UNIT – III COHERENCE AND OPTICAL FIBRES SHAILESH KAPUR

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SYLLABUS
UNIT 3

COHERENCE AND OPTICAL FIBRE

• Spatial and temporal coherence, coherence length,
coherence time and Q factor for light, Visibility as a
measure of coherence, Spatial coherence and size of
source, Temporal coherence and spectral purity.
• Optical fiber as optical wave guide, Numerical aperture,
Maximum angle of acceptance and Application of
Optical fiber.

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COHERENCE:
When two or more light waves reaches to a point in space with a phase difference is about to zero and
minimum path difference from source and having same wavelength, frequency and amplitude then
these lights wave will be coherent to each other and this nature of light waves is known as COHERNCE.

The sources which emits coherent light wave to each other known as COHERNCE SOURCES.

TYPES OF COHERENCE:
1. TEMPORAL COHERENCE
2. SPATIAL COHERENCE

TEMPORAL COHERENCE:
In TEMPORAL COHERENCE there is a definite
relationship between the phase of waves at a
given instant of time.
However, there is no real source of light which
produces an ideal sinusoidal wave for longer
time. An excited electron emits photon
accurately sinusoidal wave for 10-10 sec. After
this time interval wave changes its phase
abruptly.

COHERNCE LENGTH AND COHERENCE TIME:

The average time interval for which definite phase
relationship exist is known as COHERENCE TIME (𝜏)
and the distance traveled by wave is called as
COHERNCE LENGTH (L).

𝑳= 𝝉 ×𝒄

Where 𝑐 = The speed of light

𝜏 = Coherence time 𝐿 = Coherence Length
Since we know PURITY OF SPECTRAL LINES Q is
𝝀
𝑸= 𝚫𝝀
𝟏
And Coherence time is 𝝉=
𝚫𝝂
𝑐
∴ 𝐿 = Δ𝜈
𝑐
And ∴ 𝜈=𝜆

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𝑐
Differentiating we will get Δ𝜈 = − Δ𝜆
𝜆2
𝝀𝟐 𝝀
∴ Coherence time 𝝉= And purity factor 𝑸 = 𝚫𝝀
𝒄 𝚫𝝀
SPATIAL COHERENCE
Spatial Coherence is a definite phase relationship
between two or more waves at two or more
points at certain distance from source.

Let us consider light wave emitted from a point

source and two point P1 and P2 are two points are
equidistance from the source S. If the waves
reach at points in same phase then these two
points will have perfect spatial coherence.

SPATIAL COHERENCE AND SIZE OF SOURCE

As shown in figure there are two slits S1 and S2 which are at
equidistance from source S. The distance between S1 and S2 is y.
The maximum value of y for source S1 and S2 remains coherent is

Since we know for diffraction 𝑎 sin 𝛼 = 𝑛 𝜆

If angle is very small then 𝑎 𝜶 ≈ 𝑛𝜆

𝜆
𝜶 ≈ 𝑛𝑎 𝑛 =1

𝜆
𝜶 ≈ ---------------(1)
𝑎

𝒚
from geometry 𝜽 = ∠𝑺𝟏 𝑺 𝑺𝟐 =
𝒙

𝒚
𝜽=𝒙 ---------------(2)

Now for slits 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 be COHERENT

𝜶 ≥ 𝜃 𝜃 ≤𝜶

From equation (1) and (2)

𝒚 𝜆 𝜆
𝒙
≤𝑎 𝒚 ≤𝑎 ×𝑥

𝝀 𝝀
𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙. = × 𝒙 or 𝑳 = ×𝒙
𝒂 𝒂

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𝝀
for circular aperture 𝑳𝒘 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐
𝜽

VISIBILITY AS A MEASURE OF COHERENCE:

The visibility of coherent sources can be defined as the ratio of difference between maximum intensity
ad minimum intensity to the sum of these intensities i.e.

𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑽=
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏

This ratio is a measure of the degree of coherence of light waves that produce the interference fringes.
If two waves of equal intensities superimpose in their entire length, they would result in zero minimum
intensity so we can say

𝑉=𝐼 Such waves are said to be in perfect coherence with each other and result in maxima
and minima of the highest degree of contrast.

If two waves do not overlap at all then 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 then 𝑉=0

Then no fringes are seen and the waves do not have any coherence.

Now let us consider two waves each of intensity 𝐼0 superimpose to each other. Each of them consists of
coherent part 𝐼𝑐 and incoherent part 𝐼𝑖𝑛𝑐 then

𝐼𝑐 = 𝐶 𝐼0 and 𝐼𝑖𝑛𝑐 = (1 − 𝐶) 𝐼0

Here 𝐶 = 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

When waves superimpose the coherent part should interfere adding there by their amplitude.

Since we know

For coherent part resultant amplitude= 𝐴 + 𝐴 = 2𝐴

And 𝐼 = (2𝐴)2 or 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4 𝐴2 or 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4 𝐼𝑐

𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4 𝐶 𝐼0

Similarly for incoherent part

𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 𝐼𝑖𝑛𝑐 + 𝐼𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2 𝐼𝑖𝑛𝑐

𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2 (1 − 𝐶) 𝐼0

𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 4 𝐶 𝐼0 −2 (1−𝐶) 𝐼0 4 𝐶 𝐼0

∵ 𝑉=
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛
∴𝑉= 4 𝐶 𝐼0 +2 (1−𝐶) 𝐼0
𝑉=
4 𝐼0
𝑽=𝑪

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OPTICAL FIBER
INTRODUCTION:
Fiber optics deals with light propagation through thin glass fibers. Fiber optics is an important and
revolutionary communication system to transmit voice and digital data signals from one place to
another. The transmission of lighnt along the thin glass fiber by unsing phenomena TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION (TIR).

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF OPTICAL FIBER:

The basic principle of optical fiber communication is transmission of optical signal using total internal
reflection.

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION:

When the light ray travels from denser medium to rarer medium the refracted ray bends away from the
norma. When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, the refracted ray reflects into the
same medium. This phnenomenon of reflection of light ray from a refractive surface is called as TOTAL
INTERNAL REFLECTION.

CONDITION OF TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION:

(1) Light should travel from denser to rarer medium
(2) Angle of incidence should be grater then critical angle (𝜃 > 𝜃𝑐 )

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OPTICAL FIBER
Optical fiber is a technology that uses glass, plastic, threads or fibres to transmit data. A fibre optic cable
consists of a bundle of glass threads which are protected by the outer covering of sevral jackets.

Optical fibres use light to carry digital signals and is based on the concept of total internal reflection. The
digital signal that is carried by the light is reflected inside the optical cable and hence transfers the
information.

For a particular case of an optical fibre whose core is made of glass which is bounded by a plastic
cladding the cirtical angle is 82° . Therefore the light when hits the plastic cladding at an angle more than
82° would be reflected back in the same medium, i.e., back to the glass core.

CONSTRUCTION: The optical fibre consists of three basic parts

1. CORE
2. CLADDING
3. JACKETS

CORE: Core is the innermost part of optical fibre basically made of glass of plastic and of
diameter of 80µm – 100µm. Signal transmission is performed in core.

CLADDING: It is coaxial cylindrical tube of diamete of 125µm- 150µm. made of material having
lower refractive index than core.

JACKET: The outer cylindrical coaxial tube made of plastic or polymer provided for
protection from enviornmental changes such as temperature, humidity, electrical and magnetic field or
jerks etc.

WORKING PRINCIPLE: When a light ray is incident at one end of the core of the fibre, because of the
small radius of fibre light ray going into the core makes an angle greater than the critical angle and total
internal reflection take place and light will be reflected back into the core. And so light ray repeated

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multiple reflections and propagtes along the fibre from one end to the other end, even if light is put in
curved zig-zag shape of fibre. Due to very high reflectivity at the core to cladding boundary, light can be
transmitted without any appreciable loss. In silica glass fibres more than 95% of the light is transmitted
over a distance of 1 Km. and due to this light to be transmitted over distances of nearly 250 Km without
significant loss.

To transimission of signal through optical fibre

(i) The core material should have higher refractive index (𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 ) than of the cladding material
(𝜇𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 ). i.e.

𝝁𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 > 𝝁𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒅

(ii) The angle of incidence should be greater than the critical angle. i.e.

𝜽𝒊 > 𝜽𝒄

CLASSIFICATION OF OPTIAL FIBRE:

There are several types of optical fibre availble, on the basis of theire uses we can classify optical fibre in
following types

BASED ON REFRACTIVE INDEX OF CORE MEDIUM

1. STEP INDEX OPTICAL FIBRE
2. GRADDED INDEX OPTICAL FIBRE

BASED ON MODE OF TRANSMISSION

1. MONO (SINGLE) MODE OPTICAL FIBRE
2. MULTIMODE OPTICAL FIBRE

STEP INDEX OPTICAL FIBRE: In Step Index fibers the refractive index of the core medium is
uniform and undergoes an abrupt change at the interface of core and cladding.

The transmitted optical signal will cross the fiber axis during every reflection at the core cladding
interface (Boundary). A light wave, which travel along the core and meets the cladding at an angle
greater than the critical angle (𝜃𝑐 ) will be gone through the phenomena total internal reflection. This
reflected ray will then meet the opposite surface of the cladding, again at the same angle i.e. greater
than critical angle and so is again total interrnally reflected. So, the light wave is transmitted along the
fibre core in a zig-zag path.

STEP INDEX MONOMODE OPTICAL FIBRE: When a single light wave propagate through a

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step index optical fibre in a single time then this kind of fibre is known as Step Index Monomode Optical
Fibre.

STEP INDEX MULTIMODE OPTICAL FIBRE: When multiple light waves of different
frequency and energy propagate along the step index optical fibre then this kind of optical fibre is
known as Multimode Optical Fibre.

The various light waves, travelling along the core, will have propagation paths of different length, so
they will take different time to reach at another end (receiver). Then a distortion is produced which is
called transit- time dispersion. Due to this distortion, the variations of successive pulse of light may
overlap into each other causing distortion of the information being carried.

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GRADED INDEX OPTICAL FIBRE: The graded index optical fibre has refractive index of
core decreases in a parabolic manner from a maximum value at the centre of the core to a constant
value at the core-cladding interface.

To understand the propagation of signals through

graded index optic fibre (GRIN), consider individual
light wave is being gradually refracted in the
graded index core instead of being TIR by the
cladding. So the waves travelling at differenct
incidence angle will travel a different distances
from the horizontal central axisbefore being TIR
from any layer of graded core medium.

It is clear from diagrams that signals with larger

incidence angles travel more path than those
signal with smaller angles. But as we know that the
decrease of refractive index allows a higher
velocity of propagation. So, all the waves will reach a given point along the fibre at virtually same time.

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ACCEPTANCE ANGLE AND NUMERICAL APERTURE:

From figure

Applying laws of refraction at point A

sin 𝑖 𝜇2
=
sin 𝑟 𝜇1

sin 𝜃0 𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
sin(90− 𝜃𝑐 )
= 𝜇0

𝜇0 sin 𝜃0 = 𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 sin(90 − 𝜃𝑐 )

𝜇0 sin 𝜃0 = 𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 cos 𝜃𝑐 ---------------(1)

𝜇0 sin 𝜃0 = 𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 √(1 − sin2 𝜃𝑐 ) ---------------(2)

Applying laws of refraction at point B

sin 𝑖 𝜇2
sin 𝑟
= 𝜇1
Here : 𝑖 = 𝜃𝑐 𝑟 = 90° 𝜇2 = 𝜇𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝜇1 = 𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒

sin 𝜃𝑐 𝜇𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑
sin 90°
= 𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒
or 𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 sin 𝜃𝑐 = 𝜇𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 ---------------(3)

𝜇
Or sin 𝜃𝑐 = 𝜇𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 ---------------(4)
𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒

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Putting this value in eqaution (2)

𝜇 2
𝜇0 sin 𝜃0 = 𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 √(1 − (𝜇𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 ) )
𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒

𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 (𝜇2 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 −𝜇2 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 )

sin 𝜃0 = 𝜇0
√ 𝜇2 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒

2 2
𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 √(𝜇 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 −𝜇 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 )
sin 𝜃0 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒

√(𝜇2 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 −𝜇2 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 )

sin 𝜃0 = 𝜇0

If the optical fibre is placed in air 𝜇0 = 1

sin 𝜃0 = √(𝜇2 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 − 𝜇2 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 ) Or 𝜽𝟎 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 √(𝝁𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 − 𝝁𝟐 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒅 )

NUMERICAL APERTURE

N. A. = sin 𝜃0 = √(𝜇2 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 − 𝜇2 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 )

Numerical aperture is a measure of gathering of light in optical fibre.

N. A. = √(𝜇2 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 − 𝜇2 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 )

N. A. = √(𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 + 𝜇𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 ) (𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 − 𝜇𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 )

N. A. = √2 𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 (𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 − 𝜇𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 )

(𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 − 𝜇𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 )
N. A. = √2 𝜇2 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝜇𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒

𝐍. 𝐀. = 𝝁𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 √𝟐 ∆ here 𝝁𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 + 𝝁𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒅 ≈ 𝟐 𝝁𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆

(𝝁𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆 − 𝝁𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒅 )
And = ∆ = 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒙
𝝁𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆

APPLICATION OF OPTICAL FIBRE DO YOURSELF FROM BOOK

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