Lesson 1. Text and Discourse

READING
AND
WRITING
6.53
2nd Semester
LEARNING COMPETENCY
❑Differentiate text from
discourse
❑Define connected discourse
❑Distinguish different rules in
connected discourse; and
❑Describes a written text as a
connected discourse
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INTRODUCTION
Reading is a
process whereby
a reader brings
meaning to and
gets meaning
from print.
2023 Reading 3
READING
It involves looking at
sentences in a text
and understanding
the message they
convey, in other
words, making pause
of a written text.
2023 Reading 4
READING
Reading is an
interactive
process.
Some one has
called it a
‘psycholinguistic
guessing game’.
2023 Reading 5
WRITING
Writing a paragraph
involves deep
understanding of how
one can achieve well-
focused and unified
ideas in a composition.
7/1/20XX Pitch deck title 6

The complexity of Writing
It requires more skills than any other

academic activities. Proficiency in the
language, grammar, vocabulary and good
imagination.
The Importance of
Reading and Writing
Reading & Writing
Literacy
Reading Writing
Discourse
Words
Morphology
(word formation)
Morpheme
(Smallest grammatical unit of language)
Free Bound
(functions as a word) (attached to a word to create
new meaning)
Words as a Part of
a Whole
Affixes
Prefix Suffixes
Inflectional Derivational
Changes the Creates new
tense of a meaning
word
Suffixes
Suffix Word Meaning

The act is currently in
-ing Consulting
Inflectional progress
The person giving
-ant Consultant
Derivational professional advice
Words as
Understood
Figurative Language
Similes – Comparison with the use of “like” “as”
“similar to”
When he walked to into the room the entire

audience looked up, like flowers turning towards
the sun
Figurative Language
Metaphors – directly refer to the object being
described
The boom of his voice, all thunder and lightning,

echoed through the entire hall.
LET’S ENGAGE
•“Love is just a word until someone comes along
and gives it meaning.” – Paulo Coelho
•“You never fail until you stop trying.” – Albert
Einstein
•“Confidence breeds beauty.” – Estee Lauder
•“Two things prevent us from happiness; living in
the past and observing others.” – Anonymous
•“The sole equality on earth is death.” – Philip
James Bailey
7/1/20XX 17
•Where can
we find text?
7/1/20XX 18
TEXT •a text is generally
considered as written
material ,especially longer
pieces of writing as in a
book, a letter or a news
paper .
•It has various purposes.
•Came from the Latin word
texere, which means “to
weave.”
7/1/20XX 19
DISCOURSE •originally the word
'discourse ' comes from
latin “discursus”, which
means “exchange of
ideas.”
•Text with distinct features
and purpose.
7/1/20XX 20
TEXT AND DISCOURSE
TEXT DISCOURSE
•Written form •Spoken,
of written, visual
communicatio and audial
n, is form of
communicatio
noninteractive n, is interactive
in nature. in nature.
21
DISCOURSE
LANGUAGE
•convey meanings
•propel actions
•provoke a specific
response
7/1/20XX 22
EXAMPLE OF
DISCOURSE
•Journal /Diary
•News Articles
•Anecdotes
•Procedures
•Critiques
•Opinion Piece
•Research articles
7/1/20XX 23
JOURNAL ENTRY: THE DIARY OF A YOUNG GIRL BY
ANNE FRANK
• Sunday, 21st of June year 1942
• I get along pretty well with all my teachers. There are nine of
them, seven men and two women. Mr. Keesing, the old fogey
who teaches math, was mad at me for the longest time
because I talked so much. After several warnings, he assigned
me extra homework. An essay on the subject “A Chatterbox.”
A chatterbox, what can you write about that? I’d worry about
that later, I decided. I jotted down the assignment in my
notebook, tucked it in my bag and tried to keep quiet.
ANECDOTE: THE FUNNY BONE BY HENRY MARTYN
KIEFFER
• THE LOGIC OF GRAMMAR
While instructing his pupils in grammar, a country school-teacher gave out this
sentence to be parsed: “Mary milks the cow.” Each word had been parsed except
the last, which fell to Bob, a sixteen-year-old boy, near the foot of the class, who
began thus:
“Cow is a noun, feminine gender, singular number, third person, and stands for
Mary.”
“Stands for Mary!” said the astonished teacher. “And, pray, Robert, how do you
make that out?”
“Because,” answered the hopeful pupil, “if the cow didn’t stand for Mary, how
could Mary milk the cow?”
NEWS ARTICLE
•Tambunting said the breakdown of communication

was worsened by the fact that the CCTV
surveillance rooms were not manned at the time of
the attack.
•The police have said of the three surveillance
rooms, the surveillance rooms in Resorts World
Manila and Maxim’s were not manned because the
people were evacuated from there due to the
buildup of smoke.
OPINION ARTICLE
•I doubt that members of Congress really ruminated on

both sides of the debate on this issue. I think
congressmen will vote to pass this bill not because they
genuinely believe death penalty will deter crime, but it
will be their sycophantic gesture to please President
Rodrigo Duterte, who they think will grant them political
favors if they do what he wants. There will also be others
who will vote for this bill because of pressure from the
party leadership.
PROCEDURE
• Here's a simple step-by-step guide for creating a blog on
Bluehost (or any other web host)
• Sign up with a web hosting (I recommend Bluehost).
• Choose the hosting plan (you can pick the cheapest one).
• Pick a domain name for your blog.
• Complete hosting registration.
• Install WordPress.
• Log in and write a blog post.
PURPOSE OF DISCOURSE
•TO INFORM
•TO PERSUADE
•TO ENTERTAIN
7/1/20XX 29
TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE
•A text is a connected discourse, which
means that all ideas in the text must
be related in the sense that they would
express only one main idea, or that the
text must have unity by combining all
ideas to emphasize central idea.

TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE
•It is also known as connected
speech. There are changes in
sounds which affect linguistic
units.

RULES IN CONNECTED DISCOURSE
LINKING – BLENDING OF A WORD
•Consonant to vowel linking – word ends with a
consonant sound and the next word begins with a
vowel sound.
Examples:
✓Both of you are grounded! [Bothof]
✓Good evening, everyone! [Goo
deveningeveryone]
✓That’s such a good idea! [sucha goodidea]
✓First of all, that’s not nice. [firs toffall]
LINKING – BLENDING OF A WORD
•Vowel to vowel linking – word ends with a
vowel sound and the next word begins with a
vowel sound.
Examples:
✓Do you plan to go out tonight? [go-w-out]
✓He asked how old I am. [how-w-old]
✓Do I make myself clear? [do-w-I]
✓Is there no end in suffering? [no-w-end]
ASSIMILATION – BLENDING OF TWO SOUNDS
•Regressive– the initial sound of a word
influences the final sound of the word
preceding it.
Examples:
✓Relyn was still his girlfriend? [waz still]
✓Give me my phone back. [gimme]
✓I should not be staying up late. [nop be]
✓Jal can help you with this. [wid dis]
ELISION – OMISSION OF A SOUND
•The sound omitted may be an unstressed
vowel, a consonant, or syllable.
Examples:
✓This is your last chance. [las chance]
✓Prince is such a handsome young man.
[hansome]
✓Make a left turn now. [lef turn]
✓Don’t attempt to jump over the water.
[attemp]
REDUCTION – STRESSING THE STRONG
•Strong syllables in content words and
reducing the effort in pronouncing.
Examples:
✓I don’t want to talk about it. [wanna]
✓I don’t know what happened. [dunno]
✓I’m out of here. [outta]
✓We always got your back! [gotcha]
THANK YOU

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READING

7/1/20XX Pitch deck title 6

It requires more skills than any other

Suffix Word Meaning

When he walked to into the room the entire

The boom of his voice, all thunder and lightning,

•Tambunting said the breakdown of communication

•I doubt that members of Congress really ruminated on

7/1/20XX Pitch deck title 30

7/1/20XX Pitch deck title 31

7/1/20XX Pitch deck title 38

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