GRFP01 CRU Gr12 Ch03 01
GRFP01 CRU Gr12 Ch03 01
GRFP01 CRU Gr12 Ch03 01
CHAPTER 3
FLUID DYNAMICS
1. Fluid is a substance that offers no permanent resistance to deforming forces.
2. The study of fluids has two parts, statics and dynamics.
3. Fluid statics concentrates on fluids at rest, while fluid dynamics concerns with the fluid
in motion.
4. Fluid statics includes atmospheric pressure, liquid pressure, Archimedes’ principle and
Pascal’s law.
5. Motion of fluids is an important application in our daily life; such as river flow, water
distribution systems, gas pipelines, aviation (travels in air) and motion underneath the
surface of water.
6. The study of the flow of liquid is called hydrodynamics, whereas hydrostatic is the
study of liquid at rest.
7. This chapter mainly concerns with hydrodynamics; however a section on surface
tension and capillarity, which are important concepts of hydrostatic, is included at the
end of the chapter.
3.1 LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW
8. Fluid is either liquid or gas.
9. The volume of a gas depends on pressure and temperature obeying Boyle’s law and
Charles’ law.
10. The volume of a liquid does not depend on pressure if the temperature is constant.
11. The liquid is incompressible (i.e. density of liquid is constant for any pressure provided
that the temperature is kept constant).
12. In the flow of fluids, the path or the flow of the fluid
particles is called streamline. [Fig 3.1 (a).]
13. Motion of fluids can be classified by two types,
Fig 3.1a Stream lines
laminar flow and turbulent flow.
Dr Vince Grade 12 Physics Detailed Notes 37
Laminar Flow
If fluid particles are moving steady in smooth paths in
layers, with each layer moving smoothly past the adjacent
layers with no mixing; such a flow is called laminar flow.
In this steady laminar flow, streamlines do not cross each Fig 3.1b Laminar flow
other and every fluid particle arriving at a given point has the same velocity. [Figure
3.1 (b)].
Turbulent Flow
If the flow or path of the fluid particles are
irregular, their direction is always changing or
whirling; this fluid movement is called turbulent Fig 3.1c Turbulent flow
flow. In turbulent flow, the speed of the fluid at a
point is continuously undergoing changes in both magnitude and direction. [Fig 3.1 (c)]
14. Ideal laminar fluid flow considers the following facts.
The fluid is incompressible.
The flow has no friction, or friction may by neglected.
(Internal friction in fluids is called viscosity; and hence, zero viscosity.)
The fluid flow is laminar (steady), and turbulent flow is not taken into account.
(For example, sea breeze is a laminar flow and storm is a turbulent flow.)
38 Grade 12 Physics Detailed Notes APEX
3. In Figure 3.2, all the liquid that flow through section 1 (larger cross sectional area A1
flow through section 2 (smaller cross sectional area A2).
4. The mass flowing in section 1 must equal the mass flowing in section 2.
V
5. Hence, the volume flow rate is the same throughout the pipe.
t
m1 = m2
1 V1 = 2 V2 (⸪ m = V)
V1 = V2 (⸪ the density is the same, 1 = 2 =
V 1 = V2 (⸪ dividing both sides by
V1 V2
= (⸪ dividing both sides by t
t t
A1 x1 A2 x2
= (⸪ V1 = A1 x1, V2 = A2 x2)
t t
x1 x2
A 1 v 1 = A2 v 2 (⸪ v1 , v2 )
t t
where v1 and v2 are speed of liquid at section 1 and section 2 respectively.
6. The liquid entering one end of the pipe leaves from the other end with a constant
volume flow rate.
40 Grade 12 Physics Detailed Notes APEX
E02: What area must a heating duct have, if air moving 3 m s-1 along it can replenish the
air every 15 min in a room of volume 300 m3? Assume the density of air remains
constant.
Ans: The velocity of air at duct, v = 3 m s-1; time, t = 15 min = 15 60 s = 900 s
The volume of air coming in the room = volume of the room, V = 300 m3
V
=A v
t
V 1 V 300
A= = 0.11 m2
t v v t 3 900
42 Grade 12 Physics Detailed Notes APEX
E03: Water runs into a fountain, filling all the pipes, at a steady rate of 0.75 m3 s-1. (i) How
fast will it shoot out of a hole 4.5 cm in diameter? (ii) At what speed will it shoot out
if the diameter of the hole is three times as large?
Ans: Volume flow rate, V = 0.75 m3 s-1; radius of the hole, r = 4.5 = 2.25 cm = 0.0225 m
t 2
(i) V
= A v = π r2 v
t
V 1 1
v = t 2 0.75 = 471.51 m s-1
3.142 0.0225
2
πr
(ii) d2 = 3d
π 2 π π
d 2 3d 9 d 2 9 A
2
A2 =
4 4 4
A v = A2 v 2 (continuity equation)
Av Av v 471.51
v2 = = 52.39 m s-1
A2 9 A 9 9
E04: Water tank of dimension 3 m 3 m 3 m and the base of the tank is 10 m above the
ground. It takes 1 h to fill. (i) Find the power output of the pump to fill the tank. (ii)
Find the flow rate through the pipe and the speed of the water flow in the pipe which
has 5 cm radius.
Ans: (i) volume of water, V = l w h = 3 3 3 = 27 m3
W PE mgh Vgh 1000 27 9.8 13
Power, P = 955.5 W
t t t t 3600
V 27
(ii) volume flow rate, = = 7.5×10-3 m3 s-1 3m
t 3600
radius of the pipe, r = 5 cm = 5 × 102 m
10 m
area of the pipe, A = r = 3.142 × (5 × 10 ) m
2 2 2 2
V
=A v
t
V 1 V 27
v= = 0.96 m s1
t A At 3.142 5 102 2
3600
Dr Vince Grade 12 Physics Detailed Notes 43
E06: Calculate the pressure and speed of water at points B and C shown below. (density
of water is 1000 kg m-3)
p2 = p1 + g h1 g h2
= 300 000 + 1000 9.8 (20 – 0)
= 496 000 Pa = 496 kPa
Dr Vince Grade 12 Physics Detailed Notes 49
E07: A sealed tank containing seawater to a height of 11 m also contains air above the
water at a pressure of 4 atm. Water flows out from the bottom through a small hole.
How fast is this water moving?
Ans: At point A (top water surface)
p1 = 4 atm = 4 × 1.01 × 105 Pa = 4.04 × 105 Pa
p1, v1, h1
h1 = 11 m A
Since the cross-sectional area of water tank is much h
greater than area of small hole, water level in the p2, v2, h2
tank drops very slowly, we take v1 0. B
At point B (small hole at the bottom)
p2 = 1 atm = 1.01 × 105 Pa, h2 = 0 m
For points A and B, using Bernoulli’s theorem,
1 1
p1 + v12 + g h1 = p2 + v2 2 + g h2
2 2
1
p1 + g h1 = p2 + v2 2
2
1
4.04 × 105 + 1000 × 9.8 × 11 = 1.01 ×105 + 1000 v2 2
2
4.11 × 105 = 500 v22
v2 = 28.66 m s-1
50 Grade 12 Physics Detailed Notes APEX
E08: Air streams horizontally past a small airplane’s wings such that the speed is 70 m s-1
over and 60 m s-1 past the bottom surface. If the plane has a wing area of 16.2 m2 on
the top and on the bottom, what is the net vertical force that the air exerts on the
airplane? The density of the air is 1.2 kg m-3.
Ans: Let 1 = over the wing, 2 = bottom of the wing
v1 = 70 m s-1, v2 = 60 m s-1, A = 16.2 m2, = 1.2 kg m-3, h1 h2
For the top and the bottom surfaces of the wing, using Bernoulli’s theorem,
1 1
p1 + v12 + g h1 = p2 + v2 2 + g h2
2 2
1 1
p1 + v12 = p2 + v2 2 (h1 h2)
2 2
1 1
p2 p1 = v12 - v2 2
2 2
1
= × 1.2 [(70)2 – (60)2] = 780 Pa
2
F = p A = 780 × 16.2 = 12 636 N
Dr Vince Grade 12 Physics Detailed Notes 51
Q03 One hypodermic syringe contains medicine with density 1010 kg m-3. The barrel of
the syringe has a cross-sectional area 2.5 10-5 m2, and the needle has a cross-
sectional area 10-8 m2. The syringe is in horizontal position and injection is forced
by 2 N acting on the plunger. Find the speed of the injection that enters into the
patient. (The volume of syringe is 3 cc and injection time is 2 s)
V 3 cm3
volume flow rate = 1.5 cm3 s 1 1.5 106 m3 s 1
t 2s
By Equation of continuity, A1 v1 A2 v2
A2 1 108
v1 v2 5
= 4 10-4 v2
A1 2.5 10
1
2
1010 v2 2 4 104 v2 = 8 104
2
505 v22 8 10
4
v2
2
v12
v2 12.59 m s-1
Q05: An aeroplane’s wings have a total surface area of 480 m2. The pressure difference
between the upper and lower surfaces of each wing is 6500 Pa. Calculate the lift
created.
Ans: surface area, A = 480 m2; pressure difference, p = 6500 Pa
the lift, F =?
F = p A = 6500 480 = 3.12 106 N