What was the problem?

Do you know what the problem was?

Where did they go?

Can you tell me where they went?

Did she come to the party?

Do you know whether/if she came to the party or not?

İstanbul, where everybody has a dream about to conquer, is a really hard place to live in.

Olly and Max said we hadn't known the population of London.

Scientists believe that …

Scientists believed that … (past tense, past modal)

Students’ Book

I have known him for 3 years.

She has picked a lot of apples.

She has been picking apples for 3 hours.

She picked a lot of apples yesterday.

● First, he picked the apples. Then, he cut the tree. (after)

● He cut the tree after he had picked the apples.

● First, he picked the apples. Then, he cut the tree. (before)

● He had picked the apples before he cut the tree.

 Subject Object pronouns Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Pronouns Adjectives Pronouns Pronouns

I Me My car Mine Myself

You You Your car Yours Yourself

He Him His car His Himself

She Her Her car Hers Herself

It It Its tail - Itself

We Us Our car Ours Ourselves

You You Your car Yours Yourselves

They Them Their car Theirs Themselves

Relative Clauses – Adjective Clauses

tall man

I know the man who was standing next to my friend at the party.

1 – Defining (identifying)

That

Omitable
I know the man who was standing next to my friend at the party.

The guy whose clothes are dirty is sitting on the bench.

The street where we used to play is very busy now.

2 – non-defining (non-identifying)

That X

No omit

Tarkan, who used to work as a worker, is now a very popular singer.

My sister, whose grades are not usually high, managed to pass the exam tomorrow.

We have been to Paris, where thousands of people go to celebrate their wedding anniversary.
Conditionals (If Clauses)

- Dependent Clause

If I save enough money, I will buy a car.

If …(If clause)…………………, ………(main clause)……………….. .

…………(main clause)…… if ………(If clause)……………………... .

If … not … = Unless ...

Type 0

● General truth (If+present simple, present simple)

* If(when) you heat butter, it melts.

Type 1

● Real present (If+present, future*/present modals*/imperative*)

* If she studies hard enough, she might pass the exam.

* If they save enough money, they will buy a house.

* If you are hungry, eat something.

Type 2

● Unreal present (If+past simple/past continuous, would/could/might + bare inf.)

* Situation: He doesn’t get up early, so he is always late for work.

- If he got up early, he wouldn’t always be late for work.

* Situation: You don’t have a big house, so you can’t invite your friends over.

- If you had a big house, you could invite your friends over.
- If I were you, I would tell her the truth.

Type 3

● Unreal past (If+past perfect simple/past perfect cont., would/could/might + have + Vpp)

* Situation: I got caught drunk while driving, so the police took my driver’s licence.

- If I hadn’t gotten caught drunk while driving, the police wouldn’t have taken my driver’s
licence.

* Situation: I wasn’t careful, so I had an accident.

- If I had been careful, I might not have had an accident.

* Situation: We lost the game because our team didn’t play well.

- If our team had played well, we couldn’t have lost the game.
Omit of If Clauses

Type 1 - If I study … - Should I study ...

Type 2 - If I were you … - Were I you … / If I saved enough money … - Were I to save enough money ...

Type 3 - If I had known … - Had I known …

Wish Clauses

I wish/If only

Present (wish) - I wish I were a pilot. (I am not a pilot but I want to be one.) (I wish + past simple)

Past (regret) - I wish I hadn’t told her a lie. (I told her a lie but I regret that.) (I wish + past perfect)

Polite Imperative - I wish you would stop talking. (Stop talking) (I wish + would/could + bare inf.)

Passives - be+V3

● Arabam tamir edildi.

- My car was repaired.
● Ben yanlış anlaşılmaktan korkarım.
- I am afraid of being misunderstood.
● Havaalanına götürülmek istiyorum.
- I want to be taken to the airport.
Perfect Modals

Present modal - modal + bare inf. - can + visit

Perfect modal - modal + perfect inf. - can + have visited

needn’t + have + V3

That was a lovely gesture but you needn’t have bought me such an expensive gift.

must/can’t + have + V3

1- A: I can’t find my wallet.

B: Are you sure?

A: Yeah. I must have left it at home.

2- A: I saw Molly at the mall yesterday.

B: How? You can’t have seen her because she has been on vacation in Malibu for 2 weeks.
She is gonna come next week.

should + have + V3

You should have bought an iphone when you had the chance. Now, it’s too late. They are so
expensive.

could + have + V3

You drove so fast. You could have gotten hurt.

may/might + have + V3

This is a popular movie. She may/might have seen it.

Causatives
help, let, make

make, have, get

1) with the action doer

➔ make/have + somebody + do + something
➔ get + somebody + to do + something
- My brother makes me do his homework all the time.
- I am going to have a house painter paint my room next week.
- She finally got her father to lend her some money for the school vacation.
2) without the action doer
➔ make/have/get + something + done(V3)
- My brother makes his homework done all the time.
- I am going to have my room painted next week.
- They got their lawn mowed yesterday.

help/let

➔ help/let + somebody + (to) do + something.

- They will help their mother (to) buy a house in the future.
- I am going to let my friend (to) take part in the competition which I was chosen to be in the
first place.

Infinitives

1) It seems to rain (present/future). - Yağmur yağar/yağacak gibi görünüyor.

2) It seems to be raining. - Yağmur yağıyor gibi görünüyor.
3) It seems to have rained. - Yağmur yağmış gibi görünüyor.
4) It seems to have been raining. - Yağmur yağıyor gibi görünüyor. (bir süredir)
5) The car seems to be fixed. - Araba tamir edilmiş gibi görünüyor.
6) The car seems to have been fixed. - Araba tamir edilmiş gibi görünüyor.

I want to go to Antalya.
I want him to go to Antalya.

Gerunds

I stopped to smoke yesterday. - Dün sigara içmek için durdum. (yürürken yakamadım)

I stopped smoking yesterday. - Dün sigarayı bıraktım. (artık içmiyorum)

!!! - Do you mind

- Do you mind opening the window? (You will open.)

- Do you mind if I open the window? (I will open.)
Clauses

Time Clauses

By the time he graduates, his brother will have started the school.

Clauses of Reason

Because/as/since + cümle

Because of/Due to + isim/gerund

Because of the fact that/Due to the fact that + cümle

Clauses of Purpose

to=in order (not) to (formal)=so as (not) to (formal)

so that=in order that

Clauses of Contrast

Although/Even though/Though + cümle

Despite/In spite of + isim/gerund

Despite the fact that/In spite of the fact that + cümle

 Intro …

… topic
sentence(It can easily be said that …/ It can clearly be seen that …/ It is an absolute fact that …/ We
can’t outweigh the importance of the fact that …/.

First/Firstly/To start/To begin with/Initially …

main … . For example/For instance …

… In addition/Furthermore/Moreover/What’s more(informal)

… conclusion sentence(1st para).

Second/Secondly – On the other hand …

… conclusion sentence(2nd para).

In conclusion/To sum up/In a nutshell/In short/Consequently …

… .