Exponents and Scientific Notation )) ESSENTIAL QUESTION ~~ How can you use scientific notation to solve real-world problems? a ‘© Houghton Me Harcourt PabishneConeany-Inage eds yoy! ary ages Math On the Spot my.hrw.com my-hrwcom Go digtal with your Sean wath your smart ‘write-m student phone tojump directly fedimon, accessible on tothe onlne edition, any device. vdeo tutor and more, LESSON 2.1 Integer Exponents LESSON 2.2, Scientific Notation with Positive Powers of 10 LESSON 2.3 Scientific Notation with Negative Powers of 10 LESSON 2.4 Operations with Scientific Notation Animated Math Personal Math Trainer Interacively explore Getummedate key concepts to see feedback and help as how math works. ‘youwork through racic sets“Reaat ny Start-Up Vocabulary © base: V exponent Use the v words to complete the Venn diagram. You can put more integers than oné word in each section of the diagram. V postive number qo 10is: 2st ome rational number teal numbers | scientificnotation whole number: ‘Complete the sentences using the preview words. 1. Anumber produced by raising a base to an exponent isa 2 ‘is amethod of writing very large or ‘very small numbers by using powers of 10. 3.A______isany number that can be expressed asa ratio of twointegers. ‘Two-Panel Flip Chart Create a two-panel fip chart to help you understand the concepts in this ‘module, Label one flap Positive Powers of 10” and the other fiap "Negative Powers of 10” As you study each lesson, write important ideas under the appropriate flap. Include sample problems that will help you remember the concepts later ‘when you look back at your notes. 30 und 2 Houghton Ain Haru Fabia CompanyAra YOU Reach Complete these exercises to review skills you will ‘e Per need for this module. Exponents Write the: I ssion EXAMPLE 10'=10x 10% 10 10 ae een = 10,000 Simplify. Write each exponential expression as a decimal, 1.10? 2. 10° 3. 10° Multiply and Divide by Powers of 10 EXAMPLE 0.0478 x 10°= 0.0478 x 100,000 Identify the number of zeros = 4780 inthe power of 10. " When muttiplying, move the decimal point to the right the same number of places as, ‘the number of zeros. 37.9 + 10*= 37.9 + 10,000 pera ie era ea 1e power of 10. Ose ‘When dividing, move the decimal polnt'to the left the same number of places ae the number of zeros. 5. 45.310? 6. 7.08 + 10? 7. 0.00235 x 10* 8. 3600+ 10* 9. 05x 10? 10. 67.710 — 11, 0,0057x 10" 12, 195+ 108Waren (°) TReadiyzier Complete these exercises to review skills you will need for this module. Exponents 113. Chris has an MP3 player that can store about 10° bytes of data. Explain how to determine the number of zeros in the decimal for 10%. Then write the decimal and state the number of bytes in words, without using exponents. 14, Explain how to write 10° as a decimal. 15. To write 10* as a decimal, Tyrese multiplied 10 x 4 to get 40. Identify Tyrese's error, and write the correct value. Multiply and Divide by Powers of 10 16. Explain how to find the product 0.8 x 10°. Compare this product with 10°. 17. Jake found that the quotient 9.236 = 10° is 0.009236. If Jake's result is correct, justify hisanswer. If not, give the correct decimal. 18. To find the quotient 62.5 > 10°, Gina first identified the number of zeros in the power of 10, When written as a decimal, 10° has five zeros. Describe how Gina can complete the problem, Hooghen Min Haroun bts CpLESSON 2.1 Integer Exponents Using Patterns of Integer Exponents The table below shows powers of 5, 4, and 3. = S625 S=125 st=25 S'=5 SP x= ts 44 Ba ata | 45256 =64 4 =16 1 3 B27 3=9 3! ‘A What pattern do you see in the powers of 5? \B) What pattern do you see in the powers of 4? (© What pattern do you see in the powers of 3? ‘D> Complete the table for the values of 5°, 5 \E Complete the table for the values of 4°, 4" (F) Complete the table for the values of 3°, 3-1, 3-2, ©aughon Min Haro Patching Company Reflect 1. Make a Conjecture Write a general rule for the value of a 2. Make a Conjecture Write a general rule for the value of a~”. esson2.1 33.EXPLORE ACTIVITY 2 Exploring Properties of Integer Exponents ‘A Complete the following equations. 3°3-3-3-3=3 G-3-3-3)-3=3--733 } 3-3-3)-3-3)=3 3 =3 ‘What pattern do you see when multiplying two powers with the same base? Use your pattern to complete this equation: 5? - 5°= 5 Ss Complete the following equat ‘ele \ oo == sada ‘What patter do you see when dividing two powers with the same base? oMietiseres Do the pattems you found in parts A-C apply if the exponents are negative? Ifso, give an example ‘of each. 2 Use your pattern to complete this equation: S “© Complete the following equations: (SP = -5- 5) = (5-5-5) (55+ 5)=5" What pattern do you see when raising a power to a power? Use your pattern to complete this equation: (72)* = 34 Unitt © Hoaghon Mf aout Pubshng CompanyReflect Let mand n be integers. [ON Tai) Applying Properties of Integer Exponents You can use the general rules you found in the Explore Activities to simplify ‘more complicated expressions. 3. Make a Conjecture Write a general rule for the value of a” a”. 4. Make a Conjecture Write a general rule for the value of Sy, a0. 5. Make a Conjecture Write a general rule for the value of (a). Simplify each expression. (A 5-29-3846 429 @F-3F +0" ‘Simplify within parentheses. BHO] Use properties of exponents. 3341 ‘Simplify, grap Apply the rule for negative exponents and add. Bott v= e Simplify within parentheses. s Use properties of exponents, a Use properties of exponents, = 256 Simplify. (© Houghton An Haaut Pubting Company 6. We? G+2 ‘Simplify each expression. 7. (@Y—(10- 6-4-5 |CTC Badr Find the value of each power. (Explore Activity 1) 1 a= 2. 67= 3. 256° = 4. 10° = 5. 54 6 25> 7. 435 8. 89° = % 135, Use properties of exponents to write an equivalent expression. (Explore Activity 2) J 10. 44-424 - 00.0 13. 5 =8 =) 15, A=) | 16, (67) =(6-6) 17. (3 =G-3-3)? -6-0-6-91(| | — =@-3-3) fC}. ] Simplify each expression. (ample 1) 18. (10-67 + (10+ 2? 19, (2-97, a a loser 20. Summarize the rules for multiplying powers with the same base, dividing powers with the same base, and raising a power to a power. 360 Unitt ‘©eugon Min Hrou Pubishng Company‘© Hogan ttn Harcourt Pubihing Copa nage eds: Chipternages ety images 2.1 Independent Practice | Personal {math Trainer | | i | 21. Explain why the exponents cannot be added in the product 123 - 113, 22. List three ways to express 3° as a product of powers. 23. Astronomy The distance from Earth to the moon is about 224 miles. The distance from Earth to Neptune is about 22” miles. Which distance is the greater distance and about how many times greater is It? 24. Critique Reasoning A student claims that 8° - 8° is greater than 1. Explain whether the student is correct or not. 28. Communicate Mathematical Ideas Why do you subtract exponents when dividing powers with the same base? 29, Astronomy The mass of the Sun is about 2 x 10”” metric tons, or 2x10 kilograms. How many kilograms are in one metric ton? 30. Represent Real-World Problems In computer technology, a kilobyte is 2"° bytes in size. A gigabyte is 2° bytes in size. The size of a terabyte is the product of the size of a kilobyte and the size of a gigabyte. What is the size of a terabyte? Lesson2.1 3731. Write equivalent expressions for x” - x? and 2; . What do you notice? Explain how your results relate to the properties of integer exponents. A toy store is creating a large window display of different colored cubes stacked in a triangle shape. The table shows the number of cubes in each row of the triangle, starting with the top row. Row 1 2 3 4 Number ofcubesineachrow 3 2 2 3 32. Look fora Pattern Describe any pattern you see in the table. 33. Using exponents, how many cubes will be in Row 6? How many times as many cubes will be in Row 6 than in Row 3? 34, Justify Reasoning If there are 6 rows in the triangle, what is the total number of cubes in the triangle? Explain how you found your answer, Work Area 35. Critique Reasoning A student simplified the expression © as }. Do you agree with this student? Explain why or why not. 36. Draw Conclusions Evaluate-d" when a= 3 and n= 2, 3,4, and 5. Now evaluate (-a)" when a = 3 and n = 2, 3, 4, and 5. Based on this sample, does it appear that -a" = (-a)"? If not, state the relationships, if any, between -a” and (-a)". 37. Persevere in Problem Solving Anumber to the 12th power divided by ‘the same number to the 9th power equals 125. What is the number? 38 Unit ‘© Hew fin Harcourt Pobishing CompanyLESSON Scientific Notation an 2.2 = Using Scientific Notation is a method of expressing very large and very small “ numbers as a product of a number greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10, and a power of 10. The weights of various sea creatures are shown in the table. Write the weight of the blue whale in scientific notation. SeaCreature Bluewhale Graywhale Whale shark | Weight Wb) 250000 680001200 A Move the decimal point in 250,000 to the left as many places as necessary. to find a number that is greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10. What number did you find? B) Divide 250,000 by your answer to ’. Write your answer as a power of 10. “© Combine your answers to | ‘Mand B torepresent 250,000. 5,099 C eto i Repeat steps A through © to write the weight f ) of the whale shark in scientific notation. aan 10 { Reflect ‘1, How many places to the left did you move the decimal point to write 41,200 in scientific notation? 2. What is the exponent on 10 when you write 41,200 in scientific notation? © Houghton Min Harcourt Pbtshng CompanyWriting a Number in Scientific Notation To translate between standard notation and scientific notation, you can count: ‘the number of places the decimal point moves. Writing Large Quantities in Scientific Notation When the number is greater than or equal | to 10, use a positive ‘The distance from Earth to the Sun is about 93,000,000 miles. Write this distance in scientific notation. ) Move the decimal point in 93,000,000 to the left until you have a number that is greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10. oe 93900000, Move the decimal point-7 places to the eft. 1512 x 10? written Remove extra: in scientific notation? 88 zeree. Explain. Divide the original number by the result from Step 1. 10,000,000 Divide 93,000,000 by 9.3. 107 Write your answer as a power of 10, (STEP 3) Write the product ofthe results from Steps 1 and 2. 93,000,000 =9.3 x 10’ miles Write.a product to represent 93,000,000 in scientific notation. ‘Write each number in scientific notation. 3. 6400 4. 570,000,000,000 5. Alight-yearis the distance that light travels in a year and is equivalent to 9,461,000,000,000 km. Write this distance in scientific notation. ai aie com | 400 unitt © Heughen Min Haut Publsing CompanyWriting a Number in Standard Notation To translate between scientific notation and standard notation, move the decimal point the number of places indicated by the exponent in the power of 10, When the exponent is positive, move the decimal point to the right and add placeholder zeros as needed. EXAMPLE 2 Write 3.5 x 10 in standard notation. STEP 1) Use the exponent of the power of 10 6 places to see how many places to move the decimal point. Place the decimal point. Since you are -3.5.0.00.00 going to write a number greater than 3.5, move the decimal point to the right. Add placeholder zeros if necessary. The number 3.5 x 10° written in standard notation is 3,500,000. Reflect 6. Explain why the exponent in 3.5 x 10° is 6, while there are only 5 zeros in 3,500,000. ‘7. What is the exponent on 10 when you write 5.3 in scientific notation? ‘youn Tura ) Write each number in standard notation. 8. 7.034 x 10° 9 236 x 10° ‘© Houghton tin Harcourt Pabhng Company nage Cet: Chr Puli? 10. The mass of one roosting colony of Monarch butterflies in Mexico was estimated at 5 x 10° grams. Write this mass in standard notation. i Z | EE |CPC Res Write each number in scientific notation. (Explore Activity and Example 1) 1. 58,927 2. 1,304,000,000 Hint: Move the decimal left 4 places. Hint: Move the decimal left 9 places. 3. 6,730,000 13,300 5. Anordinary quarter contains about ‘The distance from Earth to the Moon is 97,700,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms. about 384,000 kilometers. Write each number in standard notation. (Example 2) 7. 4x 10° 8. 1.8499 x 10° Hint: Move the decimal right 5 places. Hint: Move the decimal right 9 places. 9. 641 x 10° 10, 8.456 x 10” 11. 8 x 10 12. 9x 10° 13. Diana calculated that she spent about 5.4 x 10° seconds doing her math homework during October. Write this time in standard notation. (Example 2) 14, The town recycled 7.6 x 10° cans this year. Write the number of cans in standard notation, (Example 2) Describe how to write 3,482,000,000 in scientific notation. © Houghton Mn Heat abi Company‘© Haat Min Harcourt Publising Company Paleontology Use the table for problems 16-21. Write the estimated welght of each dinosaur in scientific notation. Estimated Weight of Dinosaurs Name Pounds Argentinosaurus 220,000 Brachiosaurus 100,000 Apatosaurus 66,000 Diplodocus 50,000 Camarasaurus 40,000 Cetiosauriscus 19,850 16. Apatosaurus 17. Argentinosaurus. Brachiosaurus. Camarasaurus. Cetiosauriscus. 21. Diplodocus. 22. Asingle little brown bat can eat up to 1,000 mosquitoes in a single hour. Express in scientific notation how many ‘mosquitoes a little brown bat might eat in 10.5 hours. 23, Multistep Samuel can type nearly 40 words per minute. Use this information to find the number of hours it would take him to type 2.6 x 10° words. 24. Entomology A tropical species of mite named Archegozetes longisetosus Is the record holder for the strongest insect in ‘the world. It can lift up to 1.182 x 10” times. its own weight. a. Ifyou were as strong as this insect, explain how you could find how many pounds you could lift. 1b, Complete the calculation to find how much you could lft, in pounds, if you were as strong as an Archegozetes ongisetosus mite. Express your answer in both scientific notation and standard notation. During a discussion in science class, Sharon leams that at birth an elephant weighs around 230 pounds. In four herds of elephants tracked by conservationists, about 20 calves were born during the summer. in scientific notation, express approximately how much the calves weighed all together. Classifying Numbers Which of the following numbers are written in scientific notation? 0641x107 9.999 x 108 2x10! 438x5" Lesson22 4327, Explain the Error Polly's parents’ car welghs about 3500 pounds. Samantha, Esther, and Polly each wrote the weight of the car in scientific notation. Polly Work Area wrote 35.0 x 10”, Samantha wrote 0.35 x 104, and Esther wrote 3.5 x 10°, a Which of these girls, if any, is correct? b. Explain the mistakes of those who got the question wrong. 28, Justify Reasoning If you were a biologist counting very large numbers of cells as part of your research, give several reasons why you might prefer to record your cell counts in scientific notation instead of standard notation. EOr (EEE 29, Draw Conclusions Which measurement would be least likely to be written in scientific notation: number of stars in a galaxy, number of grains of sand on a beach, speed of a car, or population of a country? Explain your reasoning. 30, Analyze Relationships Compare the two numbers to find which is greater. Explain how you can compare them without writing them in standard notation first. 45x 108 2.1.x 10° 31, Communicate Mathematical Ideas To determine whether a number is, written in scientific notation, what test can you apply to the first factor, and what test can you apply to the second factor? 44 Unit {© Hoaghon Mn Haut Pabishng CompanyLESSON §cjentific Notation 2.3 with Negative — Powers of 10 Negative Powers of 10 You can use what you know about writing very large numbers in scientific notation to write very small numbers in scientific notation, A typical human hair has a diameter of 0.000025 meter. Write this number in sclentific notation, “AL Notice how the decimal point moves inthe list below. Complete the lst. 2345x 1? = =2345 Itmovesone 2345x110 = 2345 Itmovesone 7 Place tothe 7 place tothe 2345K 10 = 2345 Fchewich — 2345% 10 02345 [orc with each a each increasing 2 decreasing 2.345 x 10° 2345 Penorot 10, 2 2345 % 10 092345 oeeror 10. 2.345 x 10 =2345, 2.345 x 10 =0,002345 B Move the decimal point in 0,000025 to the right as many places as necessary to find a number that is greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10, What number did you find? “© Divide 0.000025 by your answer to 8. Write your answer as a power of 10. 'D. Combine your answers to ® and © to represent 0.000025 in scientific notation. Reflect 1. When you move the decimal point, how can you know whether you are increasing or decreasing the number? © Houghton Min Haut Puig Company 2. Explain how the two steps of moving the decimal and multiplying by a power of 10 leave the value of the original number unchanged,g a Number in Scientific Notation To write a number less than 1 ii ific notation, move the decimal point right and use a negative exponent. Mn ILE rt ea Coty The average size of an atom is about 0.00000003 centimeter across. Write the average size of an atom in sclentific notation. Move the decimal point as many places as necessary to find a number that is greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10. (STEP 1) Place the decimal point. 3.0 (STEP 2) Count the number of places you moved the decimal point. 8 -8 STEP 3) Multiply 3.0 times power of 10. 3.0 x 10 Since 0.00000003 is less than 1, you moved the decimal points to the right and the exponent on 10 is negative. 6 The average size of an atom in scientific notation is 3.0 x 10-*. .9 When you write a number that is less than 1 in scientific notation, how does the power of 10 differ from when you write a number greater than 1 in scientific notation? Write each number in scientific notation. 4. 0.000829 5. 0.000000302 6. Atypical red blood cell in human blood has a diameter of approximately 0.000007 meter. Write this diameter inscientificnotation. ‘© Hea in aout absig CompanyWriting a Number in Standard Notation To translate between scientific notation and standard notation with very small numbers, you can move the decimal point the number of places indicated by ‘the exponent on the power of 10. When the exponent is negative, move the decimal point to the left. EXAMPLE 2 (feud Platelets are one component of human blood. A typical platelet has a diameter of approximately 2.33 x 10~* meter. Write 2.33 x 10-*In standard notation. (STEP 1) Use the exponent of the power of 10 to see 6 places how many places to move the decimal point. ) Place the decimal point, Since you are going to 0,00000233 write a number less than 2.33, move the decimal point to the left. Add placeholder zeros if necessary, 6 Thenumber 2.33 x 10~ in standard notation is 0.00000233. Reflect 7. Justify Reasoning Explain whether 0.9 x 10-°is written in scientific notation. f not, write the number correctly in scientific notation. Meh teern Describe the two factors ‘that multiply together to form a number written in scientific notation, 8. Which number is larger, 2 x 10-? or 3 x 10-2? Explain. “your Tuan) ‘Write each number in standard notation. 9. 1.045 x 10-* 10. 9.9 x 10° ‘© Houghton Min Hart Publishing Company 111, Jeremy measured the length of an ant as 1 x 10°? meter. Write this length in standard notation. : | pen = Oniine Assessment ‘and intervention Lesson23 47CTC IT Mea Write each number in scientific notation. (Explore Activity and Example 1) 1. 0.000487 2. 0.000028 Hint: Move the decimal right 4 places. Hint: Move the decimal right 5 places. 5. Picoplankton can be as small as 0.00002 6. The average mass of a grain of sand ona centimeter. beach is about 0.000015 gram. Write each number in standard notation, (Example 2) 7. 2x 10% 8, 3.582 x 10-* Hint; Move the decimal left 5 places. Hint: Move the decimal left 6 places. 83x 10% 10, 2.97 x 107 12. 4x 10% The average length of a dust mite is approximately 0.0001 meter. Write this number in scientific notation, (Example 1) The mass of a proton is about 1.7 x 10° gram. Write this number in standard notation. (Example 2) 15. Describe how to write 0,0000672 in scientific notation. 48 Unit (© Hugin Min Harcourt Publchng Company© oughton Min Hateoart abishing Company mm “rs | | Srererton 23. Multiple Representations Convert the | length 7 centimeters to meters. Compare the numerical values when both numbers Use the table for problems 16-21. Write the diameter of the fibers in scientific notation. heeracs Dinrecter cf Rater eee are written in scientific notation. ‘Animal Fiber Diameter (cm) Vicuria 0.0008 Angora rabbit 0.0013 Alpaca 0.00277 Angora goat 0.0045, Lama 0.0035 = gunn iclusions A graphing calculator a nas displays 1 189 x 10? a 189412, How do you 16. Alpaca think it would display 1.89 x 10°? What does ther stand for? 17. Angora rabbit ‘Communicate Mathematical Ideas When 18. Llama a number is written in scientific notation, how can you tell right away whether or not it is greater than or equal to 1? 19. Angora goat 20. Orb web spider 26, The volume of a drop of a certain liquid is 0.000047 liter. Write the volume of the drop 24. Vicuha of liquid in scientific notation. 22, Make a Conjecture Which measurement would be least likely to be written in scientific 27+ Justify Reasoning if you were asked to notation: the thickness of a dog hair, the express the weight in ounces of a ladybug rads fe prodon this page theauncesin Tea pstiveorngathe? ty pes : a cup of mik? Explain your reasoning, pila ale Lesson23 49 'Physical Science The table shows the length of the radil of several very small or very large items. Complete the table. ean Radiusin Meters Radius in Meters (Standard Notation) _(Scientific Notation) 28. TheMoon 740,000 29. Atom of silver | 1.25x 10" 30. | Alanticwotfishegg 0.0028 31. Jupiter | 7.149 x 10” 32. Atom of aluminum 0000000000182 33. Mars 3.397 x 10° 34. List the items in the table in order from the smallest to the largest. OCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING 35, Analyze Relationships Write the following diameters from least to greatest. 15x10%m 12x10m 585x10%m 23x10%m 96x10-'m 36, Critique Reasoning Jerod’s friend Al had the following homework problem: Express 5.6 x 10’ in standard form. Al wrote 56,000,000. How can Jerod explain Al's error and how to correct it? 37. Make a Conjecture Two numbers are written in scientific notation. The number with a positive exponent is divided by the number with a negative exponent. Describe the result. Explain your answer. ‘© Hoeghton Min Recut Publishing Company -Inage eds: Clmagetraker) ‘Nay Images 50) Unit1LESSON Operations with CO 2.4 Scientific Notation ‘conten Adding and Subtracting with Scientific Notation Numbers in scientific notation can be added and subtracted, either directly or by rewriting them in standard form. EXAMPLE 1 a ‘The table below shows the population of the three largest countries In North America in 2011. Find the total population of these countries. Country United States Canada| Mexico Population 31x 10° 3.38 x 107 11x 10® Method 1: (STEP 1) First, write each population with the same power of 10. United States: 3.1 x 10% Canada: 0.338 x 10% Mexico: 1A x 108 (STEP 2) Add the multipliers for each population. ; 3.1 + 0.338 + 1.1 = 4.538 (STEP3) Write the final answer in scientific notation: 4.538 x 10°, Method 2: First, write each number in standard notation. United States: 310,000,000 Canada: 33,800,000 Mexico: 110,000,000 Find the sum of the numbers in standard notation. 4 310,000,000 + 33,800,000 + 110,000,000 = 453,800,000 (STEPS) White the answer in scientific notation: 4.538 x 10°. (© Houghton Min Harcourt Pushing Company nage is: Get Images‘your Tuan ‘1. Using the population table above, how many more people live in Mexico than in Canada? Write your answer in scientific notation. ‘Be! | [ounetserr Multiplying and Dividing with Scientific Notation Numbers in sclentific notation can be multiplied and divided directly by using properties of exponents. ae ‘Math On the Spot Bee When the Sun makes an orbit around the center of the Milky Way, it travels 2,025 x 10" kilometers. The orbit takes 225 million years. At what rate does the Sun travel? Write your answer in scientific notation. ‘The answer is the number of kilometers per year that the Sun travels around the Milky Way. Set up a division problem using Rate = 24222 to represent the situation. STEP 1) Substitute the values from the problem into the Rate formula. 2.025 x10" kilometers _ Rate = "7256007000 years | 202501 nee dang) (STEP2) Wie the expression for rate wth yearsin scientific notation. notation todo the dion? Rate see 225 milion = 2.25 x 10° ‘to solve the problem?, Find the quotient by dividing the decimals and using the laws ‘of exponents. 2.025 +225 =09 Divide the multipliers, i= 10% 10° divide the powers of 10. (STEP) Combine the answers to write the rate in scientific notation. Rate = 0.9 x 10°=9.0 x 10° km per year Check your answer using multiplication. £900,000 x 225,000,000 = 202,500,000,000,000, or 2.025 x 10" ‘The answer is correct. ‘© Houghton Min Harcourt Pubsing Company Image ret: ©Aamy ages| 2. Light travels at a speed of 1.86 x 10° miles per second. It takes light from the Sun about 4.8 x 10° seconds to reach Saturn. Find the approximate distance from the Sun to Saturn. Write your answer } Math Trainer j i Personal | } in scientific notation. 3. Light travels at the speed of 1.17 x 10” miles per minute. Pluto's average distance from the Sun is 3,670,000,000 miles. On average, how long does it take sunlight to reach Pluto? Write your answer in scientific notation, Scientific Notation on a Calculator ‘On many scientific calculators, you can enter numbers in scientific notation by using a function labeled “ee” or “EE”, Usually, the letter “E” takes the place of “x 10% So, the number 4.1 x 10° would appear as 4,19 on the calculator. EXAMPLE 3 (f ‘The table shows the approximate areas for three continents given in square meters, What is the total area of these three continents? Write the answer in scientificnotation using more appropriate units. | Continent Asia | Affica Europe ‘Area (m?) 44x10" 3.02 10 1.04 x 10° Neshontae se Find 44 x 10'3 + 3.02 x 10"? + 1.04 x 10°, Enter 44613 + 3.02E13 + 1.04E13 on your calculator. { Because 1 km= 1,000, 1 km? = 1,000* m*, or Write the results from your calculator: 8.4613, Le Write this number in scientific notation: 8.46 x 10" m?, Square kilometers is more appropriate: 8.46 x 107 km?, ‘your Tuan’) Write each number using calculator notation. 4 75x 10° 5. 3x 1077 6. 27x 10% ‘© Houghton Me Harourt Pabhing Company 3 I Math Trainer ‘onime Assessment {and intervention Lesson24 53 Write each number using scientific notation. 7 45E-1 8. 5.6E12Rt acres ‘Add or subtract. Write your answer in scientific notation. (Example 1) Ve 42x 10 + 2.25 x 10° +28 x 108 2. 85x 10°—5.3x 10? — 1.0 x 107 42x 10° +) 428x108 85x 10°-53x 107 42+) (x10 3B. 1.25 x 10? + 0.50 x 10? + 3.25 x 10” 4. 6.2 x 10° — 26 x 10° 1.9 x 107 Multiply or divide. Write your answer in scientific notation. (Example 2) 5 2 346 « 1077 5. (1.8 x 10?)(67 x 10) 6, 46x 7. (5x 10") (3.38 x 10°) Write each number using calculator notation. (Example 3) 9. 36x 10" 10. 7.25 x 10° 11. 8x10 Write each number using scientific notation. (Example 3) 12. 768-4 13, 1.2616 15. How do you add, subtract, multiply, and divide numbers written in scientific notation? 54 unity ‘ohn ein Hat abn apany16. An adult blue whale can eat 4.0 x 10” krill Ina day. At that rate, how many krill can an adult blue whale eat in 3.65 x 10” days? 17. Anewborn baby has about 26,000,000,000 cells. An adult has about 4.94 x 10"? cells. How many times as many cells does an adult have than a newborn? Write your answer in scientific notation, Represent Real-World Problems The table shows the number of tons of waste generated and recovered (recycled) in 2010. Paper Glass | Plastics 7.131 x 107 1.153 x 107 3.104 x 107 generated Tens ed 4457 x 107 0313x107 0255 x 107 18, What is the total amount of paper, glass, and plastic waste generated? © Hugin fin Yarcurt Publsing Company nage ets: ©Meoibcal/ any inages 19. What is the total amount of paper, glass, and plastic waste recovered? £20, Whatis the total amount of paper, glass, and plastic waste not recovered? 21. Which type of waste has the lowest recovery ratio? 1 i Social Studies The table shows the approximate populations of three countries. Country China France Australia Population 1.3x 10° 6.48 x 107 2.15 x 107 | 22, How many more peoplelive in France than in Australia? | 23. The area of Australia is 2.95 x 10° square miles, What is the approximate average number of people per square mile in Australia? 24, How many times greater is the population of China than the population of France? Write your answer in standard notation. 125. Mia is 7.01568 x 10° minutes old. Convert her age to more appropriate units using years, months, and days. Assume each month to have 30.5 days, Lesson24 55.26. 27. Courtney takes 2.4 x 10 steps during her a long-distance run. Each step covers an average of 810 mm. What total distance (in mm) did Courtney cover during her run? Write your answer in scientific notation. Then convert the distance to the more appropriate unit kilometers. Write that answer in standard form. Social Studies The U.S. public debt as of October 2010 was $9.06 x 10 ‘What was the average USS. public debt per American if the population in 2010 was 3.08 x 10° people? OCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING 30, Communicate Mathematical Ideas How Is multiplying and dividing numbers in scientific notation different from adding and subtracting numbers in scientific notation? Explain the Error A student found the product of 8 x 10° and 5 x 10°to be 4 x 10'S, What is the error? What is the correct product? Communicate Mathematical Ideas Describe a procedure that can be 2) — (7 « 108 7 2 Write the expression in scientific x10! Used to simplify wo!) + (6x Notation in simplified form. Unit 1 © Houghton Min Harcourt Pabling CompanyMODULE Quiz 2.1 Integer Exponents Find the value of each power, L344 2, 35° 3.4 Use the properties of exponents to write an equivalent expression. 4. 8-87 5.1% 6. (10 | 2.2 Scientific Notation with Positive Powers of 10 | Convert each number to scientific notation or standard notation. 7. 2,000. 8. 91,007,500. 9. 1.0395 x 109 10. 4x 10° 2.3 Scientific Notation with Negative Powers of 10 Convert each number to scientific notation or standard notation. | 11. 0.02 12. 0.000701 | 13, 89x 10% 14, 441 x 107 | | 2.4 Operations with Scientific Notation Perform the operation, Write your answer in scientific notation. 15.7% 10°-5.3x 10° 16. 3A K TE 7x 10% 7.86 10° 17. (2x 10X54 x 10)___ 1g, 2362 19. Neptune's average distance from the Sun is 4.503 x 10° km. Mercury's average distance from the Sun is 5.791 x 10” km. About how many times farther from, ‘the Sun is Neptune than Mercury? Write your answer in scientific notation. INTIAL QUESTION 20. How is scientific notation used in the real world? Houghton Ws Horout Pts Compeny Module2 57MODULE 2 MIXED REVIEW De Personal } \ Gem) [Math Trainer Assessment Nee | 4 { Auesmertand | | Readiness mn Selected Response £6, Place the numbers in order from least to i eatest. 1. Which of the following is equivalent to 6"? ° 3 h24, 4 x 10-2,0.042,2 x 10-4, 0.004 @ 216 © -+ @® 2 10-4 x 10°, 0.004, 0.042, 0.24 © xs © -216 ® 0.004, 2 x 10-4, 0.042, 4 x 10°7,0.24 2. About 786,700,000 passengers traveled by © 0.004, 2 x 10-44 x 10-2, 0.042, 024 plane in the United States in 2010. What is this number written in scientific notation? ® 7.867 x 10° passengers ® 7.867 x 10? passengers @® 2x 10%4,0.004,4 x 10°, 0.042, 0.24 7. Guillermo is 5 feet tall. What is this number of feet written as a decimal? ® 57 feet © 583 feet 7.867 x 10% 3 5 © % TO" passengers © 57 feet © 583 feet © 7.867 x 10° passengers |. Ahuman hair has a width of about 3. In 2011, the population of Mali was about 65 x 10-5 meter. What is this width written 1.584 x 10” people. What is this number in standard notation? written in standard notation? ® 0.000065 meter @ 1.584 people ® 0.000065 meter ® 1584 people © 0.000065 meter © 15,840,000 people ® 0.00065 meter ® 158,400,000 people 4, The square root of a number is between 7 and 8, Which could be the number? 9. Consider the following numbers: 7000, 700, @nr © i 70, 0.7, 0.07, 0.007 @8 © 6 5. Each entry-level account executivein a large company makes an annual salary of $3.48 x 10*. If there are 5.2 x 10? account executives in the company, how much do ‘a. Write the numbers in scientific notation. bb, Look for a pattern in the given list and ke in all? they make in. the list in scientific notation. Which @ $669 x 10° numbers are missing from the lists? @® $3.428 x 10* © $3532 108 ‘&. Make a conjecture about the missing © $1.8096 x 10” numbers. 58° Unit ‘© Hoeghton Min Haut Publlng CompanyKey Vocabulary cube root (raiz ctibica) itrational number (nuimero. irracional) How can you use real numbers to solve real-world problems? perfect cube (cubo perfecto) perfect square (uisdrado perfecto) EXAMPLE 1 Write 0.87 as a fraction in simplest form. x=08T 100x = 81.87 aT real number (ncimero real) repeating decimal (decimal pperiédico) square root (ralzcuadrada) ‘terminating decimal (decimal fnito) EXAMPLE 2 Solve each equation for x. (A 2 =289 |B e=1,000 x= 4V289 x= VT000 x=i17 x=10 The solutions are 17 and ~17. The solution is 10. EXAMPLE 3 Write all names that apply to each number. Wasa 5A ie a repeating decimal. rational, real a 8 Whole, integer, rational, real ove 13 16 a whole number that irrational, real isnota perfect equare.EXAMPLE 4 Order 6, 27, and 36 from least to greatest. 2mis approximately equal to 2 x 3.14, oF 6.28. 38 Is approximately 6.15 based on the following reasoning. V36, or =. (Lesson 1.3) 1. TES YT AE 18. 6+V8( \vb+8 19, W420 4 v2 Order the numbers from least to greatest. (Lesson 1.3) 20. V8I, 2,89 21, V7,255,3Gamr2p Exponents and Scientific () vocasuory Notation scenic notation (notacién cientifica) How can you use scientific notation to solve real-world problems? EXAMPLE 41 Write each measurement in scientific notation. ‘A The diameter of Earth at the equator is approximately 12,700 kilometers. Move the decimal point in 12,700 four places to the left: 127,000, 12,700 = 1.27 x 10* 'B The diameter of a human hair is approximately 0.00254 centimeters. Move the decimal point in 0.00254 three places to the right: 00025 4 0.00254 = 2.54 x 10-7 EXAMPLE 2 Find the quotient: 244 * 107 Divide the multipliers: 2.4 + 9.6 = 0.25 Divide the powers of ten: 2 = 107? = 10¢ Combine the answers and write the product in scientific notation. 0.25 x 10* = 0.25 x (10 x 10%) = (0.25 x 10) x 10°=2.5 x 10° EXERCISES Write each number in scientific notation. (Lessons 2.2, 2.3) 1. 25,500,000 2. 0.00734 Write each number in standard notation, (Lessons 2.2, 2.5) 3B. 5.23 x 10° 4 133 x 105 ‘Simplify each expression. (Lessons 2.1, 2.4) 5. (0-7) -5°+(8+ 37, 442) & (9-7 7. 3.2 x 10°+1.25 x 104+ 2.9.x 10° 8. (2,600)(3.24 x 104) Unit 1 61y 1, CAREERS IN MATH ! Astronomer Anastronomeris studying Proxima Centauri, which is the closest star to our Sun. Proxima Centauri Is 39,900,000,000,000,000 meters away. @. Write this distance in scientific notation. bb, Light travels at a speed of 3.0 x 10° m/s (meters per second). How ‘can you use this information to calculate the time in seconds it takes for light from Proxima Centauri to reach Earth? How many seconds does it take? Write your answer in scientific notation. . Knowing that 1 year = 3.1536 x 10’ seconds, how many years does It take for light to travel from Proxima Centauri to Earth? Write your answer in standard notation. Round your answer to two decimal places. 2. Cory is making a poster of common geometric shapes. He draws a square with a side of length 4* cm, an equilateral triangle with a height of 200 cm, a circle with a circumference of 81 cm, a rectangle with length 13 cm, and a parallelogram with base 3.14 cm. ‘@. Which of these numbers are irrational? 'b. Write the numbers in this problem in order from least to greatest. Approximate 1 as 3.14, ‘Explain why 3.14 is rational, but x is not,nen nent Rg Carey UNIT 1 MIXED REVIEW Assessment Readiness Selected Response 11. Asquare on a large calendar has an area of 4,220 square millimeters. Between which two integers is the length of one side of the square? ® between 20 and 21 millimeters ® between 64 and 65 millimeters © between 204 and 205 millimeters © between 649 and 650 millimeters 2. Which of the following numbers is rational but not an integer? @-9 ©o @ -43 ©3 3. Which statement is false? ® No integers are irrational numbers. @ All whole numbers are integers. © Allrational numbers are real numbers. © All integers are whole numbers. 4, In 2011, the population of Laos was about 6.586 x 10° people. What is this number written in standard notation? ® 6,586 people ® 658,600 people © 6,586,000 people © 65,860,000 people 5. Which of the following is not true? @ Vib+4>V445 @® 4n>12 © vie+2<% © 6—V35<0 T Personal [Math Trainer 6. Which number is between V50 and 527 @2 ©6 © 28 Or+3 7. Which number is indicated on the number line? ttt St tt tet tt 7°72 74 76 78 8 @rt4 Os © vi4+4 O78 8. Which of the following is the number 5.03 x 10° written in standard form? ® 503,000 © 50,300,000 © 0.00503 © 0.000503 9. Ina recent year, about 20,700,000 passengers traveled by train in the United States. What is this number written in scientific notation? ® 207 x 10' passengers © 2.07 x 10* passengers © 207 x 10” passengers © 2.07 x 10" passengers : 10. A quarter weighs about 0.025 pounds. What is this weight written in scientific notation? ® 25 x 10-* pounds @ 25 x 10' pounds © 25 x 10~ pounds © 25 x 10? pounds Unit 6311. Which fraction is equivalent to 0.45? @3 © ®3 On 12. What is the value of x ifx? = 367 ®} 5 @#8 O45 13. What is eau written in simplest form? @7 @21 ©#9 © 343 14. The total land area on Earth is about 6 x 10? square miles. The land area of Australia is about 3 x 10° square miles. ‘About how many times larger is the land area on Earth than the land area of Australia? @2 ®10 ©2 © ‘15. What is the value of the expression 83 x 10*— 25 x 10° 1.9 x 10* written in scientific notation? @ 39x10 ® 39x10" © 6.15 x 10° © 6.15 x 10* 16. What is the value of the expression (23 x 1071.4 x 10) written in scientific notation? @® 37x10 ® 37x10 © 0322 x 10 © 3.22x 10° 64° Unit 17. What is the value of /64? @®2 @4 ©s ©16 | Mini-Task 18. Amanda says that a human fingernail has a thickness of about 4.2 x10- meter. Justin says that a human fingernail has a thickness of about 0.42 millimeter. ‘a. What is the width in meters written in standard notation? b, Do Justin’s and Amanda's ‘measurements agree? Explain. c. Explain why Justin's estimate of the thickness of a human fingernail is more appropriate than Amanda's estimate. odin ec any