EXPONENTS

(luchuding Laws ot
Exponents)
EXPONENT
INDEX OR
5.1 3 3 the factor 3 is being9 multiplied 5 times by itset
n 3 S
3 ie. =335 3 x 3
and canas
x 3 x 3 x 3
be written a s
is called the base and the number s .
in 35 the repeated factor 3 writter
called the index or exponent
of the factor 3, is
raised at the nght
index or an exponent
is a number which indicates hau
now many times
slight
Thus an
repeated factor.
base is used as a
indices.
the
The plural of index is

is any number, then:

fnis a whole number and a

axaxaxax x a (base = a and index =

n.)
n factors

2. in 5x 5x 5 x 5 x 5x 5 x 5 = 5, base = 5 and index 7. =

3 base -3 and exponent =

8, the number =3 . Read-3 sed to tthe
raised ho.
power 8
=

5.2 EXPONENTIAL FORM OF A NUMBER

Since, 625 = 5 x 5 x5 x 5
= 5*; we say 5° is the exponential form of the umber
625. Read 5 as 5 raised to the power 4.
2 x2 2 25
2. Since, 32 =2 x 2 x x

2 is the exponential form of the number 32

3 Since, 729 = 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 =3
= Exponential form of the number 729 is 36 and so on.

Example 1:
Find the value of
(ii) 56 (iv) 35
() 26 (ii) 83
Solution7
2 2 2 2 x2 x 2
() 2 x x x

= 64
(Ans.)
(i) 83 8 x 8 x 8
= 512
(Ans.)
56 = 5x 5 x 5 x 5 x 5 x 5
(ii) (Ans.)
156255
35 = 3 x 3 x 3 x3 x3
(iv) (Ans.)
243

TuC1OTICS Middle School-7

Example2
Evaluate (0 28 x 52 (i) 32 x 72 (ii) O x 82 (iv) 28x 10
Solution:

23 x 52 2 x 2 x2x5 x 5
8 x 25 =200 (Ans.)
3 x 74=3 x 3x7x7
(i)
9x 49 441
(Ans.)
0 x 82 0 (Ans.)
(in)
Zero (0) multiplied with any number gives zero.

10 2 2x 10
(v) 28 x
=2 x x x 10
8 x 100 =800 (Ans.)
Example 3

Evaluate

Solution:

)
2x2x2 8
(Ans.)
5x5x5 125

(i)
34 3,
4 4X
-3x-3x-3x-3 81
(Ans.)
4x4x4x4 256

-32 32
-2x-2x-2x-2x-2
(Ans.)
-3x-3x-3x-3x-3 -243 243

Alternative method:

(-23
-3 2x2x2x2x2 32
(Ans.)
3 3 *3 3x3x3x3x3 243
Example 4
of:
Findthe value 103 (v) 24 x 53
(i) 25 x 52 (i) 32 x

) 3 x 53
Solution
3x3x5x5x5
) 32 x
5 (Ans.)
= 9x125 =1125
5 x5
x2 x 2 x2x2
x
() 25 x 52 2 (Ans.)
32 x 25 =800
10 x 10 x 10
(m) 32x 103 3 x 3 x Ans.)
9x 1000 =9000
73
fCnonents)
 5 x5
(v) 2 x
52 x2 x2x2x5x
x
16 125= 2000

Example 5
Evaluate

Solution

)
4x4x4 3x3x4 36
4x4x5x5x5 5x5x5 125 Ans
i)
-2x-2x-2 -8 8
3x5x5 75 75 (Ans
Example 6
Which is greater
() 5 or 35? (i) 28 or 82?

Solution
5 5 125
) Since, 5 =5 x x

and, x3x 3 x3 243

3= 3 x 3 =

125 35> 53 (Ans.)

243 is greaterthan 256
2 x2 x2 x2x2x2
(i) Since, 25 = 2 x 2 x
and, 8 = 8 x 8 =
64
64 28>82 (Ans)
256is greater than
Example 7 of 3.
cube of 6 and the square
Find the product of the

Solution:
Required = (cube of 6) x (square of 3)
= 63 x 32
6x6 x3x3
= 6 x
(Ans)
1944
= 216 x 9 =
Example 8:
Evaluate 23 x 32 x 52

Solution x 5 x5 (Ans.)
23 x 32 x 52 =2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3
1800
= 8 x 9 x 25 =
Example 9:

Evaluate: (4-29) x 32.

Solution
(42-2) 3 x =
(4 x 4-2 x 2 x 2) x 3 x 3
= (16- 8) x 9

= 8 x9 7 2 (Ans.)

Example 10
If a =3 and b =2; find the value of
(i) a + b
) a +ba
Solution:
ab+b= 32 + 23
)
= 3 x3+2 x 2x2
= 9 +8 1 7 (Ans.)
a+ bb 33 +22
(i)
+2 x2
3 x3 x3
27+ 4 =31
(Ans.)

Example 11
Evaluate:
()2x 62x3 (i) 23 x 5 x 7+ 43x 53 x 8

Solution
62 3 2 x2x 2 x6 x6x3
23 x x

8 x 36 x 3 =864
(Ans.)
x5 5 x8
x2 x5 x5x 7+ 4 x 4x 4 x5
x

43 53 x 8 2 x2
(i) 23 x 52 x 7+ x

7 64 x 125 x 8
8 x 25 x +

200 x 7 + 64 x 1000

= 1400+ 64000 65400 (Ans.)

Example 12:
form
each of the following in exponential
Express (ii) 1125
Gi) 972
() 288

Solution 3x3 288

2x 2x2 x2x
2
288 2 x

25 x 32 (Ans.) 2 144
2 72

2 36
2 18

39
3
 3 2 972
(i) 972 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 3x3 x
= 22 x 35 (Ans.) 2
486
3
24 3
3
81
3
27

39 3
5 x 5 x 5x 3 x 3
(i) 1125

= 53 x 32 (Ans.) 1125
225
Example 13: 4
in the exponential form
Express each of the following
(i) 1080 (i) 16000 3
)864

Solution:
864 2 x 2 x2x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 3

25 x 33 (Ans.
1080 2 x2 x2x 3 x 3 x 3 x 5
Gi)
= 23x 33 5 x
(Ans)
10
(i) 16000 =
16 x 10 x 10 x

= (2 x 2 x 2 x 2) x (2 x 5) x (2 x 5) x (2 x 5)

27 x 53 (Ans.)
Example 14:
-32
Express () 64 (24R in exponential form.
125
Solution :
64 4x4x4
(Ans)
1255x5x5 =
2 -2x2x2x2x2
(i) 243 3x3x3x3x3
-2x-2x-2x-2x-2 (Ans.)
3x3x3x 3x3
Alternative method:
-2x2x2x2x2
-32 3 * 3 *3
243 3x3x3x3x3

-
-2 (Ans)
3

If n is an odd number
-2" and if n is even (-2)" 2.
(-2) =

Thus. (-4)5 45, (-4) 4, (4)° = = 49 and so on.

Thus =

55, (-5 -5, (-5) = 54 and so on.

-5)5 =
 EXERCISE 5(A)
value of
1, Findthe
06 (i) 73 (Gi)444
iv)55 () 83 (vi) 75
2 Evaluate

42 Gi) 23 x52?
0 2 x
(i) 33 x 52
33 (v) 32 x 53 (vi) 53 x 24
v) 2 x

x 42 (vii) (4 x 3)3 (ix) (5 x 4)2

(vil) 32
3. Evaluate

4. Evaluate

5. Which is greater
02or32 (i) 25 or 5 (ii) 43 or 34
45
(iv) 5 or
each of the following in exponential
form
6. Express
(i) 1250 (ii) 1458
)512
(vi) 1176
(v) 1350
(v) 3600

7. If a 2 and b 3, find the value of (iv) (a x b)

(Gi) (b- a3 (ii) (ax b)
() (a+b)2 343 as a power of 7.
1024 as a power of 2. i)
8. Express ()
729 as a power of 3.
i)
values of x and y.
9. If 27x 32
3* x 2; find the (i) 2 x 5
28 x 5b; find: ) the values of a and b
10. If 64 x 625

EXPONENTS
LAWs OF
5.3
First Law (Product Law):
ax a am +n
to get their product
same base,
exponent form with the
in the base same.
When numbers are keeping the
(indices)
add their powers
(multiplication),

For example
() a3+7 =a10
ax a7 =
axaxaxaxa)
(ax ax a) (ax ax
axa axax axaxaxaxaxaxaxa= al

(i) xyx xty2 (2 xx*)x (ys xy)

=

x2+4x y3+2 =xiy5

1+5
= 3xa2+9+1 x b3+6+ 10
x C2+
4x 8x =
3ab10c5
4a2bic2 x 8a°bfc x 96a12519c8
()
77

Laws of Exponents)
Exponents (Including
 Second Law (Quotient Law)

a 1
=am-n if m>n and - m ; if m< n.
a am
a

When a number in exponent form is divided by another number in the exponent form (h
the numbers having the same base), the smaller index (power) is subtracted from the biga
index (power) and the base is kept the same. igger
For example
3
( = = -3= 2 i) 15a2 5a10= 5a10a10-2
Third Law (Power Law) (am amn

when a number in the index form is raised to another index, the base is raised to the
product of these two indices.

For example
) (a= x6 = a18 (i) (x)3/2=fx3/2 x =

5.4 MORE ABOUT INDICES

1. (ab) = a"bm And

a

) (xy= (Gi) (2a)2 = 22(a2 = 4a

e.g
4
3x 81x4
(ii) and so on.
4 256
2. Any non-zero base raised to the power zero is equal to unity (i.e., 1).

i.e. a= 1, if a:0
e.g. ()50=1 i) (-3)0=1 () =1 and so on.

and alm
Negative Index:If a #0 then am =
=
3. -m

e.g. r a" =
and so on.
X

Also note that

) a =al2, eg. 3 31/2 (i) a = al/3 eg. 3 =31/8
(l) va=a2, e.g. v3 =
35/2 (v) a = aln ,e.g. 3 =31n

EXERCISE 5(B)
1. Fill in the blanks
and index
(i) In 52= 25, base .
= =

index 3x and base 2y, the number

(i) If = =
=
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
2. Evaluate

( 2823 () 23 28
(i) (26y0
(v) (30)6 (v)8x8-6 x 84 (vi) 54 x 53 55
54+53 x 55 (vii) 4443 x 40
(vi) (ix) (3 x 4 x 5
aSimplify, giving answers with positive index
265 b5b Gi) .6y 9r'y
() (-a) (a) iv) (-)-
(v)-3) (3) (i)4x)-5*)
(vil) (5a b) (2ab2) (ab) viil)2a+ 7. 2a-8
(ix) 3 32 3 4 (x) 24a 28a.2-a
(xi) 4xy 9xy3 (xi) (102 (x*)12
(xil) (a10)10 (19)10 (xiv) (n2 (-n2)3
(3ab) (-5a bc*2 xvi) (-2P x(0 x (3
(xv)
(xvi) (2a)' (4a)2 (xvii) (4:y3 + (3xy3

(x)1Y
3
(xix) x (6x)2 (oa 2a b
2a be?
(5x-(10x 7p or¥ (4pqn
(xxii)
(xoxi) (14p q043
(2x5
express the answer in the positive exponent form
4. Simplify and
36x(-6 x3
( 3x26
ii) 12x35
6x23
43 x52
128 axb xcxd (vi) (ab5)2
(iv)2187 axb5xc xds
5. Evaluate
(42 x 3) ()
) 62

32 (17)0 x 73 (iv) 25 x 150+ (-3)-|

(Gii) 53 x +

251 (5-1 x 251)

(vi) 5 x
(v) (220+24 +26+
2 and n =2; find the value of
6. If m = -

(i) m"+ n
() m + n2 -2mn (iv) 2n-3m
i) 6m-3 + 4n2

7. State true or false 46

() 16+42
=

whole number
) 8x 815 =6416 1, if n is an even
(iv) (-1)"
=

(i) 270 549030

number
is an odd whole
(V-1= -1, if n
(vii) 44= -16
(vi)-3) = +9

79