Basics of a Scaffold

A scaffold is an elevated platform used for working at height.

Parts of a Scaffold
 Sole plate.
 Base plate.
 Adjustable base jack.
 Base lift or kicker lift.
 Tubes.
 Standards or posts.
 Ledgers or runners.
 Transom or bearer.
 Bracing.
 Scaffolding coupler or clamp.
 Ladder.
 Scaffold plank.
 Platform.
 top rail
 Mid rail.
 Toe board.
 Ladder.
 False upright.
 Drop bar.
 Rope.
 Pulley.
 Lifting bag.
 Putlog.
 Bridle.
 Racker, etc.

Sole Plate
  Sole plate is used for load distributing.
 Large pieces of metal or wood put under the base plate to spread the load over a
wide surface area when the scaffold is erected on soft ground.
 Its size must be 300 mm * 300 mm * 6 mm.
 Use under every base plate where the foundation surface is soil or on soft ground.
Base Plate

 Base plate used for distributed load.

 Small square metal plate that the standard rest on to prevent them to sinking into
the ground.
 Size of the base plate must be 150mm * 150 mm * 6 mm.
 It is placed under every scaffold except mobile scaffold (Because mobile scaffold has
wheels called castors).
 It has a centre circular spigot (called shunk) at least 75 mm high and circumference
of spigot should be equal to 80% of the circumference of pipe so only 20 % margin
left there for the free movement of pipe fitted on shunk.

Adjustable Base Plate With Screw Jack

The adjustable screw jack is mounted on a stable base and contains a large adjustable screw for moving
scaffolding up and down. After scaffolding is built, use base jack scaffold to level the working
platform before use.

Standards or Post: Standards are placed in a vertical position from the ground up on to a baseplate
which is a scaffolding part that helps spread the weight.
 Standard should be perpendicular.
 The whole weight of the scaffold is the on standard.
 Maximum space between two standard is 2 meters.
For general scaffolding works e.g. painting and decorating, each upright standard should be
placed a maximum of 2m apart. For heavy duty works where there is a heavy load going to
be placed on the working platform then the standards should be at a maximum distance of
1.8m apart and this is generally called the bay length(Length between two scaffold
standards).

Scaffold ledgers (Runners)

What is a scaffolding ledger? Ledgers are run horizontally between each standard along the
length of the scaffolding and this provides additional weight distribution and support to the
structure. The ledger runs parallel to the wall of the scaffold. The location of a ledger
specifies the height of the working platform excluding the very first row of ledgers
nearest the ground which is sometimes referred to as a ‘kicker lift’.
{N/B: Kicker lift = Base lift – Lift Height}
Note:
 Ledger should be 180°.
 These are the horizontal members parallel to the wall.
 Ledgers should be fixed inside the standards.
 Only fix clamp or Right angle coupler used to join standards and ledgers
(Because it is a load bearing coupler).
 Two joints of ledgers do not come together in same bay.
 Use box clamp to join two ledgers or otherwise known as sleeve coupler.
 The vertical distance between two ledgers is not more than 1.8 meters.
 The first ledger known as kicker lift.
 Minimum overhang from standard is 50mm.
 Maximum overhang from standard is 150mm.

Scaffolding transoms (Bearers)? Transoms tubes are scaffolding components that are
fixed along each bay on top of the ledger at a right angle running from the back to the front
of the structure which identifies the bay width (distance between two adjacent ledger or
the length of the transom gives the bay width). The main transom gives support to the
standards by holding them in place as well as offering support for the boards. Intermediate
transoms are also used for additional supporting of the boards and these should be spaced
out no more than 1.2m throughout the bay.

Note:
 Transoms are putlogs, but their ends are supported on the ledgers.
 Place the transom inside the standard and over the ledgers.
 Transom must be fitted with fix clamp.
 Transom pipe is to be installed every 1.5 meter below the platform.
 Minimum over hang from ledger is must be 50mm.
 Maximum over hang from ledger is must be 150mm.
 Minimum overhang from transom is 50mm.
 Plank sit on transom which bear the weight of working platform

Drilled wall ties: It is used for tying scaffold.

Difference between a Bay Length and a Bay Width

In scaffolding, bay length and bay width are used to refer to different dimensions of the
scaffold structure.

Bay length: It is the horizontal distance between two standards or uprights of the scaffold.

Bay width: in scaffold refers to the distance between two adjacent ledgers or horizontal
members of the scaffold.

Kicker lift:
The vertical distance measured from ground to the center of first ledger, normally this
distance is 150 mm from ground and provided when scaffold is more than 6.0m height
or scaffold carrying heavy load. It is also known as foot lift”, “foot tie”.

Difference between Base lift and Kicker lift

The main difference between base lift and kicker lift is that base lift is used to adjust the
height and level of the scaffolding while kicker lift is used to provide lateral support and
prevent tipping of the scaffolding. Both base lift and kicker lift are important components
of scaffolding, and they must be properly installed and secured to ensure worker safety. It
is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and OSHA regulations when using
these components.

Bracing: A rigid connection that holds one scaffold member in a fixed position with respect
to another member, or to a building or structure. Bracing is a diagonally tube fixed on the
standards that make the scaffold structure strong and stable.
Scaffolding coupler or clamp:
Join two scaffold tubes to each other to assemble a scaffold. Some couplers are given
below.

Fix clamp: used to join scaffold tubes (standards and ledgers) at right angle. It is the load
bearing coupler. It is also known as Right angle coupler or double coupler

 Load capacity of A class is -610kg, B class is -910 kg.

 Join two pipes at 90°.
Swivel Coupler: Enables two scaffold tubes to be connected together at any angle, they
are used mainly for diagonal bracing.
 Load capacity of A class is 610 kg, and B class is 910 kg.
 Join two pipes in any degrees.

Sleeve coupler or Box clamp: It is used to join two scaffold tubes (standards or ledgers)
together. It has a load capacity of 550kg

Ladder clamp: Used in pairs to secure a ladder to a scaffolding. It Load capacity

550kg.
Treadboard: It is used for constructing the scaffold platform.

Castol Wheel: It is used in the construction of mobile scaffold

Putlog Coupler: Used to secure putlog or transom to coupler.

Mushroom coupler: It is used to secure the working platform to the transom of

the scaffold.
Wire: It is used to secure and tighten any moving or loose parts in scaffold.
Access Ladder: It is secured to the scaffold to provide means of access between
lift.
Coupler cover: It is used to protect scaffold users from grazing the exposed
corners of couplers.
Pipe-end Cover: This protects the steel and aluminum scaffolding pipes from
damage and debris. It also protects from grazing the exposed end of the pipe.
Joint Pin: It is used to connect scaffold tubes from inside of your scaffolding pipes.
The joint pin or spigot is inserted into the end of the scaffold tubes and a centre
bolt is tightened.

Top rail:
 The top rail height must be 1050 mm or 105cm. (i.e., 950 mm to 1200 mm).
Or approximately 42 inch (3.5ft or 105cm) according to OSHA.
Mid rail:
 Mid rail height must be 20-30 inches (1.7-2.5ft) or 500-750 mm or 50cm-
75cm.
Toe board:
 This is a board placed parallel to the ledger and supported between
the putlogs.
 Height must be 4-6 inches or 0.33ft-1/2ft or (10-15 cm or 100mm-150mm).
 It is provided to prevent fall loose material from the platform.

False upright:
 It is a vertical pipe which is fitted with ledger, mid rail, and top rail.
 Minimum length of false upright should be 1.5 meter.
Drop bar:
 It is works like a door or gate.
 Drop bar is fitted in false upright with swivel clamp.
 Gate size must be 1000mm*600mm.

Catwalk: It is used to construct the working platform

 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A SCAFFOLD INSPECTOR

Some common duties and responsibilities of a scaffold inspector include:

1. Inspect scaffold systems: The primary function of a scaffold inspector is to

inspect different types of scaffold systems to ensure they are safe for use.
2. Identification of hazards and Risks: Identify potential hazards and
risks associated with the scaffolding system and develop or implement
strategies to minimize risk to personnel, materials, and equipment.
3. Check Scaffolding Compliance: Ensures scaffolding system is in
compliance with the relevant safety standards, including OSHA and local
safety regulations.
4. Report and record safety findings: Record observations made during
inspection and provide recommendations concerning remedial measures,
repairs, and modifications required to ensure continued safe use of the
scaffolding.
5. Communicate Inspections Results: Communicate scaffolding inspection
results with relevant parties, including supervisors, workers, and project
owners; document the precautionary and remedial measures required to
ensure safety, and plan subsequent scaffold inspections.
6. Advise and Train Contractors: Offer advice and professional guidance to
contractors on current safety regulations and best practices for setting up,
using, and inspecting scaffolding systems.

SCAFFOLDING SAFETY AND RELATED GUIDELINES

1. Follow OSHA Regulations: Before setting up scaffolding on a construction site,

construction workers must follow all OSHA regulations and requirements. OSHA requires
employers to provide a safe work environment for workers, provide training, and ensure
that employees have the proper equipment and PPE (Personal Protective Equipment).
2. Ensure proper Scaffolding Setup: Ensure that scaffolding is properly installed and
erected by competent personnel. Scaffolds must be constructed to support four times the
maximum intended load, and workers should not exceed the scaffolding's load capacity. The
scaffold should also be level, with stable footing and a secure foundation.

3. Ensure the Use Secure Scaffold Planking: Only use scaffold planks that meet OSHA
requirements for thickness and are free from damage, split ends, or warping.

4. Regular Inspection of Scaffolds: Regularly inspect scaffold systems before each work
shift and after any alterations to the scaffold system. The inspector should check for signs of
damage, malfunctioning parts, and the stability of parts.

5. Regular Maintenance and Repairs: Actively maintain scaffolds by cleaning and

repairing any damaged components or parts. Ensure that all parts (e.g., planks, braces) are
in good condition.

6. Proper Use of Fall Protection: Ensure that all workers are equipped with the proper fall
protection equipment, including safety belts, harnesses, lanyards, and anchorages. Scaffold
systems should also include guardrails to prevent falls.

7. Pay attention to Weather Conditions: Monitor weather conditions, such as high

winds, heavy rain, or snow, which can destabilize scaffold systems.

8. Avoid electrical cables: Avoid power lines by leaving at least 10 feet of clearance
between electrical hazards and the scaffold. Shut off power to the line if the distance
must be less than 10 feet.

9. Train all employees: Train workers who use scaffolds to recognize, control, and
reduce hazards. Teach proper setup, use, and handling of materials taking into
account the intended load and type of scaffold used.

10. Build properly

Follow the manufacturer’s instructions when building a scaffold. Platforms are fully
planked, decked, and have proper guardrails, midrails, and toeboards along the open
sides.
 Guardrails are secure and have top-rails installed at 38-45 inches above
the platform.
 Bracing is placed crosswise along the vertical distance of the scaffold to help
support and hold heavier loads.
 Mid-rails are installed between the top-rail and 20-30 inches above the
work platform.
 Toe board are installed 4-6 inches (10-15 cm or 100mm-150mm).
 Footings are on level, solid ground, and can support the loaded scaffold.
 Guying ties (cables) are installed according to the manufacturer’s recommendation
or when the base reaches a height ratio of 4:1 to prevent tipping.
N/B: (1inch = 25mm; 1ft = 12 inches; 1cm = 10cm)

WHAT IS THE LOAD CAPACITY THAT SCAFFOLDS MUST SUPPORT?

According to OSHA, the load capacity that scaffolds must support depends on the type
of scaffold used, as well as the intended use of the scaffold.

For instance, the following OSHA standards apply:

1. Scaffolds that are used to support workers only should support at least four times
the intended load, which includes the weight of the platform, workers, materials, and any
equipment used on the scaffold.

2. Scaffolds that are used to support suspended loads, such as building materials or
tools, should support at least six times the intended load.

3. Scaffolds that are used for a small number of loads that are not intended to be
supported at once, such as those used for bricklaying, should support at least three times
the intended load.

WHAT ARE THE SAFETY MEASURES FOR DESIGNING, ERECTING, INSPECTION AND
DISMANTLING SCAFFOLDING?

Scaffolding is a key part of many construction projects, and it's important that it is designed,
erected, inspected, and dismantled carefully to ensure worker safety. Here are some safety
measures that should be followed for each step of the scaffolding process:

Designing:

1. Ensure that the design of the scaffold complies with all applicable safety regulations
and standards, including OSHA standards and ANSI/ASSE A10.8 standards.

2. Evaluate the site conditions to determine the type of scaffold needed, taking into
account factors such as load capacity, wind loads, and surface conditions.
3. Consult with a qualified engineer or other design professional as necessary to ensure
the design meets all necessary safety requirements.

Erecting:

1. Ensure that the soil or base on which the scaffold is erected is capable of supporting
the scaffold and its intended load.

2. Erect the scaffold according to the manufacturer's instructions and all applicable safety
regulations and standards.

3. Ensure the scaffold is erected on squared, levelled and plumbed surface and
properly supported.

4. Install guardrails and toe boards to prevent falls.

Inspection:

1. Inspect the scaffold before each work shift and after any modifications to ensure it
remains in a safe and stable condition.

2. Have a qualified individual inspect the scaffold periodically to ensure it remains in

compliance with all applicable safety regulations and standards, such as OSHA standards
and ANSI/ASSE A10.8 standards.

3. Immediately repair any damaged or worn components or replace them as necessary.

4. Monitor weather conditions that may affect the safety of the scaffold.

5. Ensure the scaffold is properly secured to prevent it from tipping or collapsing.

Dismantling:

1. Dismantle the scaffold only after a qualified person determines it is safe to do so.

2. Do not start dismantling until all materials and equipment have been removed from the
scaffold.

3. Dismantle the scaffold in the reverse order of its construction, taking care to avoid
damaging components or parts.

4. Ensure the scaffold is dismantled only by trained personnel.

 WHAT IS WIND LOAD CAPACITY?

Wind load capacity is the maximum amount of pressure or force that a structure, such as a
building or scaffolding, can withstand from wind loads without experiencing deformation or
failure. Wind load capacity is a crucial factor to consider during the design phase of a
structure to ensure safety and stability.

WHAT IS THE WIND LOAD OF A SCAFFOLD?

The wind load on a scaffold depends on several factors, including the height of the
scaffold, the surface area of the scaffold, and the velocity of the wind at the worksite.

According to OSHA standards (29 CFR 1926.451), scaffolds, and their components, must be
designed to support their own weight and at least four times the maximum intended load.
The OSHA wind load capacity requirements depend on the height of the scaffold and the
wind speed.

For example, a scaffold that is higher than 125 feet requires a wind load capacity of at least
27 psf (pounds per square foot) for 90 mph winds.

Scaffolds that are lower than 125 feet have a wind load capacity of at least 20 psf for 75
mph winds.

The wind load is calculated as a force applied perpendicular to the scaffold surface, and it
can affect the stability of the scaffold. Scaffolds that are not designed to withstand the
correct wind load can become unstable, risking collapse and danger to workers and anyone
else in the area.

WHAT IS THE MAXIMUM WIND SPEED FOR WORKING SAFELY ON SCAFFOLDING?

There are no set rules as to when work at a height should be stopped because of strong
winds. Experts even differ in opinion, with recommended wind speeds ranging from 18
MPH, right through to 40 MPH. The nominated individual with the authority to shut down
must use strong judgement, and remember that winds in excess of 23 MPH will affect a
worker’s balance, especially when working at a height.

PERSONAL FALL ARREST SYSTEM (PFAS) AND HOW TO CALCULATE FALL DISTANCE

A Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) is a safety equipment system designed to protect
workers from falling when working at heights. A typical PFAS consists of an anchorage
point, a body harness, and a lanyard or lifeline that connects the harness to the anchorage
point. If a worker falls, the system will activate and arrest their fall before they reach the
ground, reducing the risk of injury.

To ensure that a PFAS is protective, it is important to calculate the fall distance correctly
and choose the correct equipment. Fall distance is the distance that a worker could fall
before the PFAS activates and stops their fall. The fall distance is calculated by adding the
length of the lanyard or lifeline, plus the length of the shock absorber if one is being
used, plus the height of the worker above the ground or the next lower level.
For example, if a worker is using a lanyard that is 6 feet long, a shock absorber that is 2 feet
long, and working at a height of 20 feet, the fall distance is calculated as follows:

Fall distance = Lanyard length + Shock absorber length + height above ground

Fall distance = 6ft + 2ft + 20ft

Fall distance = 28ft

In this scenario, the PFAS must be able to arrest a fall within 28 feet to prevent the worker
from hitting the ground.

ALTERNATIVELY:

FALL PROTECTION CALCULATIONS

Calculating fall clearance takes the following factors into account:

The length of the connector including deceleration distance.
The length of the worker’s body.
An adequate safety factor.
Deceleration distance is the vertical distance a worker travels between the activation of the
fall arrest system’s deceleration device and the final fall arrest (stop). A deceleration device,
often referred to as an energy or shock absorber, is any mechanism that serves to
dissipate energy during a fall. Deceleration distance cannot exceed 42 inches (3.5 feet).

Assume that a six-foot worker is wearing a body harness attached to a six-foot connector
with a deceleration device. The connector is attached to the body harness’s dorsal D-ring
and a suitable anchorage point. The following calculation provides the fall clearance
distance requirement.
Based on this example, the worker must ensure that the anchorage point is at least 18.5 feet
above the lower level, obstruction, or dangerous machinery or equipment. If adequate
clearance is not available, the worker should choose another suitable anchor point or
consider using equipment such as an aerial lift, scaffold, or fall restraint system. A shorter
connector may also decrease the required clearance distance.

Please take the time to make sure employees understand the importance of evaluating fall
clearance. Failure to understand this basic concept is like bungee jumping with a bungee
cord that is too long.
How well do you know the components of a personal fall arrest system?

1. Full-body harness - Personal protective body wear consisting of straps worn around
the shoulders, tights, buttocks, and hips
2. Body belt - Wrapped around a worker's waist; used as a positioning device only
3. Lanyard - Short, flexible lines made of rope, high-tensile webbing or steel cables that
join the full-body harness to a secure anchorage point
4. Anchorage point - A secure point of attachment for a PFAS
5. Self-Retracting lifeline - A type of deceleration device that allows freedom of
movement with an automatic brake system to limit free fall distance

The three basic components of a personal fall arrest system (PFAS) are:

-Approved anchorage point

-Full body harness
-Connecting device

An anchorage point must be capable of supporting pounds per worker attached.

5,000 lb

A personal fall arrest system (PFAS) is designed to a person in a fall from a

working level.

Arrest

A full-body harness:

-Personal protective body wear

-Made of straps worn around the shoulders, thighs, buttocks and hips
-The only acceptable body-holding device for a PFAS

An acceptable anchorage point for a personal fall arrest system must be:

-Independent of the means to support or suspend the worker

-Reachable without exposing worker to hazards
-Located to prevent contact with a lower level hazard in a fall

The height of the anchorage point must allow the fall arrest system to reduce free fall
to no more than: 6 feet

The type of connecting device you use depends on the:

-Potential fall distance
-Total weight of the worker with tools
-Work being preformed

Shock-absorbing lanyards are designed to absorb up to percent of the stopping

force of a regular lanyard

80%

A rope grab is:

A device that uses friction to arrest a fall

SCAFFOLDING SAFETY TAGS

Scaffolding tags help identify whether or not a scaffold is safe to use. A competent
person (as defined by OSHA) must inspect and tag the scaffold structure. There are
three different types of scaffolding tags:

Green scaffold tags— if you see a green tag on a scaffold, a competent person has
inspected it and verified it is safe for use. Each access point should have a green tag
after the completed initial inspection.
Yellow scaffold tags—Yellow tags indicate that scaffolds have undergone modifications
to their structure or components to fulfill particular work requirements. However, these
changes have the potential to introduce new hazards or risks. The yellow tags outline
special safety precautions or usage guidelines that all users must follow.
Red scaffold tags— if you see a red tag, it means there is danger and the scaffold is
unsafe for use. Workers often use these tags when they’re erecting or dismantling the
scaffold.

TYPE OF SCAFFOLD SYSTEM & THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

Suspended Scaffolding

All scaffolding can be sorted into two main categories: suspended scaffolding or supported scaffolding.
Suspended scaffolding consists of platforms that are suspended from above, usually a rooftop, by non-
rigid materials like ropes or wires.

Suspended scaffolding is preferred for reaching the tops of tall buildings, for which supported
scaffolding may be too expensive and time-consuming to construct. However, weight limits are a
concern and horizontal reach may be limited. Suspended scaffolding can also be dangerous to use in
high winds, as a swaying platform can snap the support lines.

1. Catenary Scaffolding

In catenary scaffolding, ropes or wires hang from a structure above. These vertical wires or ropes
connect to two ropes or wires running horizontally and parallel to the structure. A platform rests on the
horizontal ropes or wires.

Catenary scaffolding is not mobile, so it can’t be adjusted to a different height or easily moved to reach a
new area.

2. Float Scaffolding

Fixed-length ropes or wires hanging from a support beam running parallel to the structure. The ropes or
wires support the two ledgers that support the platform.

Like catenary scaffolding, float scaffolding is not mobile. It is also referred to as ship scaffolding.
3. Interior Hung Scaffolding

Interior hung scaffolding is exactly like float scaffolding, but the ropes or wires hang from two parallel
support beams running parallel to the structure instead of one.

4. Two-Point (Swing Stage) Scaffolding

The most common type of suspended scaffolding, two-point (swing stage) scaffolding consists of a
platform supported at either end by ropes or wires, which can be moved up and down.

When you see scaffolding hanging on the side of skyscrapers, this is usually two-point (swing stage)
scaffolding.

5. Multilevel Scaffolding
Multilevel scaffolding is suspended from the structure by ropes or wires, each of which supports a
ladder that faces perpendicular to the structure. A platform runs between the two ladders, resting on
the rungs.

Unlike all other types of suspended scaffolding, if the ladders are long enough, multiple platforms can
rest on them to create multiple layers.

6. Multipoint Adjustable Scaffolding

In multipoint adjustable scaffolding, a platform is suspended from overhead by four ropes, usually in
each corner of the platform. However, unlike the other types of suspended scaffolding we’ve discussed
so far, it can be raised or lowered to the desired height, making it more flexible than the others.

Due to its ability to change the height, this type of scaffolding is frequently used in stacks, tanks, silos
and chimneys.
7. Needle Beam Scaffolding

Needle beam scaffolding gets its name from needle beams, which are attached perpendicularly to the
structure itself using putlogs. The beams are supported on the outside edge by ropes or wires that hang
from above. The platform then rests on top of the needle beams.

8. Cantilever Scaffolding: Cantilever scaffolding is used when the ground cannot support a scaffolding
structure or when there isn’t room for the platforms at lower levels.

Cantilever scaffolding is similar to needle beam scaffolding in that needle beams are inserted into the
structure itself and usually anchored to the floor inside the building. However, instead of running
perpendicularly to the structure like in needle beam scaffolding, they run at an angle to support the
standards that run vertically and parallel to the structure.

9. Single-point Adjustable Scaffolding

If you’ve seen a solo window washer cleaning a skyscraper, you’ve probably seen them in single-point
adjustable scaffolding. This type of scaffolding is similar to multipoint adjustable scaffolding except it is
suspended by one rope or wire instead of multiple. This type of scaffolding is also referred to as
Boats-wain scaffolding, in reference to the suspended chair a boatswain uses to inspect the side of
the ship.

Supported Scaffolding

The second category of scaffolding is support scaffolding, which consists of platforms that are supported
by standards anchored to the ground in some way. In other words, they are built up from the ground.

Supported scaffolding is sturdy, and some types have no limit to the number of layers you can create.
However, they can be challenging to use in instances where the ground is uneven or if the footprint at
the base is limited due to a roadway.

10. Frame Scaffolding

Frame scaffolding, also known as fabricated scaffolding, is the most common type of supported
scaffolding because it is economical, easy to set up and tear down, and the most versatile.

Residential contractors and painters favor frame scaffolding.

11. Ladder Jack Scaffolding

One of the simplest types of scaffolding available, a ladder jack scaffold uses two or more leaning
ladders, which are placed against a structure at an angle. Brackets are attached to the ladder to reach
perpendicularly to the structure. A platform (or sometimes just another ladder) rests on top of the
brackets parallel to the structure.

Only light loads should be carried on ladder jack scaffolding.

12. Mast Climber Scaffolding

If you have a heavy load, a mast climber scaffold is best. A vertical structure that looks like a ship’s mast
is anchored to the ground and a large power-operated platform moves up and down the mast. For
larger platforms, two masts may be used.

13. Mobile (Manual or Propelled) Scaffolding

This is the only type of scaffolding that is easily moved on the ground rather than up and down. Four
standards are connected with ledgers and guardrails, and a platform rests about halfway up the
standards. Each standard has a wheel with locks on it — the scaffold should only be used when the
wheels are locked to prevent injury. The scaffolding can be moved manually from the ground or may
have a motor to move it from the platform.

14. Pole/Wood Pole Scaffolding

Pole scaffolding refers to any scaffolding design that utilizes wood for every structural component. With
the exception of bamboo scaffolding, which is used predominantly in Asia, steel scaffolding has replaced
pole scaffolding because it is safer, reusable, and stronger.

15. Trestle Scaffolding

Instead of using standards as support, step ladders or tripods provide the support for a platform to
create trestle scaffolding. Unlike other supported scaffolds, trestle scaffolding can only have one level.
16. Tube and Coupler Scaffolding

Tube and coupler scaffolding, also known as patented scaffolding or systems scaffolding, consists of a
set of prefabricated pieces that are easily held together with couplers.

Scaffolding Alternatives

If you need to gain height but are wary of scaffolding or don’t have the space for it, consider the
following scaffolding alternatives.

Scissor Lifts

Scissor lifts are a type of mobile support scaffolding that consists of a motorized base on wheels and a
platform that moves vertically on a series of crossbeams that resemble a pair of scissors.

Some scissor lifts can be driven from the platform while it is raised, while others can only be moved
when the platform is lowered. In most cases, the controls to raise the platform are on the platform
itself, so the person on the scaffold can control its location without the need for an additional person.
Aerial Lifts

Aerial lifts are also supported scaffolding and consist of any lift type that does not use the scissors beam
structure. They are often referred to as bucket, boom, tower or vertical lifts. Like scissor lifts, they are on
wheels and the control panel is on the platform so it can be operated by one person.

WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF SCAFFOLDS TERMINOLOGY?

When selecting scaffolding terminology, several criteria should be considered to ensure the
scaffold is suitable and safe for the intended use. Some of the key criteria include:

1. Load capacity: The scaffold should be able to support the weight of workers, tools,
and materials without collapsing or buckling under the load. The load capacity should be
calculated based on the maximum expected load.

2. Height: The scaffold should be tall enough to reach the required working height, with
consideration given to the type of work being performed. For example, a scaffold used
for painting may not need to be as tall as a scaffold used for construction or roof repair.

3. Stability: The scaffold should have a solid base and be stable enough to prevent tipping
or swaying. It should be adequately braced and secured to prevent it from moving or falling.

4. Accessibility: The scaffold should provide easy and safe access to the working area. It
should have ladders, stairs, or other access points that are properly secured and stable.

5. Cost: The scaffold should be reasonably priced, taking into consideration its
quality, durability, and suitability for the intended purpose.
6. Material: The scaffold material should be durable, safe, and appropriate for the
work environment.

7. Safety features: The scaffold should have safety features such as guardrails, toeboards,
and safety nets to prevent falls and protect workers from injury.

8. Installation and removal: The scaffold should be easy to install and remove, with clear
instructions provided for assembly and disassembly.

9. Maintenance: The scaffold should be easy to maintain and repair, with replacement parts
readily available.

CLASSIFICATION OF SCAFFOLDS

Scaffold Classification As per BS EN 12811

Maximum bay Safe Working Maximum transom spacing

Load Class
length load Kn/m² or scaffold width

Very light
2.7m 0.75Kn 1.2m
duty

Light duty 2.4m 1.5Kn 1.2m

General
2.1m 2.0Kn 1.2m
purpose

Heavy duty 1.8m 3.0Kn 0.9m

Special Needs to be Needs to be

Needs to be designed
purpose designed designed
 RECOMMENDED ASSEMBLY PROCEDURES

Proper assembly procedures for scaffolds are critical to ensure that the scaffold is stable,
secure, and safe for workers to use. Here are some recommended assembly procedures for
scaffolds:

1. Select the appropriate scaffold system based on the job requirements, site
conditions, and materials to be used. Consult manufacturer instructions and guidelines.

2. Set up the scaffold base on level ground away from any potential hazards.

3. Inspect scaffolding materials, component parts, and hardware before assembly.

Damaged or defective parts must be immediately replaced before the scaffold is used.

4. Assemble the scaffold pieces according to manufacturer instructions and in compliance

with relevant safety regulations.

5. Secure the scaffold to the building or structure with tiebacks or other approved
anchoring systems, keeping in mind the weight-bearing requirements for the scaffold.

6. Erect guardrails and toe-boards on all open sides of the scaffold to prevent falls.

7. Ensure workers use appropriate PPE while assembling the scaffold such as hard hats,
gloves, and fall protection when required.

8. Use ladders or stairways to access the scaffold levels, and make sure they are
properly installed, secured, and maintained.

9. Frequently inspect and maintain scaffolds to ensure they are safe and secure for
workers to use.

10. Disassemble the scaffold as per manufacturer instructions. Begin taking down the
scaffold from the top level and work downward in a controlled manner.

Scaffolds should only be assembled by competent personnel who have received proper
training and certification. Adequate safety measures should be followed throughout the
installation, use, and dismantling of scaffolds. By following these recommended assembly
procedures, it helps ensure scaffolds are assembled correctly and function safely.
DRAWING, MATERIAL CALCULATION AND CALCULATING LOADS

Drawing, material calculation, and calculating loads are critical steps in

designing and building scaffolds.

1. Drawings: Scaffolding drawings should be prepared before erecting the scaffold to

ensure that all the components fit together correctly. Drawings should include a
detailed plan showing the position of all the scaffolding components, including
baseplates, standards, ledgers, braces, and platforms. The drawings should also
indicate the height, width, and length of the scaffold, as well as any special
requirements, such as cantilevers.

2. Material calculation: Material calculation for scaffolding involves calculating the

quantity of materials required to erect a scaffold. Material calculation depends on the
height and width of the scaffold, as well as the expected load capacity. Common
materials used in scaffold erection include tubes, couplers, boards, and safety
equipment. Material calculation ensures you have enough materials to complete the
job.

3. Calculating loads: Load calculation is critical to ensure that the scaffold can
handle the expected loads safely. The loads include the weight of workers, tools, and
materials on the scaffold. Load calculation takes into account the capacity of each
component of the scaffold, as well as the overall capacity of the scaffold. The load
rating of the platform and the working load capacity of the scaffold must be
determined by a competent person to ensure that the scaffold can safely carry the
intended weight.

Calculating the load capacity of Scaffolding

To calculate the load capacity of our scaffolding, we utilize a straightforward formula. The load
capacity is determined by dividing the scaffold weight capacity by the sum of the maximum
intended load and the weight of the scaffold itself. The scaffold weight capacity is specified by
the manufacturer and prominently marked on the scaffold for easy reference.
To illustrate the formula, let’s break it down:
Load Capacity = Scaffold Weight Capacity / (Maximum Intended Load + Weight of
Scaffold)

Calculating the Safe Working Load of Scaffolding

When calculating the safe working load (SWL) for our scaffolding systems, we
consider several key factors to guarantee optimal performance and adherence to safety
regulations.

To determine the SWL, we take into account the scaffold weight capacity, maximum
intended load, scaffold weight, and a safety factor. A safety factor of at least 2 is
applied to the scaffold load capacity to ensure robust support for the intended load.
This means that the maximum load placed on the scaffolding should not exceed half
of its load capacity.

To calculate the SWL, we use the following formula:

SWL = (Scaffold Weight Capacity / (Maximum Intended Load + Weight of

Scaffold)) x Safety Factor

Let’s examine the components of the formula:

1. Scaffold Weight Capacity: This refers to the maximum load specified by the
manufacturer and visibly indicated on the scaffold itself.

2. Maximum Intended Load: It represents the combined weight of workers, tools,

and materials placed on the scaffold simultaneously.

3. Weight of Scaffold: This includes the weight of all scaffold components, as

well as any tools or materials present on the scaffold.

4. Safety Factor: A safety factor is incorporated to account for uncertainties

in the load. A typical safety factor of 2.0 is employed, although
variations may exist based on specific conditions and regulations.
USAGE OF SCAFFOLD TOOLS, FRAMES, TUBES, COBBLER, OTHER
EQUIPMENT & PPE

Scaffold tools, frames, tubes, couplers, other equipment, and PPE are all critical
components for safe scaffold erection and usage. Here are some examples of
these components:

1. Scaffold tools: These include wrenches, hammers, levels, pliers, tape

measures, and other hand tools used for erecting and disassembling scaffolds.
Proper tools are essential for ensuring the scaffolding components are tightly
secured, and the scaffold remains safe for use.

2. Scaffold frames: The frames are the vertical structures that support the
scaffold. They come in various sizes, shapes, and materials, and their selection
depends on factors such as the expected load capacity, height, and stability.
Frames are a critical component for supporting the scaffold platform.

3. Scaffold tubes: The tubes are the horizontal members that support the
scaffold's platform, braces, and guardrails. Tubes should be made of high-
strength materials such as steel or aluminum. The selection of the appropriate size
and thickness of the tube is also important based on the requirements of the job.

4. Scaffold couplers: Couplers are the connectors used to join scaffold tubes
together. They come in different sizes, types, and materials, and their selection
depends on the specific requirements of the job. Properly selected and secured
couplers are essential for ensuring the safety of the scaffold.

5. Other equipment: This includes scaffold planks, ties, clamps, brackets, and
other components that ensure the scaffold is stable and secure. These components
must be designed appropriately to withstand the expected loads and ensure safety.

6. PPE: Personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential when working on

scaffolds. PPE may include hard hats, safety glasses, gloves, and safety
 belts with lanyards. PPE is important for preventing injuries from falls and other
accidents on the scaffold.

ESSENTIAL MATERIALS AND WORK PLATFORM

Scaffolding is a temporary structure used for supporting workers and materials during
construction, maintenance, and repair work. Here are the essential materials for
scaffolding and the work platform they provide:

1. Base plates: Base plates are critical components that provide the foundation
for scaffolding. They ensure that the scaffold is level and stable, and they
distribute the weight of the scaffold and workers evenly.

2. Standards: Standards are vertical tubes that support the scaffold's weight. They
are placed at a specific distance apart and are attached to base plates.

3. Ledgers: Ledgers are horizontal tubes that connect between two standards.
They provide stability to the scaffold and distribute the weight evenly.

4. Diagonal braces: Diagonal braces are angled tubes that support the scaffold in
a diagonal direction, providing stability and preventing the scaffold from tilting or
buckling.

5. Transoms: Transoms are horizontal tubes that provide the work platform for
workers to stand on. They connect between two ledgers and support the scaffold's
weight.

6. Scaffold boards or planks: Scaffold boards or planks are used to create a work
platform for workers. They are placed across the transoms and provide a stable
surface for workers to stand on.

7. Guardrails: Guardrails are installed around the perimeter of the scaffold,

providing protection for workers against falls from height.

Together, these components provide the work platform for workers to carry out
construction, maintenance, and repair work at height. It is essential to
follow all relevant safety regulations and manufacturer guidelines when
working with scaffolding materials to ensure worker safety.

The work platform of a scaffold is the area on which workers stand to carry out
construction, maintenance, and repair work at height. The work platform is typically
created using a combination of scaffold boards or planks and transoms, which are
horizontal tubes that provide support to the scaffold and distribute weight evenly.

The scaffolding work platform must be sturdy, level, and secure to prevent accidents
such as falls from height. All scaffold boards or planks must be regularly inspected
for damage, wear, or warping, and replaced if necessary. Workers standing on the
scaffold should observe strict safety procedures and wear appropriate personal
protective equipment (PPE), such as hard hats, safety glasses, and non-slip footwear.

Guardrails should also be installed around the perimeter of the scaffold work
platform to prevent falls from height. Guardrails must be installed at a minimum
height of 42 inches above the work platform, and they must be able to withstand a
force of at least 200 pounds.

BRIEFING ON INDEPENDENT TIED SCAFFOLD, FRAME SCAFFOLD,

TOWER SCAFFOLD, MODULAR SCAFFOLD, SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD
AND BIRDCAGE SCAFFOLD

Independent Tied Scaffold: The inner row is set as close to the building as is
practicable. Independent scaffolding, the scaffold structure does not rely on the
building for support but is tied for security purposes.
Tower Scaffold: Tower scaffold is a raised structure that lets people work at height
safely. It's a modular system assembled to a desired height using a combination of side
frames, braces, stabilisers and trapdoor platforms to provide a stable place to work
from.

Birdcage Scaffold: A birdcage scaffold is an independent scaffold consisting of

more than two rows of standards in both directions connected by ledgers and
transoms. It is mainly used for work carried out on a single level, for example
ceilings.
Modular Scaffold: Modular Scaffolding, also system scaffolding, means a scaffold
consisting of posts with fixed connection points that accept runners, bearers, and
diagonals that can be interconnected at predetermined levels

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MODULAR AND TUBULAR SCAFFOLD

The main difference between modular and tubular scaffolding is the assembling of
the scaffolding. Tubular scaffolding is connected with couplers and clamps, modular
scaffolding uses posts that are interconnected at predetermined levels.
OSHA REGULATIONS AND REQUIREMENT

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates the use of
scaffolding to protect workers from falls, equipment hazards, and other workplace
hazards. Here are some of the key OSHA regulations and requirements for scaffolds:

1. Scaffolding design, construction, and capacity: Scaffolding must be designed by a

qualified person and constructed with materials that meet the appropriate strength and
load-carrying capacity requirements. Scaffolding weight must be supported on a solid
foundation or base, and the scaffold must be capable of carrying the intended load
with a safety margin.

2. Access and egress: Scaffolding must provide safe and convenient access and exit
points for workers. Access points must be at least 18 inches wide and secured with a
ladder or stairway. Workers must not be required to climb cross-bracing to access the
scaffold.

3. Fall protection: OSHA requires fall protection for workers on scaffolds that are
more than 10 feet above the lower level. Fall protection can be provided through
proper guardrails, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems.

4. Training: Employers must provide adequate training to all workers who will be
working on scaffolding. Workers must be trained in the proper use of scaffold
components, safe work practices, and hazard recognition.

5. Inspections: Scaffolding must be inspected for safety before each use. Regular
inspections must also be performed by a qualified person to ensure that the scaffold
remains in good condition and that all components are working safely.

6. Electrical hazards: Scaffolding must be kept a safe distance from power lines,
which can pose a serious electrocution hazard. OSHA requires a minimum
clearance distance of 10 feet between scaffolds and power lines.
 7. Scaffold tagging: Scaffolds must be tagged to indicate that they are safe for use.
Tags should include information such as the date of the last inspection and the
maximum intended load capacity.

FACTORS AFFECTING SAFETY OF SCAFFOLD STRUCTURE

Scaffolding is an essential structure used on construction sites to provide a safe
working platform for workers to access elevated work areas. The following are some
factors affecting the safety of scaffold structures:
1. Scaffold Design: The design of the scaffold can determine its stability, load
capacity, and resistance to environmental factors. The right design of the scaffold
structure is essential to ensure that workers are safe while working on it.
2. Scaffold Components: A scaffold using the right components with high-quality
materials can increase scaffold safety. This includes the planks, frames, braces,
baseplates, anchors, and connectors used.
3. Load Capacity: Scaffolds must be capable of supporting the weight of workers,
tools, and materials. Overloading the scaffold beyond its specified capacity can cause
instability and lead to accidents.
4. Location: The location of the scaffold, the ground on which it is to be erected, and
the proximity to other structures are crucial factors in ensuring safety. Unstable and
uneven terrain can increase the risk of the scaffold tipping over.
5. Weather conditions: Scaffolding must be able to withstand harsh weather
conditions such as strong winds, heavy rains, or snow. These conditions can affect the
stability and cause the scaffold to topple over.
6. Proper Installation: Failure to install the scaffold correctly can cause it to collapse,
resulting in injuries or fatalities. It is essential to follow the manufacturer's
instructions, use the necessary safety protocols, and have experts handle installation.
7. Regular Inspection: Regular inspections and maintenance are essential to ensure
scaffolding safety. Inspections must be done by professionals who can detect damages,
defects, and wear on the scaffold structure.

SCAFFOLD HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

Identifying scaffold hazards is essential to prevent accidents, minimize risks, and
create a safe working environment. The following are some of the scaffolding
hazards that need to be identified:

1. Falls from height: These are the most common hazards associated with scaffolding
structures. The risk of falling from scaffolding height can result in severe injuries and
fatalities.
2. Struck-by objects: Workers may get hit by falling debris, tools, or construction
materials from overhead work at the scaffolding level.
3. Electrocution: Scaffolding structures must be kept away from the protected
electrical lines in the work environment.
4. Collapse or tip-over: Scaffolding structures can tip over due to its instability or
heavy wind forces, leading to severe injuries and fatalities.
5. Structural failure: Overloading the scaffolding structures beyond its designed
capacity can cause structural failure.
6. Weather conditions: Severe weather conditions such as strong winds, heavy rains,
and snow can affect scaffolding stability and result in accidents.
7. Improper erection and dismantling: Incorrectly erecting, dismantling, or modifying
scaffolding structures can lead to severe accidents and injuries.
8. Inadequate training: Inadequate training of workers on proper safety procedures,
working at heights, and the use of safety equipment can lead to accidents.
9. Poor maintenance: Poorly maintained scaffolding equipment can lead to structural
failures. Regular inspections and maintenance of scaffolding equipment are essential to
keep it in good condition and prevent accidents.
To identify scaffolding hazards, a thorough risk assessment should be conducted
before starting any work involving scaffolding structures. This assessment should
cover all aspects of the work, including the production, transportation, assembly, and
disassembly of the scaffold structure. It is important to ensure that all workers
associated with scaffold work, including supervisors, receive adequate training on
scaffold safety.

QUESTIONS ON SCAFFOLD
What is scaffolding?
It is a temporary platform constructed for supporting both men and materials for
working safely at a construction site.

How to erect scaffolding?

1. It should be erected on levels firm ground
2. It erected by trained / skilled person
3. It is constructed using metal pipes and wooden boards
4. It should be design and constructed from good and sound material
5. Not to be erected on loose earth
6. Clamps should fix
Right angle coupler, Putlog or single coupler, Swivel coupler, Ladder retaining coupler
7. Properly bracing
8. Sole plate is necessary the base of vertical pipe

What is the thickness of base plate?

Ans: 6mm
Dimensions of Base plate?
Ans:150mm*150mm
Explain about scaffolding ties?
Ans: Reveal Tie, Two way tie, Column tie,
If Vertical distance within 8 meter minimum 1 tie
If Horizontal within 9m minimum 1 tie
The purpose of ties is to restrain the scaffolding standards in a vertical position so they
can carry the weight of the structure, the boards, personnel and materials without
buckling.
After fixing or clamping what is extension of tube from standard?
Ans: minimum 4’’
Overlapping of planks 6’’ minimum, 12’’ maximum
Q:Size of the base plate pin:100 mm,6 inch

What are the hazards present in case of scaffolding?

Hazards present in case of scaffolds
· Falls from elevation
· Struck by Electrocution
· Scaffold collapse
· Bad planking
· Falling of materials
· Falling of tools
· Loose soil
· Excavations near the scaffold
· Incompetent scaffolder
· Passing vehicle could hit the scaffolding
· Severe weather condition

Provide the precautions to be taken in case of scaffolding.

The precautions are:
-Protection from falls
o Guard rails
§ Top rails 950mm
§ Mid rails 470mm
§ Toe boards 4inch
-Personal Fall arrest systems
§ Anchorage
§ Lifeline
§ Body Harness
Describe briefly the scaffold tag system.
Scaffolding safety tags are typically used after an inspection of the scaffold.
Green tag:
Green tags for scaffolds that are ready for use. Tagging occurs at any access point,
including ladders or ramps.
Yellow Tag: “Caution / Hazard “tag(s) in the event a scaffold has been deemed unfit
for use.
Red Tag: The most common system of tagging involves using red tags for unsafe or
incomplete scaffolds, and
Red " DANGER – UNSAFE FOR USE" tag(s), will be used during erection or
dismantling when the scaffold is left unattended and replace all green "Safe for Use "
tag(s) or
The Status Scaffold tag (GREEN, YELLOW and RED) contains the following data:
· Date of erection, with name of competent scaffolder/initials of the Forman Scaffolder
· Maximum loading in kN/m2 or in kg/m2, (see the table below for different types of
scaffold and typical loads);
Date of periodic inspection, with name/initials of Qualified Inspector.

Safety precaution of scaffold?

1. Wooden board should not be painted
2. Wooden board should not have any cracks
3. Check for rust in pipes / clamps
4. Clamps should fixed and good quality
5. Board’s thickness should be 3.7 cm and no bending
6. The construction must be rigid, properly based
7. Use of good and sound materials
8. The wooden planks have not joints
9. Vertical poles should not be more than 6 feet
10. Chains, ropes used for the suspension of scaffoldings
11. Never throw any materials from height
12. Use safety harness while working at above 6 feet
13. Properly ties to be arrangement ( reveal tie, through tie)
4. How can we identify the scaffolding according to its duty (light duty, medium duty,
and heavy duty)?

We can identify the scaffolds by:

Ø Checking the size of the planks used for working platform
Ø Checking the size of the standards used to make the scaffold
Ø By measuring the bay length
Ans.:
Types of Scaffolding: Mobile scaffolding, suspended scaffolding, Ground
Scaffolding, Tower scaffolding, Bambo scaffolding
2.Sole board, base plate, standard, ledgers, transom, scaffolding board/Planks, toe
board, guard rails(Middle rail- 470mm and toprail-950mm bracing, supports and
ladders,
3. Inspected by the scaffolding inspector, inspection valid-7 days.
4. Scaffolding Stand: BS-EN18211:2003
Tubes:EN39
Coupler: EN74
5. Kick lift (150-200mm) 5”, 6” Inch
6. Ladders (1 m more than the platform).
7.Thickness of wooden board 37mm
Green tag mean ready for use, yellow means Caution under modification, red tag
Danger
8.1 What is the Terminology for the scaffolding as per BS 11397?
Ans.:
Bay length: (Distance of two standards) Very light duty-2.7mts, Light duty-2.4Mts,
Medium duty-2.1Mts & Heavy Duty 1.8mts.
Angle for ladder: 75 degree or ¼ ratio
Kicker lift (150mm 5.9” inch From Ground level), Sole board, Standard, Ledger,
Bracings, Outriggers, toe board (the up stand at the edge of the scaffolding platform)-
150 mm.
The purpose of kicker lifts to support the standards against scaffolding collapse.
Vertical height of toe board is 4” Scaffolding planks (width 225mm and 37 mm
thickness) mid rail (470mm). Top rail (950mm )
Different type of scaffold By Weight:
Very Light Duty-75kg/m2
Light Duty-150kg/ m2
Medium Duty-200kg/ m2
Heavy Duty-250kg/ m2
5. What is the distance between the rungs of a ladder? What is the distance between
2 rails of a ladder?
The distance between the rungs of a ladder is from 09 to 10 inch. The distance between
the rails of the ladder is 10 inch.
6. What is the maximum height of a straight ladder, extension ladder, step ladder
and platform ladder?
§ The maximum height of a straight ladder is 20 feet (6 m).
§ The maximum height of extension ladder should not be longer than 36 feet (11m).
§ Stepladders and platform ladders will not be longer than 12 feet (3.5 meters) as
determined by the front rail.