Lecture 2

Introduction to Computers and

Programming in C
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DataTypes
Introduction to C

• C is a procedural programming language.

• It was initially developed by Dennis Ritchie in the
year 1972.
• It was mainly developed as a system
programming language to write an operating
system.

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Introduction to C

• The Unix operating system and virtually all Unix applications are
written in the C language. C has now become a widely used
professional language for various reasons.
• Easy to learn
• Structured language.
• It can handle low-level activities.
• It can be compiled on a variety of computers.

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Facts about C

• C is a successor of B language which was introduced around 1970

• The language was formalized in 1988 by the American National
Standard Institute (ANSI).
• By 1973 UNIX OS almost totally written in C.
• Today C is the most widely used System Programming Language.

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Why to use C

• C was initially used for system development work, in particular the programs that make-up the operating system.
Some examples of the use of C might be:
• Operating Systems
• Language Compilers
• Assemblers
• Text Editors
• Print Spoolers
• Network Drivers
• Data Bases
• Language Interpreters

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C-
Program
Structure

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 Process of Compiling a ‘C’ Program

Source: Programming in ANSI C, E. Balagurusamy. McGrawHill

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Important Points

• C is a case sensitive programming language. In

C printf and Printf will have different meanings.
• End of each C statement must be marked with a semicolon.
• Multiple statements can be one the same line.

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Important Points

• White Spaces (ie tab space and space bar ) are ignored.
• Statements can continue over multiple lines
• Comments: are used to give additional useful information inside a
C Program. All the comments will be put inside /*...*/ (Multi-line
Comment) or //(End-of-line Comment)

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Preprocessor directive

#include <stdio.h>
The "#include" is called a preprocessor directive. A preprocessor
directive begins with a # sign, and is processed before compilation.
The directive "#include <stdio.h>" tells the preprocessor to include
the "stdio.h" header file to support input/output operations.

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int main() { ...... }

• The main() function is the entry point of program execution.

main() is required to return an int (integer).

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C Program Template

/* Comment to state the purpose of this program (filename.c) */

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
// Your Programming statements HERE!
return 0;
}

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Program

• A program is a sequence of
instructions (called programming
statements), executing one after
another usually in
a sequential manner

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Online C Compiler

https://www.onlinegdb.com/online_c_compiler

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First Sample Program

/* First C program (Hello.c) */

#include <stdio.h> // Needed to perform IO operations
int main() { // Program entry point
printf("Hello, world!\n"); // Says Hello
return 0; // Terminate main()
} // End of main()

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printf("Hello, world!\n");
• Invoke the function printf() to print the string "Hello, world!"
followed by a newline (\n) to the console.
• The newline (\n) brings the cursor to the beginning of the next
line.

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Return statement

• return 0;
terminates the main() function and returns a value of 0 to the
operating system. Typically, return value of 0 signals normal
termination; whereas value of non-zero (usually 1) signals abnormal
termination. This line is optional. C compiler will implicitly insert a
"return 0;" to the end of the main() function.

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Case Sensitive

• C is a case sensitive Language.

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Variable

• Computerprograms manipulate (or process) data.

• A variable is used to store a piece of data for processing. It is
called variable.
• A variable is a named storage location, that stores a value of a
particular data type. In other words, a variable has a name,
a type and stores a value of that type.

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Data Types

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Basic Data Types

Int (Integer)
Store integer type of data.
• 2 bytes (16 bits) on a 16-bit machine.
• The modern systems have 32 or 64-bit configurations. The size of
an integer in such environment is 4 bytes with a starting value of -
2,147,483,648 and an ending value as 2,147,483,647.

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Basic Data Types

Float
• This datatype is also numeric but allows numbers with decimal
places. It has a size of 4 bytes and has a range of 3.4E-38 to
3.4E+38.
• The float type has a precision up to 7 digits.

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Basic Data Type

Double
• It is same as float but with a higher precision range that is 8
bytes which gives it an ability to store more numerals after the
decimal places, double to be exact.
• It has a length of 8 bytes and has a range of 1.7E +/- 308. The
double data type has a precision up to 15 digits.

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Basic Data Types

Char
Char data type by default allows a single character such as a letter
from the alphabet. It has the size of just 1 byte with a range of -128
to 127 or 0 to 255.

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TYPE SIZE (Bits) Range
char or signed char 8 -128(-27) to 127(27-1)
unsigned char 8 0 to 255
int or signed int 16 -32768(-215) to 32767 (215 - 1)
unsigned int 16 0 to 65535
short int or signed short 8 -128 to 127
int
unsigned short int 8 0 to 255
long int or signed long int 32 -2147483648 to 2147483647
or long
unsigned long int 32 0 to 4294967295
float 32 3.4 e-38 to 3.4 e+38
double 64 1.7e-308 to 1.7e+308
long double 80 3.4 e-4932 to 3.4 e+4932

Size and Range of Data Types

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#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

int number1, number2, sum;

printf("Enter two integers: ");

scanf("%d %d", &number1, &number2);

// calculate the sum

sum = number1 + number2;

printf("%d + %d = %d", number1, number2, sum);

return 0;

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Program

WAP to find area of

circle

WAP to divide two

numbers

WAP to add two

integers

WAP to print ASCII

value

WAP to multiply
floating point numbers

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 WAP to find area of circle

• #include <stdio.h>
• int main(void) {
• float pie = 3.14;
• int radius = 6;
• printf("The radius of the circle is %d " , radius);
• float area = (float)(pie* radius * radius);
• printf("The area of the given circle is %f", area);
• return 0;
• }

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• #include <stdio.h>
• int main(void) {
• float pie = 3.14;
• int radius = 6;
• printf("The radius of the circle is %d " , radius);
• float area = (float)(pie* (pow(radius,2)));
• printf("The area of the given circle is %f", area);
• return 0;
• }

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• #include < stdio.h >
• #include < conio.h > #define PI 3.141
• int main()
• {
• float radius, area;
• printf("Enter radius of circle\n");
• scanf("%f", & radius);
• area = PI * radius * radius;
• printf("Area of circle : %0.4f\n", area);
• getch();
• return 0;
• }

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WAP to divide two numbers

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num1,num2,div;
printf("\tEnter Two Numbers\n");
printf("---------------------------\n");
printf("Enter First Number : ");
scanf("%d", &num1);
printf("\nEnter Second Number : ");
scanf("%d",&num2);
div=num1/num2;
printf("\nDivision of %d & %d is = %d",num1,num2,div);
return 0;
}

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WAP to print ASCII value
#include <stdio.h>
In C programming, a character int main() {
variable holds ASCII value (an
char c;
integer number between 0 and 127)
rather than that character itself. This printf("Enter a character: ");
integer value is the ASCII code of the scanf("%c", &c);
character.

// %d displays the integer value of a

For example, the ASCII value of 'A' is character
65. // %c displays the actual character
printf("ASCII value of %c = %d", c, c);
What this means is that, if you
assign 'A' to a character variable, 65 return 0;
is stored in the variable rather than
'A' itself. }

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 WAP to multiply floating point
numbers

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
double a, b, product;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%lf %lf", &a, &b);

// Calculating product
product = a * b;

// %.2lf displays number up to 2 decimal point

printf("Product = %.2lf", product);

return 0;
}

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