w × t
mL = L kA c = 1 × 0.75 × 10–3 = 0.75 × 10–3 m2
12.5 × 2.4 × 10 − 3 hP
= 10 × 10–3 × mLc = Lc
190 × 3.6 × 10 − 7 kA c
= 0.209 23.3 × 2
The heat transfer rate ; = 0.025375 × = 0.73
75 × 0.75 × 10 − 3
Qfin = Nfin hPkA c (T0 – T∞) tanh mL The heat transfer rate from fins surface
Using the values, Qfin = Nfin hPkA c (T0 – T∞) tanh (mLc)
40 × 10–3 = Nfin 12.5 × 2.4 × 10 − 3 × 190 × 3.6 × 10 − 7

= 12 × 23.3 × 2 × 75 × 0.75 × 10 –3
× (150 – 40) × tanh (0.73)
× (70 – 40) × tanh (0.209)
= 1332 W
or Number of fins
The heat transfer rate from unfinned (base) area
40 × 10 − 3 Qunfin = hAunfin(T0 – T∞)
Nfin = = 4.518 ≈ 5 fins. Ans.
8.853 × 10 − 3 = h(πdw – 12 × Ac)(T0 – T∞)
Example 5.20. A 1 m long, 5 cm diameter, cylinder = 23.3 × (π × 0.05 × 1 – 12 × 0.75
placed in an atmosphere of 40°C is provided with × 10–3) × (150 – 40)
12 longitudinal straight fins (k = 75 W/m.K), 0.75 mm = 379.5 W
thick. The fins protrudes 2.5 cm from the cylinder surface. Hence the total heat transfer
The heat transfer coefficient is 23.3 W/m2.K. Calculate
= Qunfin + Qfin
the rate of heat transfer, if the surface temperature of
cylinder is at 150°C. (P.U., Dec. 2008) = 379.5 + 1332 = 1711.5 W. Ans.
Solution Example 5.21. The cylinder barrel of a motorcycle is
Given : A cylinder with longitudinal fins constructed of aluminium alloy (k = 186 W/m.K),
w = 1 m, d = 5 cm = 0.05 m, 0.15 m high and 50 mm in diameter. Under typical
operating conditions, the outer surface of the cylinder is
T∞ = 40°C, Nfin = 12, at a temperature of 500 K and is exposed to the ambient
h = 23.3 W/m2.K, air at 300 K with convection coefficient of 50 W/m2.K.
t = 0.75 mm = 0.75 × 10–3 m, Annular fins of rectangular profiles are typically added
to increase the heat transfer rate to the surroundings.
L = 2.5 cm = 2.5 × 10– 2 m, Assume that the five such fins, 6 mm thick, 20 mm long
T0 = 150°C, k = 75 W/m.K. and equally spaced are added. What is the increase in
heat transfer rate due to addition of fins ? Take fin The total heat transfer rate from fins surface
efficiency as 0.95. Qfin = ηfin × h Afin (T0 – T∞)
(Anna University, April 1999 ; N.M.U., Nov. 1996) = 0.95 × (50 W/m2.K) × (0.0527 m2)
Solution × (500 – 300)(K)
Given : Annular fins of rectangular profile, around = 500.65 W
a cylinder The heat transfer rate from unfinned portion of
k = 186 W/m.K, H = 0.15 m, cylinder :
d = 50 mm or r1 = 25 mm, Unfinned area,
T0 = 500 K, T∞ = 300 K, Aunfin = Cylinder surface area – No. of fins
2
h = 50 W/m .K, Nfin = 5, × Cross-section area of a fin
t = 6 mm, L = r2 – r1 = 20 mm, = 2πr1H – Nfin × 2πr1t
ηfin = 0.95. = 2π × 0.025 × (0.15 m – 5 × 0.006 m)
= 0.01885 m2
To find : Increase in heat transfer rate due to
addition of fins on cylinder surface. The heat transfer rate from unfinned portion
Schematic : Qunfin = hAunfin (T0 – T∞)
= (50 W/m2.K) × (0.01885 m2)
× (500 – 300)(K)
= 188.5 W
Total heat transfer rate from finned surface
T0 = 500 K
Air T¥ = 300 K Qtotal fin = Qfin + Qunfin
H = 0.15 m 2 = 500.65 + 188.5 = 689.15 W
h = 50 W/m .K
t = 6 mm Heat transfer rate from corresponding cylinder
without any fin
Qno fin = hAno fin (T0 – T∞)
= h(2π r1H) (T0 – T∞)
r1 = 25 mm = (50 W/m2.K) × (2π × 0.025 m × 0.15 m)
L = 20 mm
× (500 – 300) (K)
r2 = 45 mm
= 235.62
Fig. 5.31. Schematic of motorcycle barrel
Increase in the heat transfer rate
Assumptions : = Qtotal fin – Qno fin
(i) Steady state one dimensional conduction in = 689.15 – 235.62 = 453.53 W. Ans.
radial direction only. Comment : The overall effectiveness of finned
(ii) Constant properties. surface
(iii) No internal heat generation. Q total fin
εfin = = 2.925
(iv) Uniform convection coefficient over entire Q no fin
outer surface. % increase in heat transfer
(v) Negligible radiation exchange from fin 689.15 − 235.62
= = 192.5%. Ans.
surface. 235.62
Analysis : The finite long fins are used on Example 5.22. Steam in a heating system flows through
cylinder, thus corrected radius tubes whose outer diameter is 3 cm and whose walls
r2c = r2 + t/2 = 45 + 3 = 48 mm = 0.048 m are maintained at a temperature of 120°C. Circular
aluminium fins [k = 180 W/(m.K)] of outer diameter 6 cm
The fins are exposed on two sides to air, the
and constant thickness t = 2 mm are attached to the tube,
surface area of all fins
as shown in Fig. 5.32. The space between the fins is 3 mm,
Afin = 2π (r2c2 – r12) × Nfin and thus there are 200 fins per metre length of the tube.
= 2π × (0.0482 – 0.0252) × 5 = 0.0527 m2 Heat is transferred to the surrounding air at T∞ = 25°C,
with a combined heat transfer coefficient of The heat transfer rate from fins
h = 60 W/(m2.K). Determine the increase in heat transfer Qfin = ηfin × Qideal = ηfin × h Afin (T0 – T∞)
rate from the tube per metre of its length as a result of = 0.95 × 60 × 0.925 × (120 – 25)
adding fins. Also calculate fin effectiveness.
= 5008.25 W
Solution Unfinned area of the tube
Given : A tube with annular fins : Aunfin = Pipe surface area – No. of fin
d1 = 3 cm, r1 = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m, × Cross-section area of a fin
d2 = 6 cm, r2 = 3 cm = 0.03 m, = 2πr1H – Nfin × 2π r1t
T0 = 120°C, k = 180 W/m.K, = 2πr1 (H – Nfin t)
t = 2 mm = 0.002 m, S = 3 mm, = 2π × 0.015 × (1 m – 200 × 0.002)
Nfin = 200 /m, T∞ = 25°C, = 0.0565 m2
2
h = 60 W/m .K, H = 1 m. Heat transfer rate from unfinned portion of
r1 tube
r2
Qunfin = h Aunfin (T0 – T∞)
= 60 × 0.0565 × (120 – 25)
T¥ = 25°C
2 = 322.32 W
T0 h = 60 W/m .K
The total heat transfer rate from finned tube
t = 2 mm Qtotal fin = Qfin + Qunfin
S = 3 mm = 5008.25 + 322.32
Fin
= 5330.57 W
In case, if there are no fins on pipe, then,
Fig. 5.32 Area of bare pipe surface,
To find : (i) Increase in heat transfer rate from Ano fin = 2πr1H = 2π × 0.015 × 1
the tube per metre length. = 0.0942 m2
(ii) Fin effectiveness. Heat transfer rate from tube bare area
Analysis : (i) The finite long fins, with convection Qno fin = h Ano fin (T0 – T∞)
at its free end, thus using corrected length of fin = 60 × 0.0942 × (120 – 25)
r2c = r2 + t/2 = 0.03 + 0.002/2 = 0.031 m = 537.21 W
L = r2 – r1 = 0.03 – 0.015 = 0.015 m Therefore, increase in heat transfer rate from 1 m
0.002 long tube as a result of addition of fins
Lc = L + t/2 = 0.015 + = 0.016 m
2 = Qtotal fin – Qno fin
Ap = Lct = 0.016 × 2 × 10–3 = 5330.57 – 537.21
= 3.2 × 10–5 m2 = 4793.35 W. Ans.
F I 1/ 2 (ii) Fin effectiveness.
Lc3/2 (h/kAp)1/2 = (0.016)3/2 × GH 180 × 360.2 × 10 JK
−5 Q total fin 5330.57
=
εfin = = 9.1
= 0.2065 Q no fin 537.21
r2 c 0.031 % increase in heat transfer
= = 2.067
r1 0.015 (5330.57 − 537.21)
= = 892.2%. Ans.
From Fig. 5.27, the efficiency of annular fin 537.21
ηfin = 0.95 Example 5.23. Copper plates fins of rectangular cross-
Surface area of fins section, 1 mm thick, 10 mm long and thermal
= Nfin × 2π (r2c2 – r12) conductivity as 380 W/m.K are attached to a plane wall
maintained at a temperature of 230°C. The fins dissipate
= 200 × 2π × (0.0312 – 0.0152)
heat by convection into an ambient at 30°C with a heat
= 0.925 m2
transfer coefficient of 40 W/m2.K. Fins are spaced at

40 × 2
8 mm. Assume negligible heat loss from the fin tip. = × 10 × 10–3 = 0.145
Calculate : 380 × 1 × 10 − 3
(i) Fin efficiency, The fin efficiency for insulated tip fin is given
by
(ii) Area weighted fin efficiency,
tanh mL
(iii) The total heat transfer rate per m2 of plane ηfin =
wall surface, mL
(iv) The heat transfer rate from the plane wall if tanh (0.145)
= = 0.993
there were no fins attached. (N.M.U., Nov. 1994) 0.145
Solution = 99.3%. Ans.
Given : Finite long fin with insulated tip : (ii) Area weighted fin efficiency :
t = 1 mm, T0 = 230°C, Since the considered plate is 1 m × 1 m in size
and fin spacing is 8 mm. The number of fins
L = 10 mm, T∞ = 30°C,
k = 380 W/m.K, h = 40 W/m2.K, 1000 mm
Nfin = = 125 fins/metre
S = 8 mm. 8 mm
To find : The total fin surface area,
(i) ηfin, fin efficiency, Afin = No. of fins (Nfin)
(ii) ηtotal, area weighted fin efficiency, × Surface area of a fin (PL)
(iii) Heat transfer rate from finned surface, Afin = 125 × (2 sides × 1 m × 0.01 m)
(iv) Heat transfer rate from base surface. = 2.5 m2
Assumptions : The unfinned portion,
Aunfin = Plate area – Area where fins are
1. Steady state one dimensional heat conduc-
tion. attached (Nfin × Ac)
2. Constant properties. = 1 m – 125 × 1 × 10–3
2
3. No internal heat generation. = 0.875 m2

4. The plate size of 1 m × 1 m. Total heat transfer area,
Atotal = Afin + Aunfin
L = 10 mm
Atotal = 2.5 + 0.875 = 3.375 m2
t = 1 mm
230°C The area weighted fin efficiency or total fin
w=1m efficiency
A fin
S = 8 mm ηtotal = 1 – (1 – ηfin)
A total
2.5
125 such fins =1– (1 − 0.993)
3.375
= 0.9948 = 99.48%. Ans.
2
h = 40 W/m .K
T¥ = 30°C
(iii) Total heat transfer rate per m2 of plane wall
Fig. 5.33. A section of the plane wall surface
Qtotal = Qfin + Qunfin
Analysis : (i) Fin efficiency :
Ac = w × t = (1 m) × (1 × 10–3 m) = Nfin × hPkA c (T0 – T∞) tanh (mL)
= 1 × 10–3 m2 + h Aunfin (T0 – T∞)
P ≈ 2w = 2 × 1 m = 2 m = 125 × 40 × 2 × 380 × 1 × 10 − 3
× (230 – 30) × tan (0.145) + 40
hP
mL = ×L × 0.875 × (230 – 30)
kA c
= 26848 W/m2 = 26.84 kW/m2. Ans.
Alternatively, air at
Qtotal = Qfin + Qunfin 25°C
= ηfin Qideal + Qunfin m
m
= ηfinh Afin (T0 – T∞) + hAunfin(T0 – T∞) 3
= (ηfinAfin + Aunfin) h(T0 – T∞)

= (0.993 × 2.5 + 0.875) × 40 × (230 – 30) 12 mm
= 26.86 kW/m2. Ans. mm
50
(iv) The heat transfer if there were no fins 70 m
m
attached
Qno fin = hAno fin(∆T)
Fig. 5.34. Aluminium heat sink
= (40 W/m2.K) × (1 m2) × (230 – 30)(K)
= 8000 K/m2 = 8 kW/m2. Ans. Analysis : (i) The total heat flow from the heat
sink = Heat transfer from unfinned portion of the base
Example 5.24. An aluminium heat sink for electronics + Heat flow through the fins
components has a base of length 50 mm and width
Qtotal = Qunfin + Qfin
70 mm. The eight aluminium (k = 180 W/m.K) fins are
attached in such a way that their width is 70 mm. The Heat transfer rate from unfinned portion of base
fins are 12 mm long, and 3 mm thick. The fins cooled by Qunfin = hAunfin (T0 – T∞)
air at 25°C with a convective heat transfer coefficient of
where Aunfin = w (H – Nfint)
h = 10 W/m2.K. Assuming that the same value of heat
transfer coefficient acts on the tip of the fins as along the = (70 × 10–3 m) × (50 – 8 × 3) × 10–3
rest of the external surface, determine : = 1.82 × 10–3 m2
(i) the heat flow through the heat sink for a base Then
temperature of 50°C,
(ii) the fin effectiveness, Qunfin = 10 × 1.82 × 10–3 × (50 – 25)
(iii) the fin efficiency, = 0.455 W
(iv) the length of the fin such that the heat flow is Heat transfer rate through fins (of finite long
95% of the heat flow for an infinite long fin, convecting heat from their tips)
(v) the percentage increase in heat transfer with
fins. (P.U., May 2008) Qfin = N fin h Pk A c ( T0 − T∞ )
Solution
Given : Finite long fins h
sinh mL + cosh mL
T0 = 50°C, T∞ = 25°C, × mk
h
h = 10 W/m2.K, Nfin = 8 fins, cosh mL + sinh mL
mk
k = 180 W/m.K, t = 3 mm,
L = 12 mm, w = 70 mm, where, Ac = w × t
H = 50 mm. = (70 × 10–3) × (3 × 10–3)
To find : = 2.1 × 10–4 m2
(i) Total heat flow from the finned surface, Qtotal. P = 2(w + t) = 2 × (70 + 3) × 10–3
(ii) Fin effectiveness, εfin. = 0.146 m
(iii) Fin efficiency, ηfin.
hP
(iv) The length of the fin, so that the heat flow is m=
95% of the infinite long fin. kA c
(v) Percentage increase in heat transfer with fins.
10 × 0146
.
Assumptions : = −4
= 6.2148 m −1
180 × 21
. × 10
2. Constant properties. mL = 6.2148 × (12 × 10–3) = 0.074578
3. Uniform spacing of fins. cosh mL = 1.00278
sinh mL = 0.07465 tanh mL ≥ 0.95

h 10 mL ≥ 1.83
= = 8.94 × 10–3 or L ≥ 0.295
mk 6.2148 × 180
= 295 mm. Ans.
T0 – T∞ = 50 – 25 = 25°C
(v) Heat transfer from heat sink, if there were
and h P k A c = 10 × 0.146 × 180 × 2.1 × 10 −4 no fins attached
= 0.235 W/K Qno fin = hAno fin (T0 – T∞)
∴ Qfin = 8 × 0.235 × 25 where Ano fin = (70 × 10–3) × (50 × 10–3)
(0.07465 + 8.94 × 10 −3 × 1.00278) = 3.5 × 10–3 m2
× ∴ Qno fin = 10 × 3.5 × 10–3 × (50 – 25)
(1.00278 + 8.94 × 10 −3 × 0.07465)
= 0.875 W
= 3.916 W
% increase in heat transfer after fin addition
Total heat transfer
Q total − Q no fin 4.4 − 0.875
Qtotal = 0.455 + 3.916 = 4.4 W. Ans. = = × 100
Q no fin 0.875
(ii) Effectiveness of the fin
= 405%. Ans.
Heat transfer rate with fin
εfin = Example 5.25. A hot surface at 100°C is to be cooled by
Heat transfer rate from the surface
on which fin was attached (w × t ) attaching 3 cm long, 0.25 cm diameter aluminium fins
(k = 237 W/m.K) to it, with a centre to centre distance of
Q fin for 1 fin
= 0.6 cm. The temperature of surrounding air is 30°C and
h A c (T0 − T∞ ) heat transfer coefficient on surface is 35 W/m2.K.
(3.916 / 8) Calculate the rate of heat transfer from the surface for a
= 1 m × 1 m section of the plate. Also determine the overall
10 × 2.1 × 10 − 4 × (50 − 25)
effectiveness of the fins.
= 9.32. Ans.
Solution
(iii) Fin efficiency
Actual heat transfer Given : A hot surface attached with pin fins.
rate from fin surface T0 = 100°C, L = 3 cm = 0.03 m,
ηfin =
Heat transfer rate from the d = 0.25 cm = 0.25 × 10–2 m,
fin, if its entire surface is k = 237 W/m.K, S = 0.6 cm,
maintained at base temperature
T∞ = 30°C, h = 35 W/m2.K.
Q fin for 1 fin
= L = 3 cm
hA fin (T0 − T∞ ) Surface at 100°C
where, Afin = PL + Ac = 0.146 × 12 × 10–3 + 2.1 × 10–4

= 1.962 × 10–3 m d = 0.25 cm
(3.916/8)
1m
∴ ηfin =
10 × 1.962 × 10 − 3 × (50 − 25)
= 0.998 = 99.8%. Ans. S = 0.6 cm
(iv) For heat flow within 95% of infinite long fin
RS h cosh mLUV
sinh mL +
T mk W ≥ 0.95 T¥ = 30°C
R sinh mLUV
1m 2
h = 35 W/m .K
cosh mL + S
h
T mk W Fig. 5.35. Schematic for example 5.25
To find :
h
∵ < < < 1.0, therefore, above equation (i) Heat transfer rate from 1 m2 finned surface,
mk
approximated as (ii) Overall fin effectiveness.
Assumptions : Total heat transfer from finner surface/m2

(i) Steady state conditions. Qtotal fin = Qfin + Qunfin
(ii) Finite long fin, but L >> d, hence assuming = 15.046 × 103 + 2114.6
insulated tip.
= 17.16 × 103 W. Ans.
(iii) Uniform heat transfer coefficient on fins as
well as on base surface. (ii) Overall effectiveness
(iv) Constant properties. Q total fin Q total fin
εoverall = =
Analysis : (i) Heat transfer rate from finned Q no fin h (1 m 2 ) (T0 − T∞ )
surface :
17.16 × 10 3
= = 7.0. Ans.
w 100 cm 35 × 1 × (100 − 35)
No. of fins in a row = = = 166.67
S 0.6 cm
≈ 167 Example 5.26. In a transfer type heat exchanger, heat
is transferred from hot water at 90°C on one side of the
Similarly the no. of fins in the column
metal partition wall to cold air at 25°C on the other side.
100 Thickness of the metal wall is 1 cm and its conductivity
= = 167
0.6 is 20 W/m.K. If the metal wall is 1 m2, find the rate of
These fins are in matrix of n × n, thus heat transfer if heat transfer coefficient on water and
Total no. of fins in air side are 100 and 10 W/m2.K, respectively.
Nfin = 167 × 167 = 27,889 fins/m2 It is proposed to increase the heat transfer rate by
providing fins on one side. On which side the fins should
For a fin
be provided to get maximum heat transfer rate ? If
π 2 π 500 fins of 6 mm diameter and 30 mm long are provided.
Ac = d = × (0.25 × 10–2 m)2 Find the maximum heat transfer rate achieved. Assume
4 4
that the fins have insulated ends.
= 4.9087 × 10–6 m2
Solution
P = πd = π × 0.25 × 10–2
Given : Partition wall of a heat exchanger.
= 7.8539 × 10–3 m
Tw = 90°C, Ta = 25°C,
−3
hP 35 × 7.8539 × 10 δ = 1 cm = 0.01 m, k = 20 W/m.K,
m= =
kA c 237 × 4.9087 × 10 − 6 hw = 100 W/m2.K,
= 15.37 ha = 10 W/m2.K, Nfin = 500,
The heat transfer rate from all fins d = 6 mm = 6 × 10–3 m, A = 1 m2,
L = 30 mm = 0.03 m.
Qfin = Nfin hPkA c (T0 – T∞) tanh mL
To find :
−3 (i) Heat transfer rate without fins.
= 27,889 × 35 × 7.8539 × 10
× 237 × 4.9087 × 10 − 6 (ii) Justified of fins attachment side.
× (100 – 30) × tanh (15.37 × 0.03) (iii) Heat transfer rate when fins attached on
surface.
= 15.046 × 103 W
Assumptions :
The heat transfer from unfinned portion
Aunfin = 1 m2 – Nfin × Ac
= 1 m2 – 27,889 × 4.9087 × 10–6 2. One dimensional heat transfer.
= 0.863 m2 3. Constant properties.
Qunfin = h Aunfin × (T0 – T∞) Analysis : (i) Heat transfer rate when one side is
= 35 × 0.863 × (100 – 30) exposed to water and other side to air, (No fins on any
= 2114.6 W surface) using electrical analogy.
(∆T) overall 90 − 25
Qno fin = =
1 δ 1 1 0.01 1
+ + + +
hw A kA ha A 100 × 1 20 × 1 (0.985 + 0.9107 × 0.2827) × 10
90 − 25
or = = 714.83 W. Ans.
1 0.01 1
+ +
100 × 1 20 × 1 10 × 1 Example 5.27. Air and water are flowing on two sides of
= 588.23 W. Ans. a mild steel wall (k = 52 W/m.K). The heat transfer
(ii) Fins are always provided on side of wall, where coefficients on air and water sides are,
heat transfer coefficient is low, hence, use of fins on air
ha = 11.4 W/m2.K and hw = 256 W/m2.K.
side will maximise the heat transfer rate. Ans.
(iii) When fins are provided on air side : It is proposed to increase the heat transfer rate by
adding rectangular mild steel fins of the following
π π features :
Ac =   d2 =   × (6.0 × 10–3)2
4
  4
Fin thickness = 0.13 cm, Fin height = 2.5 cm,
= 2.827 × 10–5 m2
Fin spacing = 1.3 cm.
P = πd = π × 6 × 10–3 = 0.0188 m
What percentage increase in the heat transfer rate
hP
mL = L can be realised by adding fins on
kA c
(i) Air side only.
10 × 0.0188
= × 0.03 = 0.547 (ii) Water side only.
20 × 2.827 × 10 −5
(iii) Fins on both sides.
The fin efficiency
tanh mL tanh (0.547) Solution
ηfin = = = 0.9107
mL 0.547 Given : The mild steel wall with proposed finite
The surface area of fins long rectangular fins
Afin = NfinPL k = 52 W/m.K, ha = 11.4 W/m2.K,
= 500 × 0.0188 × 0.03
hw = 256 W/m2.K, t = 0.13 cm,
= 0.2827 m2
Unfinned area of wall L = 2.5 cm, S = 1.3 cm.
Aunfin = 1 m2 – area occupied by fins To find : The percentage increase in the heat
= 1 m2 – NfinAc transfer rate, when
= 1 m2 – 500 × 2.827 × 10–5 m2 (i) Fins are added on air side.
= 0.985 (ii) Fins are added on water side.
Total heat transfer rate of fins (iii) Fins are added on both sides.
Qtotal = Qunfin + ηfinQideal
Assumptions :
= haAunfin (T0 – Ta) + ηfin ha Afin (T0 – T∞)
= (Aunfin + ηfin Afin) ha (T0 – T∞)
2. Negligible thermal resistance offered by wall
T0 − T∞ thickness.
or Qtotal =
1
3. No radiation from fins.
( A unfin + ηfin A fin ) ha
Since all resistances are still in series,
5. Wall size 1 m × 1 m or Aw = 1 m2.
Hence
(∆T) overall Analysis : The heat transfer rate through mild
Q= steel wall, without fins
ΣR th
Tw − Ta
∆T
or Q= Qno fin =
1 1
1 δ 1 +
+ + ha A w hw A w
hw A kA ( A unfin + ηfin A fin ) ha
∆T ∆T
= = 10.91 ∆T =
1 1 1 1
+ +
11.4 × 1 256 × 1 256 × 1 11.4 × (0.9 + 0.932 × 3.95)
= 43.38 ∆T
For fins and finned surface :
The percentage increase in heat transfer rate with
Ac = w × t fins on air side
= 1 × 0.13 × 10–2
Q fin, a − Q no fin
= 1.3 × 10–3 m2 = × 100
Q no fin
P = 2w = 2 m,
Lc = L + (t/2) 43.38 − 10.91
= × 100
= 2.5 + (0.13/2) = 2.565 cm. 10.91
The number of fins/m, = 298%. Ans.
1m 100 cm (ii) The heat transfer with fins on water side (two
Nfin = = = 77 fins/m parallel resistances on water side)
S 1.3 cm
Fins surface area, hw P 256 × 2
mw = =
Afin = NfinPLc kA c 52 × 1.3 × 10 −3
= 77 × 2 × 2.565 × 10–2
= 87.03 m–1
= 3.95 m2/m2 of wall
Unfinned (bare) area, tanh (mw L c )
ηfin, w =
Aunfin = 1 m2 – Nfin Ac mw L c
= 1 – 77 × 1.3 × 10–3
tanh (87.03 × 2.565 × 10 −2 )
= 0.9 m2/m2 of wall area =
87.03 × 2.565 × 10 −2
(i) Heat transfer rate with fins on air side.
= 0.438
ha P 11.4 × 2
ma = = ∆T
kA c 52 × 0.13 × 10 − 2 Qfin, w =
R air + R w finned
= 18.37 m–1
tanh (ma L c ) ∆T
ηfin, a = =
1 1
ma L c +
ha A w hw ( A unfin + ηfin, w A fin )
tanh (18.37 × 2.565 × 10 −2 )
= = 0.932
18.37 × 2.565 × 10 −2 ∆T
= 1 1
Since two resistances act parallel on air side, +
hence equivalent resistance, 11.4 × 1 256 × ( 0.9 + 0.438 × 3.95)
1 1 1 = 11.21 ∆T
= + The percentage increase in heat transfer
R a finned R1 R2
= ha Aunfin + ha ηfin, a Afin Q fin, w − Q w
= × 100
Qw
1
or Ra finned =
ha (A unfin + ηfin, a A fin ) 11.21 − 10.91
= × 100
Then 10.91
= 2.75%. Ans.
∆T (iii) Heat transfer with fins on both sides
Qfin, a =
R water + R a finned Qfin, both
∆T ∆T
= =
1 1 1 1
+ +
hw A w ha ( A unfin + ηfin, a A fin ) ha ( A unfin + ηfin, a A fin ) hw ( A unfin + ηfin, w A fin )
Assumptions :
∆T
= (i) Steady state conduction in axial direction
1 1
+ only.
11.4 × (0.9 + 0.932 × 3.95) 256 × (0.9 + 0.438 × 3.95)
(ii) Even though the fin of composite material,
= 48.46 ∆T the temperature at any cross-section in the fin is
The percentage increase in heat transfer uniform.
48.46 − 10.91 (iii) No contact resistance at interface of two
= × 100 = 345%. Ans. materials.
10.91
(iv) No heat generation within the fin.
Comment :
(v) Temperature at free end of fin approaches to
(i) The addition of fins on air side is very effective T∞ .
due to its low value of heat transfer coefficient. Analysis : (i) Consider a differential element of
(ii) The addition of fins on water sides is not composite fin of thickness dx at a distance x from the
effective thus cannot be justified. base.
(iii) The addition of fins on both sides has only Heat conducted into element by both fins
marginal effect due to addition of material resistance Q1x + Q2x
on both sides. It is not practicable. Heat conducted out the element
Example 5.28. A composite fin consists of a cylindrical = Q1(x + dx) + Q2 (x + dx)
rod (k = 15 W/m.K) 3 mm in diameter and 100 mm Heat dissipation by convection from outer surface
long. It is uniformly covered with another material element
(k = 45 W/m.K) forming outer diameter 10 mm and Qconv = h (Pdx) (T – T∞),
100 mm long. It is exposed into an ambient with where P = πd2 = π × 0.01 = 0.01π m
h = 12 W/m2.K. For steady state conditions, the energy balance
(i) Derive an expression for the efficiency of this yields
fin and its value for given data. Q1x + Q2x = Q1(x + dx) + Q2(x + dx) + h (Pdx) (T – T∞)
(ii) Calculate effectiveness of the composite fin. d
Assume heat coduction in axial direction only and or Q1x + Q2x = Q1x + (Q1x) dx + Q2x
dx
tip of fin as insulated.
d
Solution +
(Q ) dx + hP dx (T – T∞)
dx 2x
Given : A composite fin as shown in Fig. 5.36. d FG dT IJ
d dT FG IJ
k1 = 15 W/m.K, k2 = 45 W/m.K,
or
dx H
− k1A 1
dx
dx +
dxK − k2 A 2
dx H
dx
K
d1 = 3 mm, d2 = 10 mm, + hP dx (T – T∞) = 0
L = 100 mm, h = 12 W/m2.K. Since the cross-section areas and thermal
conductivities are constant. Thus,
T0 h, T¥
d2T d2T
– k1A1 − k2 A 2 + hP (T – T∞) = 0
2
k2 2 dx dx 2
k1 1 d1 d2
d2T
or (k1A1 + k2A2) – hP (T – T∞) = 0
k2 2 dx 2
0 x dx Introducing θ = T – T∞, then
L
d 2θ hP
2
− θ=0
dx k1A 1 + k2 A 2
Fig. 5.36. Bimetallic fin
hP
To find : Using m2 =
k1A 1 + k2 A 2
(i) An expression for fin efficiency and its calcu-
lation. d 2θ
Then – m2θ = 0
(ii) Fin effectiveness. dx 2
It is the second order differential equation for The heat transfer rate from corresponding base
composite fin and its solution is surface, without any fin.
θ = C1e–mx + C2emx. Qno fin = hAno fin (T0 – T∞)
Cross-sectional areas : = h × (π/4) × d22 × (T0 – T∞)
π 2 π = 12 × (π/4) × (0.01)2 × (T0 – T∞)
A1 = d = × (0.003)2
4 1 4 = 0.0009425 (T0 – T∞)
= 7.0686 × 10–6 m2 0.0285
π εfin = = 30.24. Ans.
π 0.0009425
A2 = (d22 – d12) = × (0.012 – 0.0032)
4 4
= 7.147 × 10–5 m2 5.6. ERROR IN TEMPERATURE
For insulated tip fin, the efficiency is given by MEASUREMENT BY THERMOMETERS
tanh mL
ηfin = The temperature of fluid flowing through a duct is
mL measured by thermometer, placed in thermometer
hP pocket as shown in Fig. 5.37. The thermometer pocket
where m=
k1A 1 + k2 A 2 or thermometer well is a small tube welded radially into
the duct or pipe. The pocket is filled with some liquid of
12 × 0.01π
= low specific heat and thermometer is dipped in this
15 × 7.0686 × 10 −6 + 45 × 7.147 liquid. The heat is transferred to the fluid in the pocket
× 10 −5 and its temperature is recorded by thermometer.
= 10.652 As the wall of duct or pipe is at the temperature
less than that of fluid flowing within, the heat will flow
tanh (10.652 × 0.1)
ηfin = from bottom of the pocket towards the wall of duct or
10.652 × 0.1 pipe. Therefore, the temperature measured by
= 0.7394 = 73.94%. Ans. thermometer will not be the true temperature. The error
(ii) Fin effectiveness included can be calculated by assuming pocket as a fin
Q fin (spine) protruded from the wall of the duct in which the
εfin = fluid is flowing.
Q no fin
Considering duct wall at temperature T0,
Qfin = Qinner fin + Qouter fin temperature recorded by thermometer TL, flowing fluid
temperature T∞, convection coefficient of h, pocket
(T0 − T∞ )
Qinner fin = k1A1 thermal conductivity k, diameter d and its thickness t.
L Then, for such spine (at x = L).
15 × 7.0686 × 10 −6 (T0 − T∞ )
= Thermometer
0.1
= 0.00106 (T0 – T∞)
TL
Qouter fin = hPk2 A 2 (T0 – T∞) tanh mL
hP Pipe wall
where m= Thermometer t Oil
at T0
kA 2 pocket
12 × 0.01 π
= = 10.826
45 × 7.147 × 10 −5
h L
Then Fluid
12 × 0.01π × 45 × 7.147 × 10 −5
T¥
Qouter fin =
d
× (T0 – T∞) tanh (10.826 × 0.1)
= 0.0276(T0 – T∞)
Fig. 5.37. Thermometer in a thermometer pocket
Qfin = 0.00106 (T0 – T∞) + 0.0276 (T0 – T∞)
TL − T∞ 1
= 0.0285 (T0 – T∞) = ...(5.49)
T0 − T∞ cosh mL + (h/mk) sinh mL
The quantity (h/mk) sinh mL is very small, thus or 150 – T∞ = 16.9 – 0.211 T∞
can be neglected and the temperature distribution is or 0.789 T∞ = 133.09
approximated as
TL − T∞ 1
= Thermometer
T0 − T∞ cosh mL
hP hπd h TL = 150°C
where m= = =
kA c kπdt kt
Pipe wall
Thermometer 2 mm Oil
1 1 kt pocket
at T0 = 80°C
The error (T∞ – TL) ∝ ∝
cosh (mL) L h
The error in temperature measurement by
thermometer can be reduced by : 10 cm
2
(i) Choosing the thermometer pocket material of 40 W/m .K
T¥
moderate thermal conductivity such as steel.
d
(ii) Keeping thermometer pocket thickness t as
small as possible.
(iii) Keeping the length of the thermometer pocket Fig. 5.38. Schematic for example 5.29
large.
True temperature, T∞ = 168.68°C
(iv) Maintaining the heat transfer coefficient large.
168.68 − 150
Example 5.29. The temperature of hot gas flowing Percentage error = × 100
through a pipe is measured by a mercury thermometer 168.68
inserted in an oil well made of steel (k = 40 W/m.K). The = 11.01%. Ans.
thermometer reads the temperature at the end of the well
Example 5.30. A thermometer pocket, 2.2 cm in
which is lower than the gas temperature due to transfer
diameter, 0.5 mm thick is made of steel (k = 27 W/m.K)
of heat along the well. Calculate percentage error in
and it is used to measure the temperature of steam
temperature measurement, if thermometer reads 150°C.
flowing through a pipe. Calculate the minimum length
The temperature of the pipe wall is 80°C. The well is
of the pocket so that the error is less than 0.5% of applied
10 cm long, 2 mm thick. Take h = 40 W/m2.K.
temperature difference. Take steam at 250°C and
Solution h = 98 W/m2.K.
Given : Thermometer well as spine Solution
k = 40 W/m.K, TL = 150°C, Given : Thermometer well as hollow spine.
T0 = 80°C, L = 10 cm, k = 27 W/m.K, T∞ = 250°C,
t = 2 mm, h = 40 W/m2.K. h = 98 W/m2.K, d = 2.2 cm,
To find : The percentage error in measured t = 0.5 mm,
temperature. error = 0.5% of applied temperature difference.
Assumptions : To find : Length of thermometer pocket.
Assumptions :
1. Steady state heat conduction along spine.
1. Steady state heat conduction along spine.
2. Insulated spine tip.
2. Insulated tip spine.
Analysis :
Analysis : The given error
hP h 40 0.5
m= = = = × Applied temperature difference
kA c kt 40 × 2 × 10 −3 100
= 22.36 m–1 TL − T∞ 0.5 1
mL = 22.36 × 0.1 = 2.236 or = =
T0 − T∞ 100 cosh mL
The temperature at x = L
TL − T∞ 1 or cosh mL = 200 or mL = 6
=
T0 − T∞ cosh mL h 98
or L =6 or L =6
150 − T∞ 1 kt 27 × 0.5 × 10 −3
= = 0.211
80 − T∞ cosh (2.236) or L = 70.42 mm. Ans.
Example 5.31. The steam at 300°C is passing through a The permissible error = 1.8%
steel tube. A thermometer pocket of steel (k = 45 W/m.K) of T∞ – TL = 0.018 T∞
inside diameter 14 mm, and 1 mm thick is used to
or TL = (1 – 0.018) T∞
measure the temperature. Calculate the length of
thermometer pocket needed to measure the temperature = 0.982 T∞ = 0.982 × 300
within 1.8% permissible error. The diameter of steam = 294.6
tube is 95 mm. Take heat transfer coefficient as 93 W/m2.K And hence
and tube wall temperature as 100°C.
294.6 − 300 1
=
Solution 100 − 300 cosh mL
Given : The temperature measurement by or cosh mL = 37.037 or mL = 4.305
thermometer in a pocket.
4.305
T∞ = 300°C, k = 45 W/m.K, or L= = 0.0917 m
46.9
di = 14 mm, t = 1 mm, = 91.78 mm. Ans.
ε = 1.8%, T0 = 100°C,
Example 5.32. The temperature of a gas stream is
h = 93 W/m2.K. measured by using two thermocouples attached to a tube
of perimeter 50 mm and cross-sectional area 25 mm2.
The tube 250 mm long and is mounted normal to the
duct wall. If the thermocouples are attached to the tube
at 125 mm and 250 mm from the duct wall and indicate
the tube wall temperatures of 350°C and 390°C
T0 = 100°C respectively. Calculate the gas temperature and the duct
wall temperature.
The heat transfer coefficient between tube wall and
t Steam
T¥ = 300°C
gas stream is 5 W/m2.K and thermal conductivity of tube
material is 45 W/m.K. Neglect any heat transfer into
exposed end of tube.
L
Solution
2
h = 93 W/m .K
Given : Temperature measurement of a gas
stream.
P = 50 mm, Ac = 25 mm2,
L = 250 mm = 0.25 m,
To find : The length of the pocket.
x1 = 125 mm, T1 = 350°C,
Analysis : Thermometer pocket is treated as fin
of insulated tip. The temperature at x = L is given by x2 = 250 mm, T2 = 390°C,
2
h = 5 W/m .K, k = 45 W/m.K.
TL − T∞ 1
= To find :
T0 − T∞ cosh mL
(i) Gas stream temperature
hP (ii) Duct wall temperature.
where m=
kA c Analysis : The thermometer tube is assumed as
do = di + 2t = 14 + 2 × 1 insulated tip fin, and temperature distribution is given
= 16 mm = 0.016 m by
P = πdo T − T∞ cosh mL (L − x)
= π × 0.016 = 0.0502 m =
T0 − T∞ cosh mL
Ac = π/4 (do2 – d12)
= π/4 × (0.0162 – 0.0142)
hP 5 × 50 × 10 −3
= 4.712 × 10–5 where m= =
kA c 45 × 25 × 10 −6
93 × 0.0502
m= = 46.9 m–1 = 14.90 m–1
45 × 4.712 × 10 −5
Using the data at x = x1, T = T1 With regard to limiting condition of fin length,
when heat transfer does not increase with an increase
350 − T∞ cosh [14.90 × (0.25 − 0.125)]
= = 0.158 in the length of fin can be recognised by
T0 − T∞ cosh (14.90 × 0.25)
dQ fin
or 350 – T∞ = 0.158 T0 – 0.158 T∞ =0
dL
or 0.158 T0 = 350 – 0.8412 T∞ For the fins loosing heat by convection at its tip,
or T0 = 6.297 × (350 – 0.8412 T∞) ...(i) the rate of heat transfer is given by eqn. (5.26)
Using data at x = x2 = L, T = T2 h
sinh (mL) + cosh (mL)
390 − T∞ 1 1 mk
= = Qfin = h P k A c (T0 – T∞) × h
T0 − T∞ cosh mL cosh (14.90 × 0.25) cosh mL + sinh mL
mk
= 0.0481
h
or 0.0481 T0 = 390 – (1 – 0.0481) T∞ tanh (mL) +
= h P k A c (T0 – T∞) × mk ...(5.50)
or 0.0481 ×6.297 × (350 – 0.8412 T∞) = 390 – 0.952 T∞ h
1+ tanh (mL)
or 0.6972 T∞ = 284 mk
Gas stream temperature Treating k, h, P, Ac (T0 – T∞) and m as constant
quantities and differentiating above equation with
T∞ = 407.33°C. Ans.
respect to fin length L and equating it to zero;
and duct wall temperature
dQ fin
T0 = 6.297 (350 – 0.8412 × 407.33) = h P k A c (T0 – T∞)
dL
= 46.3°C. Ans.
LM
× d tanh (mL) + h/mk
OP =0
N
dL 1 + (h/mk) tan mL Q
5.7. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR FINS
or LM h OP
tanh (mL) × m sec2 h (mL)
The following factors should be considered for optimum N 1+
mk Q
design of fins : LM FG h IJ OP × h m sec
1. Cost. – tanh mL +
N H mkK Q mk 2 h mL = 0
2. Manufacturing difficulties. The simplification of this equation leads to
3. Pressure drop caused by fluid friction on fins.
4. Space consideration e.g., length of fins. h2
1– = 0 or mk = h
5. Weight consideration. m 2 k2
A design of fins should be considered ideal kP kP
(optimum), when the fins require less cost and easy to or = 1 or =1 ...(5.51)
hA c hA c
manufacture. They offer minimum resistance to fluid
flow and are light in weight. Introducing P ≈ 2w, and Ac = wt
5.7.1. Space Considerations : Condition for use of Fins 2k 1 t/2

=1 or = ...(5.52)
An important consideration in the design of finned ht h k
surfaces is the selection of proper fin length L. Normally, The term 1/h represents an external (convection)
it is understood that, longer the fin, the larger the heat t/2
thermal resistance and represents internal
transfer area and thus the higher the rate of heat k
dissipation from the fin surface. But at the same time, (conduction) thermal resistance of a plane wall of
with long fins, the weight, cost, and fluid friction thickness one half of a fin thickness.
increase. Therefore, increasing the length beyond a The ratio of conduction resistance to convection
certain value cannot be justified unless the added resistance is known as the Biot number, explained in
benefits outweigh the increased cost. Further, the fin Chapter 6, that is
efficiency decreases with increasing fin length because h(t /2)
decrease in temperature along the fin length. The fin Bi = ...(5.53)
k
length that causes the fin efficiency to drop below 60% We can draw the following conclusion with the
cannot be justified economically and should not be used. help of eqns. (5.52) and (5.53)
1. After attachment of fins to a surface, if external as compared with the rate of heat dissipation with
thermal resistance is equal to internal thermal increase in parameter 2k/ht. Therefore, the use of shorter
resistance as in eqn. (5.52), i.e., fins of higher conducting materials is more effective than
1 t/2 longer fins. However, as the fins become shorter, the
= heat flow becomes two dimensional and therefore, result
h k
h differs from that obtained from eqn. (5.51). Fig. 5.40(b)
or Bi = 1 i.e., =1 shows the variation of heat dissipation rate Qfin with
mk
Then eqn. (5.50) for fin heat transfer rate yields respect to fin length L for given values of parameter
to 2k 2k dQ fin
. It indicates that as → 1, the → 0 and the
Qfin = hAc (T0 – T∞) ht ht dL
which represents the heat transfer rate from primary fin becomes ineffective.
(root) surface without any fin. It suggests that as long
as h/mk = 1, the heat transfer rate from the primary
surface will not change by attaching fins as shown in 100
Fig. 5.40(a).
50
Q Qfin 2k
5 ht
Bi < 1 (h < mk) 2

1
Qno fin Bi = 1 (mk = h)
L
Bi > 1 (h > mk) Fig. 5.40. (b) Variation of heat transfer rate with fin length
5.7.2. Weight Consideration

Bi The weight of the fin is very important, when designing
Fig. 5.40. (a) The fin heat transfer rate as a the fins for automobiles and aircrafts. In such problems,
function of Biot number. the maximum heat transfer rate is required with least
2. When internal resistance of fin is greater than amount of weight of heat exhanger. For a given weight,
the external resistance i.e., the maximum heat dissipation is required.
t /2 1 h Weight of one fin = Length × width × thickness
> or Bi > 1 or >1 × density of material
k h mk
The addition of fins (secondary surface) on the =L×w×t×ρ
primary surface will reduce the heat transfer rate or For given dimensions, the length L of the fin is
the fins will act as insulating medium on the surface. It fixed, whereas the width w and thickness t of the fin
may happen when value of h is very high as for flowing are optimised to get maximum heat flow.
liquids, and during change of phase. Therefore, the fins If the heat loss from the tip is neglected
are not used on liquid side and on evaporating and
condensing surfaces. Qfin = h P k A c (T0 – T∞) tanh mL
3. When internal resistance of fin is less than the = mkAc (T0 – T∞) tanh mL
external resistance i.e.,
h 2h
t /2 1 Introducing m = and Ap = Lt, profile area
< or Bi < 1 or <1 kt
k h mk
The use of fins will increase the heat transfer from Then
the primary surface. In actual practice, the use of fins
F 2h A p I
can only be justified, when the parameter
2k
ht
has a value Qfin =
2h
kt
× k × (wt) (T0 – T∞) tanh GH kt
×
t JK
equal to or exceeding five.
2k 1 F 2h A p I
ht
≥ 5 or Bi ≤
5
...(5.54) or Qfin = (2kh)1/2 t1/2w (T0 – T∞) tanh GH k
× 3/ 2
t
JK
Further, it should be noted that the rate of heat
dissipation beyond a certain length of fin is quite less ...(5.55)
For given profile area Ap, the heat transfer, Q 16 64

will be maximum, when or 4mL + (mL) 3 + (mL)5 + ... = 12 mL
6 120
dQ fin
= (2kh)1/2 w(T0 – T∞) Discarding higher order terms, we have
dt
R| F 2h A p I U|V = 0 2 2
S| ×
d 1/2
t tanh GH × 3/ 2 JK |W 1+ (mL) 2 + (mL)4 = 3
T dt k t 3 15
Differentiating by parts or 15 + 10(mL)2 + 2(mL)4 = 45
FG 1 t IJ tanh FG 2h × A IJ p
or (mL)4 + 5(mL)2 – 15 = 0
H2 K H k t K
− 1/ 2
3/ 2
− 5 ± 52 + 4 × 1 × 15
t1/ 2
2h 3 FG IJ or (mL)2 = = 2.1
+
F 2h A p I× k
× Ap × − t − 5 / 2 = 0
2 H K 2×1
cosh 2 GH k
× 3/ 2
t
JK or mL = 1.452
F 2h A p 3 Ap I 2h
or
1
2
×
1
t
tanh GH k
× 3/ 2 − × 2
t 2 t
JK or
kt
× L = 1.452 or L = 1.452
kt
2h
2h 1 L 2k
×
k
×
F 2h A p I =0 or
t/2
= 1.452
ht
...(5.59)
cosh 2
GH k
× 3/ 2
t
JK It is the condition for maximum heat flow for a
F 2h A p I given weight of fin, giving the optimum ratio of fin height
or tanh GH k
× 3/ 2
t
JK and half the fin thickness.
Further for insulated fin tip, the temperature
3A p 2h 1 ratio at its tip is given by eqn. (5.20)
=
t 3/ 2
×
k
×
F 2h A p I ...(5.56)
cosh 2
GH k
× 3/ 2
t
JK T − T∞
=
θ
=
1
T0 − T∞ θ 0 cosh mL
2h
Using Ap = Lt and m = , we get θ0
kt or θ= = 0.453 θ0 ...(5.60)
1 cosh (1.452)
tanh mL = 3 mL ×
cosh 2 (mL) and fin effectiveness for insulated tip fin
sinh mL 3 mL
or = Q fin
cosh mL cosh 2 (mL) εfin insulated tip =
or sinh (mL) cosh mL = 3 mL ....(5.57) Q no fin
sinh (2 mL)
or = 3 mL h P k A c θ 0 tanh mL
2 =
h (wt) θ 0
e 2 mL − e − 2 mL
or = 6 mL ...(5.58)
2
F 1 + 2 mL + 4 (mL) + 8 (mL) + 16 (mL) + ... +I FG 2k IJ 1/2
or GH
2
JK
3 4 =
H ht K tanh (mL)
2! 3! 4!
F1 − 2 (mL) + 4 (mL) I F 2k I
=G J
1/2
GG 2! JJ
2
H ht K × tanh (1.452)
–
GG 8 (mL) 16 (mL )
− ... +J
J = 12 mL
3 4 FG 2k IJ 1/2
H −
3!
+
4! K
εfin, insulated tip = 0.896
H ht K ...(5.61)
This equation determines the heat flow increase

16 (mL) 3 64 (mL) 5 through a wall as a result of addition of fin.
or 4 mL + + + ... = 12 mL
3! 5!
Example 5.33. The 4 mm thick fins of mild steel are (ii) The boiling water temperature is 100°C.
used to transfer heat from water to air. Decide the utility (iii) Constant properties.
of fin on either side. The heat transfer coefficient of air is Analysis : The corrected length of fin
80 W/m2.K, while that for water is 5600 W/m2.K. Take P = πd = π × (0.008) m
thermal conductivity of mild steel as 45 W/m.K. π 2 π
Ac = d = × (0.008 m)2
Solution 4 4
Given : The mild steel fin fins : hP 4000 × π × (0.008)
m= = = 343
t = 4 mm = 4 × 10–3 m, h1 = 80 W/m2.K,
kA c 17 × (π/4) × (0.008) 2
The heat transfer rate by fin
h2 = 5600 W/m2.K, k = 45 W/m.K.
To find : The utility of fin on either side. Qfin = hPkAc (T0 – T∞)
2k π
Analysis : The condition for use of fins is ≥5 = 4000 × π × (0.008) × 17 × × (0.008) 2 × (T0 – T∞)
ht 4
(i) For air, h1 = 80 W/m2.K = 0.293 (T0 – T∞) W
2 × 45 The heat transfer rate from root surface, before
= 281.25 ≥ 5
80 × 4 × 10 −3 fin attachment
The fins can be used on air side, they will enhance Qno fin = hAc (T0 – T∞)
the heat transfer rate on this side. Ans. = 4000 × (π/4) × (0.008)2 × (T0 – T∞)
(ii) For water, h2 = 5600 W/m2.K = 0.201 (T0 – T∞) W
2k 2 × 45 % increase in heat transfer

= = 4.01
ht 5600 × 4 × 10 −3 Q fin − Q no fin 0.293 − 0.201
× 100 = × 100 = 45.8%
which is less than 5 and hence the use of fins on water Q no fin 0.201
side will not serve the purpose, they are installed
The use of fin increases the heat dissipation by
for. Ans.
45.8% but use of fin is not justified, because condition
Example 5.34. A steel fin having 8 mm diameter and for used
100 mm long is exposed to boiling water having
convective heat transfer coefficient of 4000 W/m2.K. The 2k 2k 2 × 17
= = ≤ 5 is not satisfied. Ans.
thermal conductivity of steel can be taken as 17 W/m.K. ht h(d/4) 4000 × 0.002
Show by calculation how much heat dissipation is If material of thermal conductivity,
achieved and is it advisable to use the fin ? How the heat k2 = 45 W/m.K used, then
dissipation performance change, if a material with
thermal conductivity of 45 W/m.K is used ? All other hP 4h 4 × 4000
m= = = = 210.8
conditions are same. kA c kd 45 × 0.008
Solution
Qfin = 4000 × π × 0.008 × 45 × (π/4) × (0.008) 2
Given : A finite long fin
d = 8 mm = 0.008 m, L = 100 mm = 0.1 m, × (T0 – T∞)
h = 4000 W/m2.K, k1 = 17 W/m.K, = 0.476 (T0 – T∞) W
k2 = 45 W/m.K. % increase in heat transfer
To find : 0.476 − 0.201
= × 100
(i) Validity of fin attachment. 0.201
(ii) Change in performance if k2 = 45 W/m.K, = 137.2%. Ans.
instead of k1 = 17 W/m.K. 2k 2 × 45
Assumptions : and = = 11.25 > 5
ht 4000 × 0.002
(i) The diameter of the fin is very less compared Thus, the use of fins of mild steel is justified on
to its length, thus treating infinite long fin. the surface.
5.8. SUMMARY thereby the heat dissipation rate by convection. The

addition of fins is justified when the value of heat
A fin is normally a thin strip of metal. The finned transfer coefficient is low. The temperature distribution
surfaces are commonly used to increase the heat and heat transfer for fins of uniform cross-section are
dissipation rate. Fins increase the exposure area, tabulated below.
TABLE 5.1. Temperature distribution and heat loss for fins of uniform cross-section
Case Tip condition at x = L Temperature distribution θ/θ0 = Fin heat transfer Qfin =
A Infinite long fin e–mx M

cosh m(L − x)
B Insulated tip M tanh mL
cosh mL
cosh m(L − x) + (h mk) sinh m(L − x) sinh mL + (h m k) cosh mL

C Convection heat transfer at tip M
cosh mL + (h mk) sinh mL cosh mL + (h m k) sinh mL
(θL θ0 ) sinh mx + sinh m(L − x) cosh m(L − 1)

D Prescribed temperature M (θL θ0 + 1)
sinh mL sinh mL
where, m2 = hP/(kAc) θ0 = T0 – T∞, θ = T – T∞ M= h PkA c (T0 − T∞ )
Thermometer pocket accommodates thermo- Q fin Actual heat transfer rate from a fin
ηfin = =
meter, in a small tube welded radially to duct. The Q ideal Ideal heat transfer rate from a fin,
thermometer pocket is considered as a fin with insulated if entire fin surface was at base
tip and recorded temperature is approximated as
temperature T0
TL − T∞ 1 If fin efficiency is known, the heat transfer rate
=
T0 − T∞ cosh mL Qfin from a fin can be obtained as
Installation of fin is justified by a term called fin Qfin = ηfin × Qideal = ηfin hAfin (T0 – T∞)
effectiveness, defined as The total fin efficiency evaluates the thermal
performance of the finned surface. It is expressed as
Q fin Q fin
εfin = = Total heat transfer rate from
Q no fin hA c (T0 − T∞ )
the finned surface
ηtotal fin =
The heat transfer rate with The heat transfer rate which would be
fin from base area A c possible, if total finned surface were
= maintained at base temperature T0
Heat transfer rate without fin
from the surface of area A c Q fin + Q unfin
=
h A total (T0 − T∞ )
The overall effectiveness for the finned surface is
defined as where Atotal = Afin + Aunfin
The analysis of fin with convection at its tip is
Heat transfer rate from finned surface tidious. The solution to such fins can be approximated
εfin overall =
Heat transfer rate from same by expressions for finite long insulated tip fin by
surface, if there were no fins considering corrected length Lc of fin
Ac
Q total fin Q fin + Q unfin Lc = L +
= = P
Q no fin Q no fin
The use of fin is justified when
The fin efficiency is used to evaluate the thermal 2k
performance of a fin. It is defined as ≥5
ht
REVIEW QUESTIONS PROBLEMS

1. Why extended surfaces are most commonly used ? 1. A long rod 6.5 mm in diameter is exposed to an
2. A fin attached to a surface shows an effectiveness of environment at 27°C. The base temperature of the
0.9. Do you think the heat transfer rate from the rod is 150°C. The heat transfer coefficient between
surface has increased or decreased with addition of the rod and environment is 30 W/m2.K. Calculate the
heat loss by the rod. [Ans. 753.5 W/m]
fins ? Comment.
2. One half of a long rod, 25 mm in diameter, was
3. Define fin effectiveness. When the use of fins is not inserted into a furnace, while the other half was
justified. projecting into air at 27°C. After steady state had been
4. Explain the criteria of selection of fins. reached, the temperature at two points 76 mm apart
5. What is the difference between fin effectiveness and were measured and found to be 126°C and 91°C
fin efficiency ? respectively. The heat transfer coefficient was
estimated to be 22.7 W/m2.K. Calculate thermal
6. How does overall effectiveness of a finned surface
conductivity of the rod material.[Ans. 110.2 W/m.K]
differ from the effectiveness of a single fin ?
3. A long brass rod (k = 104 W/m.K), 25 mm in diameter
7. If a thin and long fin, insulated at its tip is used, is heated by inserting its one end into a furnace, while
show that the heat transfer from the fin is given by remaining portion is projected into an ambient at
25°C. During steady state, the measurements of
Qfin = hPkA c (T0 – T∞) tanh mL.
temperature at two points 10 cm apart reveal 155°C
8. How is thermal performance of a fin measured ? and 101°C respectively. Calculate the effective heat
Define fin efficiency. transfer coefficient. [Ans. 12.6 W/m2.K]
9. Two pin fins are identical except that the diameter 4. Consider two long, slender rods A and B of the same
of one is twice that of other. For which fin will diameter but different materials. One end of the each
rod is attached to a base surface temperature at
(a) fin effectiveness (b) fin efficiency be higher ?
100°C, while the surface of the rods are exposed to
10. Under what situations does the fin efficiency become an ambient air at 20°C. By traversing the length of
100% ? the each rod with a thermocouple, it was observed that
11. What types of boundary conditions are used for the temperature of rods were equal at the position
various types of fins ? xA = 0.15 m and xB = 0.075 m, where x is measured
from the base surface. If the thermal conductivity of
12. State the various assumptions made in the formation the rod A is known to be kA = 70 W/m.K, determine
of energy equation for one dimensional heat the value of kB for rod B. [Ans. 17.5 W/m.K]
dissipation from an extended surface. 5. A very long copper rod (k = 372 W/m.K), 25 mm in
13. Give a few specific examples of use of fins. diameter has maintained its one end at 100°C. The
14. What would be the nature of temperature rod is exposed to a fluid at 40°C with h = 3.5 W/m2.K.
distribution in a fin, if thermal conductivity of fin Calculate the heat lost by the rod. [Ans. 13.44 W]
material is very high ? 6. A long stainless steel rod (k = 16 W/m.K) has a square
cross-section 12.5 cm × 12.5 cm and has one end
15. Show that the fin efficiency for a rectangular fin is
maintained at 250°C. It is exposed into a fluid at 90°C
given by with h = 40 W/m2.K. Calculate the heat lost by the
tanh [2 hL2c kt]1/ 2 rod. [Ans. 357.77 W]
ηfin =
[2 hL2c kt]1/ 2 7. A rectangular copper fin has one end maintained at
200°C, while remainder of the fin surface is exposed to
where Lc = corrected length = L + t/2 or Ac . convective environment at 25°C with h = 35 W/m2.K.
L+
P If the thermal conductivity of the copper is
16. Show that the total heat transfer rate from a fin wall 386 W/m.K, determine the heat lost by fin per unit
is given by depth. The length of the fin is 5 cm and thickness is
Q = h [Atotal – (1 – ηfin) Afin] (T0 – T∞) 4 mm. Assume the fin tip to be insulated.
where Atotal = total area of fin and unfinned [Ans. 612.41 W]
surfaces. 8. An aluminium fin (k = 204 W/m.K), 18 mm thick
and 16 cm long has a base temperature of 300°C.
Afin = area of the finned surface.
The ambient temperature is 20°C, with convection
ηfin = fin efficiency. heat transfer coefficient of 30 W/m2.K. Determine
17. Explain the situation, when addition of fins to a the fin efficiency and heat lost from the fin per unit
surface is not useful. depth. [Ans. 2681.27 W]
9. A brass rod (k = 100 W/m.K), 100 mm long and (a) What is the heat loss from the fin ?
5 mm in diameter extends horizontally from a casting (b) If 200 such fins are spaced at 5 mm increments
at 200°C. The rod is in an environment at 20°C and along the tube length, what is the heat loss per
convection coefficient of 30 W/m2.K. What is the metre of the tube length ?
temperature of the rod 25 mm, 50 mm and 100 mm
from the casting ? (P.U., Dec. 1994) [Ans. (a) 12.97 W, (b) 2948.73 W]
16. Annular aluminium fins (k = 212 W/m.K) 2 mm thick
[Ans. 92.1°C, 91.99°C, 91.88°C]
and 15 mm long are installed on an aluminium tube,
10. An aluminium rod (k = 200 W/m.K), 2.5 cm in 30 mm diameter. If the tube wall is at 100°C and
diameter, 15 cm long protrudes from a wall, which the adjoining fluid is at 25°C with h = 75 W/m2.K.
is maintained at 260°C. The rod is exposed to an What is the rate of heat transfer from a fin ?
environment at 16°C with convection coefficient of
[Ans. 25 W]
15 W/m2.K. Calculate the efficiency and heat lost by
the rod. [Ans. Q = 78.5 W] 17. Circumferential fin of rectangular cross-section,
37 mm in outer diameter and 3 mm thick is attached
11. A cylindrical rod 2 cm in diameter and 20 cm long
to a 25 mm diameter tube. The fin is constructed of
protrudes from a heat source at 300°C into air at
mild steel (k = 45 W/m.K). The air circulated over the
40°C. The heat transfer coefficient is 5 W/m2.K on
fin with a heat transfer coefficient of 28.4 W/m2.K. If
all exposed surface. Neglecting the radial variation
of temperature and heat lost from the tip, find the the temperature of the base of the fin and air are
temperature at the fin tip. 260°C, and 38°C, respectively. Calculate the heat
Find the temperature at the fin tip and at the mid- transfer rate from the fin. [Ans. 50 W]
point along the rod made of borosilicate glass 18. Circular aluminium fins of constant rectangular
(k = 1.09 W/m.K). Also determine fin efficiency. profile are attached to an aluminium tube of 50 mm
[Ans. 41.23°C, 52.7°C, 16.5%] outer diameter and having a surface temperature of
12. A 2 cm diameter glass rod (k = 0.8 W/m.K) is 6 cm 180°C. Fin thickness t = 1 mm, L = 15 mm,
long. It has base temperature at 120°C and is exposed k = 200 W/m.K. The fin is exposed to an ambient at
to air at 20°C. The temperature at the tip of the rod 30°C with heat transfer coefficient of 80 W/m2.K.
is measured as 35°C. What is the convection heat Find the fin efficiency and heat transfer from each
transfer coefficient ? How much heat is lost by the fin. (Anna University, Dec. 1999)
rod ? [Ans. 6.32 W/m2.K, 1.0 W] [Ans. ηfin = 0.93, Qfin = 68.36 W]
13. A straight rectangular fin (k = 55 W/m.K), 1.4 mm
LM F h I = 0.3, r
Hint. L G
H kA JK
thick and 35 mm long is exposed to air at 20°C with 3/2
h = 50 W/m2.K. Calculate the maximum possible heat
loss for a base temperature of 150°C. What is actual
MN c
p r
2c
1
≈ 1.6 , ηfin = 93%,
heat loss for this base temperature ? 

Qfin = ηfin × h × 2π (r 22c − r 12) ( T0 − T∞ ) = 68.36 W 
[Ans. 487.7 W, 309.6 W] 
19. The aluminium fins (k = 206 W/m.K) are installed
14. The copper fins are installed on an I.C. engine
on an electronic device 1 m wide and 1 m tall. The
cylinder. The inner and outer radii of fins are 50 mm
and 62.5 mm, respectively. The cylinder wall and fins are rectangular in cross-section, 2.5 cm long and
ambient temperature are 180°C and 36°C, 0.25 cm thick. There are 100 fins per metre. The
respectively. The thermal conductivity and density convection heat transfer coefficient is 35 W/m2.K.
of copper are 384 W/m.K and 8800 kg/m3, respectively. Calculate the percentage increase in heat transfer
The heat transfer coefficient over the fins surface is with finned wall in comparison with base wall.
70 W/m2.K. If the fins are designed to obtain [Ans. 483%]
maximum heat transfer rate for a given mass,
20. Heat is transferred from water to air through a brass
calculate :
wall (k = 84 W/m.K). The addition of rectangular brass
(a) rate of heat transfer per fin,
fins 0.08 cm thick and 2.5 cm long, spaced 1.25 cm
(b) saving in mass in kg/fin if aluminium was used in
apart is suggested. Assuming water side heat
place of copper.
transfer coefficient is 170 W/m2.K and that of on air
For aluminium take k = 203.5 W/m.K,
side is 17 W/m2.K. Compare the heat transfer rate
ρ = 2670 kg/m3.
achieved by adding fins to (a) water side, (b) air side
[Ans. (a) 55.5 W/fin, (b) 42.7% saving in mass]
and (c) both sides. Neglect temperature drop through
15. An annular aluminium fin (k = 210 W/m.K) is
attached to a circular tube having an outside the wall. [Ans. (a) 6.55%, (b) 247%, (c) 340%]
diameter of 25 mm and a surface temperature of 21. A 3 mm thick aluminium plate (k = 210 W/m.K) has
250°C. The fin is 1 mm thick and 10 mm long. The fin rectangular fins 1.6 mm × 6 mm on a side spaced
is exposed in an ambient at 25°C with h = 25 W/m2.K. 6 mm apart. The finned side is in contact of air at
38°C with h = 28.4 W/m2.K. On the unfinned side, 27. An aluminium fin (k = 210 W/m.K), 1.6 mm thick is
water flows at 93°C with h = 283.7 W/m2.K. placed on a circular tube with 2.54 cm OD. The fin is
Calculate : 6.4 mm long. The tube wall is maintained at 150°C,
while the ambient is at 20°C with convective
(a) the efficiency of fins,
coefficient of 25 W/m2.K. Calculate the heat lost by
(b) rate of heat transfer per unit area of the wall,
fin. [Ans. 6.8 W]
(c) comment on the result, if water and air sides are
28. A thermometer well 22 cm in diameter and 0.5 mm
interchanged.
thick is made of steel (k = 27 W/m.K) and it is to be
[Ans. (a) 99.7%, (b) 3598.4 W, (c) Heat transfer used to measure the temperature of steam flowing
is reduced by 46.4%, if water and air through a pipe. Calculate the minimum length of
sides are interchanged] well so that the error is less than 0.5% of the
22. One end of a 30 cm long steel rod (k = 25 W/m.K) difference between pipe well and the fluid
is connected to a wall at 204°C. The other end is temperature. Take steam temperature as 250°C and
connected to other wall at 93°C. The air is blown h = 98 W/m2.K. [Ans. L = 1.7 cm]
across the rod with h = 17 W/m2.K. The diameter of 29. Thin fins of brass (k = 101 W/m.K) are welded
the rod is 5 cm and air temperature is 30°C, what is longitudinally on a 4 cm brass cylinder, which stands
the net rate of heat dissipation to air ? vertically and is surrounded by air at 20°C. The heat
[Ans. 190.25 W] transfer coefficient from the metal surface to the air
23. The both ends of a 0.5 cm diameter copper U-shaped is 20 W/m2.K. If 20 uniformly spaced fins are used,
rod (k = 386 W/m.K) are rigidly fixed to a vertical each 0.8 mm thick and extending 1 cm from the
wall. The temperature of the wall is maintained cylinder surface, calculate the heat transfer from the
cylinder to the air, when the cylinder surface is
at 90°C. The developed length of the rod is 60 cm
maintained at 200°C. [Ans. 1866.22 W]
and it is exposed in air at 30°C with h = 34 W/m2.K.
30. An oil-filled thermometer well made of a steel tube
(a) Calculate the temperature at the mid-point of the
(k = 55.8 W/m.K), 120 mm long and 1.5 mm thick is
rod
installed in a tube through which air is flowing. The
(b) Heat transfer rate from the rod. temperature of the air stream is measured with the
[Ans. (a) 39.6°C, (b) 7.53 W] help of a thermometer placed in the well. The surface
24. A circular fin of a rectangular profile is used on a heat transfer coefficient from the air to the well is
30 cm diameter tube, maintained at 100°C. The 23.3 W/m2.K and the temperature recorded by the
outside diameter of the fin is 50 cm and the fin thermometer is 88°C. Estimate the measurement
thickness is 1.0 mm. The environment air error and the percentage error if the temperature at
temperature is 30°C with h = 50 W/m2.K. Calculate the base of the well is 40°C. [Ans. 17.4°C, 16.5%]
thermal conductivity of the material for fin efficiency 31. A turbine blade 6.25 cm long, 4.5 cm2 in cross-section,
of 60%. [Ans. 1.8 W/m.K] 12 cm in perimeter is made of steel (k = 26.16 W/m.K).
25. The steam in a heating system flows through a tube, The root temperature is 500°C. The blade is exposed
5 cm in outer diameter whose outer surface is to steam at 800°C with convection coefficient of
maintained at 180°C. The circular aluminium fins 465 W/m2.K. Calculate the temperature and rate of
(k = 186 W/m.K) of outer diameter 6 cm and of heat flow at the root of the blade. [Ans. 243 W]
constant thickness of 1 mm are attached to the tube 32. A straight triangular fin of steel (k = 30 W/m.K) is
with a spacing 3 mm and thus 250 fins per metre attached to a plane wall maintained at 460°C.
length of the tube. The heat is transferred to The fin thickness is 6.4 mm and it is 25 mm
surrounding air at 25°C with h = 40 W/m2.K. long. It is exposed into a fluid at 90°C with
Calculate the increase in heat transfer rate from the h = 28 W/m2.K. Calculate the heat loss from the
tube per metre as a result of adding fins. fin. [Ans. 2950 W]
[Ans. 2750 W] 33. A straight rectangular fin 2.0 cm thick and 14 cm
26. The temperature of air in a reservoir is measured long is constructed of steel (k = 45 W/m.K) and placed
with the aid of a mercury in a glass thermometer on a wall at 200°C, exposed to air at 15°C with
placed in a protective steel well filled with oil. The h = 20 W/m2.K. Calculate heat lost from the fin per
thermometer indicates the temperature at the end unit depth. [Ans. 845.4 W]
of the well as 84°C. The well is 12 cm long, its 34. A 1 cm diameter steel rod (k = 20 W/m.K) is 20 cm
thickness is 1.5 mm and thermal conductivity of the long. Its one end is maintained at 50°C while other
well material is 55.8 W/m.K. Assume heat transfer at 100°C. It is exposed to convection environment at
coefficient between well and air is 23.5 W/m2.K. 20°C with h = 85 W/m2.K. Calculate the temperature
Calculate the error in temperature measurement, if at the centre of the rod. [Ans. 21.8°C]
the base of the well is at 40°C. Also calculate the 35. A straight fin (k = 23 W/m.K) with triangular profile
true temperature. [Ans. 16°C, 100°C] has a length of 5 cm and thickness of 4 mm. The fin
is exposed to a fluid at 40°C with h = 20 W/m2.K. steel (k = 60 W/m.K) and number of fins are installed
The base of the fin is maintained at 200°C. Calculate to dissipate 400 W of heat into an ambient air, where
the heat loss per unit depth of the fin. the unit surface conductance is 10 W/m2.K. Each fin
[Ans. 214.16 W] is to sum the entire length of the motor casing. Each
36. Aluminium fins (k = 200 W/m.K) of rectangular fin is 8 mm thick and 10 mm long. Calculate the
profile are attached on a plane wall with 5 mm number of fins required to maintain the temperature
spacing (200 fin per metre width). The fins are 1 mm difference between casing and surrounding air of
thick, 10 mm long. The wall is maintained at 30°C. [Ans. 117 Fins]
temperature of 200°C and the fins dissipate heat by 42. A carbon steel pipe (k = 45 W/m.K), 78 mm in inner
convection into the ambient air at 40°C with diameter and 5.5 mm thick has eight longitudinal
h = 50 W/m2.K. Determine : (a) the fin efficiency, fins 1.5 mm thick. Each fin extends 30 mm from the
(b) the area weighted fin efficiency, (c) the heat loss pipe wall. If the wall temperature, ambient
per square metre of the wall. [Ans. (c) 37.8 kW/m2] temperature and surface heat transfer coefficient are
37. A 1.6 mm diameter stainless steel rod (k = 22 W/m.K) 150°C, 28°C and 75 W/m2.K, respectively. Calculate
protrudes from a wall maintained at 80°C. The rod the percentage increase in heat transfer rate for the
is 12.5 mm long and exposed into a fluid at 25°C finned tube over the plain tube. [Ans. 104.45%]
with h = 570 W/m2.K. Calculate the temperature at 43. A copper pipe 100 mm in outer diameter is provided
the tip of the rod. Repeat the calculation with with circular aluminium fins (k = 230 W/m.K) to
h = 20 W/m2.K and h = 1200 W/m2.K. Comment on increase the heat transfer rate. The height of the fin
result. [Ans. 29.12°C, 71.02°C, 25.93°C] is 80 mm and it is 4 mm thick. The temperature at
38. Two 30 cm long and 0.4 cm thick cast iron outer surface of copper pipe is 300°C and the
(k = 52 W/m.K) steam pipes of outer diameter 10 cm temperature of surrounding air is 38°C. The heat
are connected each other through two 1 cm thick transfer coefficient over the fin surface is 40 W/m2.K.
flanges of outer diameter 20 cm. The steam flows Calculate :
inside the tube at an average temperature of 200°C (i) Rate of heat loss from the fin,
with h = 180 W/m2.K. The outer of the pipe is exposed (ii) The efficiency of fin,
to air at 8°C with h = 25 W/m2.K. (iii) The fin effectiveness.
(a) Disregarding the flanges, calculate the average [Ans. (i) 776.34 W, (ii) 79%, (iii) 58.95]
outer surface temperature of pipe.
44. Hot oil in a rectangular tank (1 m × 1 m on a side) is
(b) Using this temperature for the base of the flanges
exposed to surrounding air at 24°C. The temperature
and treating the flanges as fins, calculate the fin
of the tank wall is 110°C. In order to increase the
efficiency and the rate of heat transfer from the
heat dissipation, it is proposed to attach straight
flanges. [Ans. (a) 174.53°C, (b) 0.93%, 207.4 W]
rectangular fins to the tank surface. As a result the
39. A very long rod, 25 mm in diameter, has one end heat dissipation rate increases by 70% and tank
maintained at 100°C. The surface of the rod is surface temperature drops to 91°C. The fins are
exposed to ambient air at 25°C with convection 5 mm thick and are spaced 100 mm apart (centre to
coefficient of 10 W/m2.K. centre distance). The thermal conductivity of tank
(i) What are the heat losses from the rods, con- and fin material is 230 W/m.K and heat transfer
structed of pure copper (k = 398 W/m.K) and coefficient over fins is 42 W/m2.K. Heat loss from
stainless steel (k = 14 W/m.K) ? the fin tip may be neglected. Calculate the minimum
(ii) Estimate how long the rods must be to be height of the fins. [Ans. 68.48 mm]
considered infinite. (P.U., Nov. 2003) 45. A 1.25 cm diameter 15 cm long iron rod
[Ans. (i) Qcu = 29.37 W, Q55 = 5.51 W, (k = 40 W/m.K) protrudes out from a heat source at
(ii) Lcu = 1.32 m, L55 = 0.247 m] 130°C into an ambient at 20°C with convection
40. Two rods A and B of equal diameter and equal length, coefficient of 20 W/m2.K.
but of different materials are used as fins. The both Determine :
rods are attached to a plain wall maintained at (i) Temperature distribution in the rod,
160°C, while they are exposed to air at 30°C. The
(ii) Temperature at the free end,
end temperature of rod A is 100°C, while that of the
(iii) Heat flow out the source,
rod B is 80°C.
(iv) Heat flow rate at the free end.
If the thermal conductivity of rod A is 380 W/m.K,
[Ans. (ii) TL = 51.1°C, (iii) 6.54 W, (iv) 76.33 mW]
calculate the thermal conductivity of rod B. This fin
can be assumed as short with end insulated. 46. Pin fin are provided to increase the heat transfer
rate from a hot surface. Which of the following
[Ans. 221.94 W/m.K]
arrangement will give higher heat transfer rate :
41. An electric motor casing has a diameter of 0.36 m (i) 6 fins of 10 cm length or (ii) 12 fins of 5 cm length.
and length of 0.4 m. The casing is made from cast For analysis, use fin with insulated tip condition.
Take kfin = 200 W/m°C, h = 20 W/m2°C, cross-section 3. Kraus D.A., Aziz A and Welty J., “Extended Surface
area of fin = 2 cm2 perimeter = 4 cm, fin base temp Heat Transfer”, Wiley Inc. New York 2001.
= 230°C, surrounding air temp = 30°C.
4. Serth Robert W, Process “Heat Transfer-Principles
(P.U. May 2013)
and Applications”, Elsevier Science & Technology
[Ans. (i) ηfin = 48.2%, Qfin = 207 W, (ii) ηfin = 76.1%, Books, 2007.
Qfin = 327 W. Shorter fins are effective]
5. Frank Kreith, Raj M. Manglik, Mark S. Bohn,
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READING “Principles of Heat Transfer”, 7th edition, Cengage
Learning, 2011.
1. Arpaci Vedat S. “Conduction Heat Transfer”, 6. Incropera Frank. P. And DeWitt David. P.,
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Reading, MA, “Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer”, 5th ed
1966.
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2002.
2. Schneider P.J. “Conduction Heat Transfer”,
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Reading, MA, 7. Kern Donald Q, and Kraus A.D., “Extended Surface
1955. Heat Transfer”, McGraw Hill, New York, 1972.

Heat Transfer From Extended Surfaces

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Heat Transfer from

To derive an equation for temperature distri-

5.2. FIN SELECTION AND APPLICATIONS Base t

Substituting these quantities in energy balance ; On integration, ln θ = mx + B

Substituting in eqn. (5.11), we get

Using it in the eqn. (5.12), we get ∞

and θ(x) = T(x) – T∞ = θ0 e–mx ∞

m1 < m2 < m3 (Tip may be treated as adiabatic)

(ii) as the length of fin approaches infinity, all

= – kAc (T0 – T∞) (– m) e–m×0 or C1 e–mL – C2emL = 0 ...(5.16)

and C1 = θ0 – C2 Substituting the values from eqn. (5.11), we get

Substituting C1 and C2 in eqn. (5.11), we get Using eqn. (5.29), we get

= hP kA c Qinfinite fin = hP kA c (T0 – T∞)

Example 5.3. The two long rods A and B, equivalent in

To find : The heat transfer coefficient. 2

Thus x1 kcu 380 52 − 27 1

Example 5.8. Consider a stainless steel spoon 15 × 0.024

insulated tip. (N.M.U., May 2002)

Analysis : The temperature distribution for Cross-section

Using numerical values 3

π 2 π The heat transfer rate from infinite long fin

To find : The heat dissipation rate from the fin.

Assumptions : Example 5.12. The handle of a ladle used for pouring

+ 3.662 sinh (5.86 − 73.245 x )]

TL − 27 1 Fig. 5.19. Schematic for example 5.13

Example 5.13. Two ends of a fin of the cross-sectional Le

Wall - 1 d = 15 mm Wall - 2 5.4. FIN PERFORMANCE

5.4.2. Fin Efficiency

(iii) An effectiveness εfin > 1, indicates that fins 0

F kP I 1/2 In the limiting case of zero thermal resistance

0.8 5.4.4. Area Weighted Fin Efficiency

Fin efficiency hfin, %

Copper 5.804 0.711 0.611 86% 0.106 100

To find : The number of fins. t

3. No internal heat generation.

40 × 10–3 = Nfin 12.5 × 2.4 × 10 − 3 × 190 × 3.6 × 10 − 7

transfer coefficient of 40 W/m2.K. Fins are spaced at

3. No internal heat generation. = 0.875 m2

= (ηfinAfin + Aunfin) h(T0 – T∞)

sinh mL = 0.07465 tanh mL ≥ 0.95

where, Afin = PL + Ac = 0.146 × 12 × 10–3 + 2.1 × 10–4

Assumptions : Total heat transfer from finner surface/m2

5.7.1. Space Considerations : Condition for use of Fins 2k 1 t/2

Bi < 1 (h < mk) 2

5.7.2. Weight Consideration

For given profile area Ap, the heat transfer, Q 16 64

This equation determines the heat flow increase

2k 2 × 45 % increase in heat transfer

5.8. SUMMARY thereby the heat dissipation rate by convection. The

A Infinite long fin e–mx M

cosh m(L − x) + (h mk) sinh m(L − x) sinh mL + (h m k) cosh mL

(θL θ0 ) sinh mx + sinh m(L − x) cosh m(L − 1)

where, m2 = hP/(kAc) θ0 = T0 – T∞, θ = T – T∞ M= h PkA c (T0 − T∞ )

REVIEW QUESTIONS PROBLEMS

heat loss for this base temperature ? 

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