Distance Protection

OMICRON Academy Protection Knowledge 1 July 2019

Copyright

“ All intellectual property rights and in particular the

copyrights to this presentation and the related
documents, teaching materials and software are
OMICRON’s sole and exclusive property.
You are not allowed to record or otherwise copy
and/or distribute the content of this presentation
without the prior written consent of OMICRON.
”

© OMICRON Page 3
Contents
> Introduction to Distance Protection
> Protection Criterion Impedance
> Impedance – Zero sequence compensation
> Field of Application
> Connection Example Monitoring function
> Measured Trip Time and analog signals
> Basic structure of distance relays
> Zone reaches, time grading and Calculation of the resistance settings
> Structure of the Impedance characteristic
> MHO / Quadrilateral characteristic
> Synchronism-Check (Synchro-Check)
> Autoreclosure (AR)
> Switch-on-to-Fault (SOTF)
> Teleprotection (overview)
> Protection testing principle

© OMICRON Page 4
Agenda

> Introduction to Distance Protection

> Protection Criterion Impedance
> Impedance – Zero sequence compensation
> Field of Application
> Connection Example Monitoring function
> Measured Trip Time and analog signals
> Basic structure of distance relays
> Zone reaches, time grading and Calculation of the resistance settings
> Structure of the Impedance characteristic
> MHO / Quadrilateral characteristic
> Synchronism-Check (Synchro-Check)
> Autoreclosure (AR)
> Switch-on-to-Fault (SOTF)
> Teleprotection (overview)
> Protection testing principle

© OMICRON Page 5
Introduction
Why can‘t we only
use overcurrent
protection relays?
Why do we have to
protect against
short circuits? What does a
distance protection
relay do?

When do short
circuits occur?

© OMICRON Page 6
When do short circuit currents occur?

© OMICRON Page 7
Kite vs. Overhead Line

>

Source: YouTube - Southern California Edison, 2014-08-01 and Hbojane, 2013-04-02

© OMICRON Page 8
Why can't we only use overcurrent protection relays?

A B

100% Isc
? ?
50% Isc

? ?
50% Isc

Overcurrent relay

operating valid pickup and

area faulty area
50% Isc drop-off area

0 Ioc max Isc min I

© OMICRON Page 9
Why can't we only use overcurrent protection relays?

A 1 B

0,6s 0,3s

0,6s 0,3s
2

directional overcurrent protection relay short circuit current (Isc) = passed = failed

© OMICRON Page 10
What does a distance protection relay do?

criterion

operating faulty
condition condition

Z<

Definition:
The distance protection relay trips, if the impedance
falls below a predetermined value.

© OMICRON Page 11
Agenda
> Introduction to Distance Protection
> Protection Criterion Impedance
> Impedance – Zero sequence compensation
> Field of Application
> Connection Example Monitoring function
> Measured Trip Time and analog signals
> Basic structure of distance relays
> Zone reaches, time grading and Calculation of the resistance settings
> Structure of the Impedance characteristic
> MHO / Quadrilateral characteristic
> Synchronism-Check (Synchro-Check)
> Autoreclosure (AR)
> Switch-on-to-Fault (SOTF)
> Teleprotection (overview)
> Protection testing principle

© OMICRON Page 12
Short circuit impedance

Zsc

Rsc Xsc
Isc Vsc

= Distance protection device Isc = short circuit current Rsc = short circuit resistance metallic fault

= short circuit impedance ( Zsc ) Vsc = short circuit voltage Xsc = short circuit reactance

© OMICRON Page 13
Short circuit angle (impedance)
Im Im Im
VR sc VX sc Vsc
1
+ 2
= 3 ϕsc
IR sc Re Re
1
Re

IXsc

Isc
current area for
forward fault

VR sc VX sc
Isc

Rsc Xsc
VPh-E

IR sc = active componet of the short circuit current Isc = short circuit current Rsc = short circuit resistance metallic fault

IX sc = reactive componet of the short circuit current Vsc = short circuit voltage Xsc = short circuit reactance ϕsc short circuit angle

© OMICRON Page 14
Determination of fault direction (only with Isc and Vsc)
current area for
reverse fault Im
2
Isc 2 Isc

Vsc
Re
Isc Vsc
Isc
1
1 current area for
forward fault

Distance protection device = short circuit impedance ( Zsc ) metallic fault

Vsc = short circuit voltage Isc = short circuit current

© OMICRON Page 15
Determination of fault direction (only with Zsc)
Im Calculation example:

Isc= 1 A∠ − 45° ϕI = ϕsc

Vsc V sc= 1 V ∠0° ϕV

ϕsc Re
V sc V sc 1V
Zsc = = (ϕV − ϕI ) =   ( 0° − [ −45°]) = 1 Ω ( 0° + 45° ) = 1 Ω∠45°
Isc Isc 1 A 
Isc
current area for
forward fault X
current area for
forward fault

Zsc

Vsc = short circuit voltage Isc = short circuit current Zsc short circuit impedance

© OMICRON Page 16
Distance protection principle (physical background)

Vsc

Vsc = 0
Ohm‘s law:
Isc
V sc
Z sc =
A B I sc

Zsc The impedance is

proportional to the
distance!

distance 100% = Zline

Vsc short circuit voltage distance protection device

Isc short circuit current line impedance (Zline)
Zsc short circuit impedance metallic fault

© OMICRON Page 17
Distance protection principle (physical background)
For this example: Zline A−B= 1 Ω Isc = 1 A Vsc = 0,5 V ϕsc =ϕline =ϕi =−45° ϕv = 0°

V V
Vr= 100% Vr= 100%

Vsc = 50% of Vr
1 3
Isc Isc
Vsc = 0
ct ct

A vt B A vt B

V sc V sc  0.5 V 
Zsc=
V sc
=
V sc 0V
(ϕV − ϕI )=   ( 0° + 45° )= 0 Ω∠45° 2
Z=
sc =
Isc Isc
(ϕV − ϕ=
I)  1 A  ( 0° + 45=
 
° ) 0.5 Ω∠45° 4
Isc Isc 1A 

X X

Zone 2 Zone 2
1 tZ2 = 350ms 1 tZ2 = 350ms

Zone 1 Zone 1
tZ1 = 0s tZ1 = 0s

ϕline ϕline
R R

forward forward
reverse reverse
directional characteristic directional characteristic

© OMICRON Page 18
Distance protection principle (physical background)

Vsc

Vsc = 0 Isc Isc

C A B
Zsc

distance 100%
= Zline

Vsc short circuit voltage distance protection device

Isc short circuit current line impedance (Zline)
Zsc short circuit impedance metallic fault

© OMICRON Page 19
Distance protection principle (phase-to-phase fault)
1
0.5Ω

Zsc For this example:

A B
Zline AB = 1Ω
distance 50%
distance 100% = Zline

0.5Ω
Zsc
IA
VA R
e IB Zsc M Vsc = Zsc ● 2 Isc
l
0.5Ω
VB a
y
IC Zsc
Vsc 1 0.5Ω
Zsc = ● =
VC Isc 2
IE ZE (0.5Ω) + (0.5Ω)

M = fault loop

© OMICRON Page 20
Distance protection principle (phase-to-phase fault)
Short circuit calculation:

Vsc = VA - VB

Vsc = (- IA ● Zsc ) + ( IB ● Zsc )

IA = - IB Vsc = (- { - IB } ● Zsc ) + ( IB ● Zsc )

+
Vsc = ( IB ● Zsc ) + ( IB ● Zsc )

Vsc = Zsc ● ( IB + IB )

IB = Isc Vsc = Zsc ● 2 Isc

© OMICRON Page 21
Agenda
> Introduction to Distance Protection
> Protection Criterion Impedance
> Impedance – Zero sequence compensation
> Field of Application
> Connection Example Monitoring function
> Measured Trip Time and analog signals
> Basic structure of distance relays
> Zone reaches, time grading and Calculation of the resistance settings
> Structure of the Impedance characteristic
> MHO / Quadrilateral characteristic
> Synchronism-Check (Synchro-Check)
> Autoreclosure (AR)
> Switch-on-to-Fault (SOTF)
> Teleprotection (overview)
> Protection testing principle

© OMICRON Page 22
Distance protection principle (phase-to-earth fault)
1
0.5Ω
For this example:
A Zsc B
Zline AB = 1Ω
distance 50%
distance 100% = Zline

Zsc
IA Vsc = ( Zsc + ZE ) ● IC
VA R
e Zsc
IB
l
VB a
y
IC Zsc
(0.5Ω)
Vsc
Zsc + ZE =
VC Isc
M
IE ZE
Zsc fault loop = 0.5Ω + 0.3Ω = 0.8Ω !
(0.3Ω)

M = fault loop

© OMICRON Page 23
Distance protection principle (phase-to-earth fault)
Short circuit calculation:

Vsc = VC

Vsc = ( Zsc ● IE ) - ( ZE ● IC )

IE = - IC Vsc = ( Zsc + ZE ) ● IC

Vsc
IC = Isc Zsc + ZE =
Isc

Zsc fault loop = 0.5Ω + 0.3Ω = 0.8Ω !

© OMICRON Page 24
Distance protection principle (zero sequence comp.)
0.5Ω

A Zsc nom B
Without a special mathematical
distance 50% zero sequence compensation
Zsc fault loop method the relay cannot detect
the correct fault distance in case
distance 80% of phase-to-earth short circuits!

distance 100%= Zline

We use the k0-factor ZE

Vsc = ( Zsc + ZE ) * IC k0 = k0 = 0.6
for this example. Zline

Zsc fault loop 0.8Ω 0.8Ω

Zsc = Zsc = ( = = 0.5Ω
1+ 0.6) 1.6
(1+ k0 )

= Result of the earth impedance with phase-to-earth faults (Zsc fault loop) Zsc nom = 0.5Ω Zsc fault loop = 0.8Ω

© OMICRON Page 25
Distance protection principle (summary)

The principle of distance protection is based on the ratio between the

measured voltage (short circuit voltage Vsc) and the measured current (short
circuit current Isc) at the location of the relay.

Ohm‘s law: V sc
Z sc =
I sc

This impedance is proportional to the distance !

For phase-to-earth short circuits the distance relay works with a zero
sequence compensation method for the correct distance calculation.

With the directional function the distance relay can detect „forward fault“ or
„reverse fault“.

© OMICRON Page 26
Agenda
> Introduction to Distance Protection
> Protection Criterion Impedance
> Impedance – Zero sequence compensation
> Field of Application
> Connection Example Monitoring function
> Measured Trip Time and analog signals
> Basic structure of distance relays
> Zone reaches, time grading and Calculation of the resistance settings
> Structure of the Impedance characteristic
> MHO / Quadrilateral characteristic
> Synchronism-Check (Synchro-Check)
> Autoreclosure (AR)
> Switch-on-to-Fault (SOTF)
> Teleprotection (overview)
> Protection testing principle

© OMICRON Page 27
Field of application (overview)

A B

C
G 2
1

main protection

backup protection

© OMICRON Page 28
Distance protection concept for overhead lines (basics)
distance
50% 50%

1 2
A B

3 4
distance 100%

distance protection device

metallic fault

= passed

© OMICRON Page 29
Agenda
> Introduction to Distance Protection
> Protection Criterion Impedance
> Impedance – Zero sequence compensation
> Field of Application
> Connection Example Monitoring function
> Measured Trip Time and analog signals
> Basic structure of distance relays
> Zone reaches, time grading and Calculation of the resistance settings
> Structure of the Impedance characteristic
> MHO / Quadrilateral characteristic
> Synchronism-Check (Synchro-Check)
> Autoreclosure (AR)
> Switch-on-to-Fault (SOTF)
> Teleprotection (overview)
> Protection testing principle

© OMICRON Page 30
Connection example of a distance relay

relay connected via feeder vt: relay connected via busbar vt:

vt

V
Trip
signal Trip
I signal
I
ct 21

ct 21

Start
signal
Start
vt signal

a) b)

© OMICRON Page 31
Connection example 3ph

A
B
C 21
A

CT
B

VT B

© OMICRON Page 32
Monitoring function of a distance relay (MCB tripped)

One BI of the distance relay is wired with

a special auxiliary contact of the MCB

The BI is parameterized with the logic

„MCB tripped“
I
21
(-) substation
auxiliary voltage
ct
(+)

vt
„MCB tripped“
V
è The distance protection function is
MCB
blocked instantaneously!

MCB = Micro Circuit Breaker Distance protection device Binary Input (BI)

© OMICRON Page 33
Monitoring function of a distance relay (MCB tripped)
Situation: Short circuit on the secondary side of the VT è ANSI 21 blocked.

Dangerous situation !
A OVL not protected ! B
distance protection (21)
is blocked
I
21
(-) substation
auxiliary voltage
ct
(+)

Distance relays contain

vt one emergency overcurrent
protection function
V
MCB

MCB = Micro Circuit Breaker Binary Input (BI) = Distance relay blocked

© OMICRON Page 34
Monitoring function of a distance relay (FFM)
Situation: fuse-protected voltage transformer

No information for the distance relay,

if the elements are fused!
I

ct 21

For this case distance relays have

the monitoring function „Fuse Failure
vt Monitor“ implemented!
V

optional

© OMICRON Page 35
Monitoring function of a distance Relay (FFM)
Situation: Short circuit on the secondary side of the VT
phase-to-earth voltage
Van Vbn Vcn

1 Im
Vcn
phase currents
Ia Ib Ic
Van = 0
I = 1A n
I = 300A Re
2 Im
Ic
300A/1A ct 21
Vbn
Ia
Re

vt
Ib
Vn V=0

è The distance protection function is blocked instantaneously!

© OMICRON Page 36
Agenda
> Introduction to Distance Protection
> Protection Criterion Impedance
> Impedance – Zero sequence compensation
> Field of Application
> Connection Example Monitoring function
> Measured Trip Time and analog signals
> Basic structure of distance relays
> Zone reaches, time grading and Calculation of the resistance settings
> Structure of the Impedance characteristic
> MHO / Quadrilateral characteristic
> Synchronism-Check (Synchro-Check)
> Autoreclosure (AR)
> Switch-on-to-Fault (SOTF)
> Teleprotection (overview)
> Protection testing principle

© OMICRON Page 37
Measured trip time (response time)
Situation: Testing protection relays è different trip times for the same fault

Trip Log of the distance relay:

!
Test report of the secondary test set:

!
© OMICRON Page 38
Measured trip time (trip log)

fault inception

faulty area

operating area

pickup

trip drop-off
response time Trip time stored in the Trip Log file

Trip time stored in the test report

© OMICRON Page 39
Agenda
> Introduction to Distance Protection
> Protection Criterion Impedance
> Impedance – Zero sequence compensation
> Field of Application
> Connection Example Monitoring function
> Measured Trip Time and analog signals
> Basic structure of distance relays
> Zone reaches, time grading and Calculation of the resistance settings
> Structure of the Impedance characteristic
> MHO / Quadrilateral characteristic
> Synchronism-Check (Synchro-Check)
> Autoreclosure (AR)
> Switch-on-to-Fault (SOTF)
> Teleprotection (overview)
> Protection testing principle

© OMICRON Page 40
Internal logic diagram of a distance relay (overview)
1
Starter
I>
V<; I>
Z<

2 3
Impedance zones 2 Timer Directional function 2 Additional features
X Im
t1 reverse fault  Autoreclosure
t2 Isc  Powerswingblocking
.  Sensitive earth fault
R
. Vsc protection
Re
 Teleprotection
shemes
Isc  Backup overcurrent
4 forward fault
protection
Binary Input
5
Internal relay Logic

LED Trip Alarms

binary inputs binary outputs
Comm. Ports

© OMICRON Page 41
Starter logics

Starter Logic

V/I Pickup
Overcurrent Pickup Impedance Pickup
(voltage controlled overcurrent pickup)

X
V/Vr
operating faulty
area area
Vph>
0 Ioc max Isc min I
Trip area R
Idrop-off Ipickup

Iph> Iph>>
I/Ir
Ir

© OMICRON Page 42
 Starter logics (overcurrent pickup)

operating
area faulty area

0 Ioc max Isc min I

Idrop-off Ipickup

Ioc max: max. operating current

Isc min: min. short circuit current
Ipickup: current where start signal is given by the relay
Idrop-off: current where start signal falls back

© OMICRON Page 43
Starter logics (V/I pickup)

V/Vr
Vr 1
Vph>
A 1 B

Iph> Iph>> I/I

r
Ir
A 2 B
Typical settings:

Vph> = 0.8 Vr
●

Iph> (IF)= 0.25 ... 0.5 Ir ●

Iph>> = 2 ... 3 In (for parallel lines)

●

= no Trip area è System is healthy = Load current = metallic fault

= Trip area è System is not healthy = short circuit current = distance protection device

© OMICRON Page 44
Starter logics (impedance pickup)

A 1 B C
X

Zload 2
1
1

rea
pa
R

Tri
A 2 B C

Zload

= Load area è System is healthy = Load current = line impedance ( Zline ) = metallic fault
= Trip area è System is not healthy = short circuit current = distance protection device

© OMICRON Page 45
Agenda
> Introduction to Distance Protection
> Protection Criterion Impedance
> Impedance – Zero sequence compensation
> Field of Application
> Connection Example Monitoring function
> Measured Trip Time and analog signals
> Basic structure of distance relays
> Zone reaches, time grading and calculation of the resistance settings
> Structure of the Impedance characteristic
> MHO / Quadrilateral characteristic
> Synchronism-Check (Synchro-Check)
> Autoreclosure (AR)
> Switch-on-to-Fault (SOTF)
> Teleprotection (overview)
> Protection testing principle

© OMICRON Page 46
Zone reaches and time grading
Zone reach:
1 Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1 ∆Ζ

A B C
Zone 1 = 85%

distance 100%

Zone 2

Zone 3

Time grading: t

Zone 3
700ms

2 Zone 2
350ms
∆t
Zone 1
0s

A B C

© OMICRON Page 47
Calculation of fault resistance (selection)
phase-to-phase fault (ph-ph): phase-to-earth fault (ph-e):
Zline = Rline + Xline Zline = Rline + Xline

VA VA
R R
e e
l l
VB a VB a
y y

VC VC

ZE = RE + XE X ZE = RE + XE

X 1
1

2 3
2

ϕline
ϕline Rline + Rarc RE
R

R
Rline + Rarc

© OMICRON Page 48
Agenda
> Introduction to Distance Protection
> Protection Criterion Impedance
> Impedance – Zero sequence compensation
> Field of Application
> Connection Example Monitoring function
> Measured Trip Time and analog signals
> Basic structure of distance relays
> Zone reaches, time grading and Calculation of the resistance settings
> Structure of the Impedance characteristic
> MHO / Quadrilateral characteristic
> Synchronism-Check (Synchro-Check)
> Autoreclosure (AR)
> Switch-on-to-Fault (SOTF)
> Teleprotection (overview)
> Protection testing principle

© OMICRON Page 49
Structure of the impedance characteristic (Quadrilateral)
t
Zone 3
700ms

Zone 2
350ms
∆t
Zone 1
0s

A B C
X
Zone reaches:

Zone 3 Zone 1 (Z1) ≈ 0,85 ZAB

●

tZ3 = 700ms Zone 2 (Z2) ≈ 1,2 ZAB

●

Zone 3 (Z3) ≈ 1,8 ZAB

●

Zone 2
tZ2 = 350ms
= for phase-to-earth fault
Zone 1 = for phase-to-phase fault
tZ1 = 0s
= reverse zone (optional)

ϕline
R

forward
reverse
directional characteristic

© OMICRON Page 50
 Impedance characteristics (zone characteristics)
A zone characteristic can consist of any number and combination of line,
circle or arc elements.

MHO: Lens (tomato): Quadrilateral (Polygon):

1 X 2 X 3

R R R

© OMICRON Page 51
Impedance characteristics
A zone characteristic can consist of any number and
combination of line, circle or arc elements.

X X
1 2

© OMICRON Page 52
Agenda
> Introduction to Distance Protection
> Protection Criterion Impedance
> Impedance – Zero sequence compensation
> Field of Application
> Connection Example Monitoring function
> Measured Trip Time and analog signals
> Basic structure of distance relays
> Zone reaches, time grading and Calculation of the resistance settings
> Structure of the Impedance characteristic
> MHO / Quadrilateral characteristic
> Synchronism-Check (Synchro-Check)
> Autoreclosure (AR)
> Switch-on-to-Fault (SOTF)
> Teleprotection (overview)
> Protection testing principle

© OMICRON Page 53
MHO characteristic or quadrilateral characteristic?
A B
X
Zone 2
14
Zone 1
12

Zsc 1 Zsc 2 10

VA R
P
8
e
l 6
VB a
y

VC
4

2
P
ϕline
Zone 1 = 85% = 8,5Ω R
2 4 6 8

distance 100% = 10Ω ∠75° 3Ω

For metallic faults (Rf = 0Ω) both
Zone 2 =130% = 13Ω X characteristics measured the short
14 circuit in the correct zone.
12

Fault 1 Fault 2 10

Zsc 1 = 40% AB = 4Ω∠75° Zsc 2 = 80% AB = 8Ω∠75°

= (RSC2+iXSC2)Ω
8
P
= (RSC1+iXSC1)Ω 6

= (1,04+i3,86)Ω = (2,07+i7,73)Ω 4
P
2

ϕline
= metallic faults (Rf =0Ω)
R
2 4 6 8

© OMICRON Page 54
MHO characteristic or quadrilateral characteristic?
A B
Zone 2 X
Zone 1 14

12

Zsc 1 Zsc 2
10

VA 8
R
e 6
RF
P For short circuits with fault resistance (Rf ),
l
e.g. arc resistance, the quadrilateral
VB a
characteristic measured the short circuit in
y
4
RF P the correct zone.
2

VC ϕline
R
Zone 1 = 85% = 8,5Ω 2 4 6 8

distance 100% = 10Ω ∠75° 3Ω X

14

Zone 2 =130% = 13Ω 12

10

Fault 1 Fault 2 1
8
RF  For short circuits with fault resistance (Rf ),
e.g. arc resistance, the MHO characteristic
6 can‘t measured the short circuit in the
= short circuit with Rf =3Ω correct zone.
4
RF P
2

ϕline
R
2 4 6 8

© OMICRON Page 55
Agenda
> Introduction to Distance Protection
> Protection Criterion Impedance
> Impedance – Zero sequence compensation
> Field of Application
> Connection Example Monitoring function
> Measured Trip Time and analog signals
> Basic structure of distance relays
> Zone reaches, time grading and Calculation of the resistance settings
> Structure of the Impedance characteristic
> MHO / Quadrilateral characteristic
> Synchronism-Check (Synchro-Check)
> Autoreclosure (AR)
> Switch-on-to-Fault (SOTF)
> Teleprotection (overview)
> Protection testing principle

© OMICRON Page 56
Synchronism-check (wiring example)

L1
L2
L3

CB Close

L1 Distance L1
Protection Device
L2 L2
with Synchronism
L3 Check 1
N

1 L1-L2 is only a wiring example. All variants possible (e.g. L1L3, L1N, etc.).

© OMICRON Page 57
Synchronism-Check (voltage test)

If one of the two sides of the circuit breaker is de-

energized, no CB close command release can be
Vr switched on issued by the synchronism check function.

V> However, this prevents assets that are switched

off from being connected.

undefined For this reason, the synchronism check function

can be bypassed when one side is de-energized
and the other side is switched on. It can also be
V<
de-energized bypassed when both sides are de-energized.
0

© OMICRON Page 58
Synchronism-Check (dead line / live bus)
CB on command side A:

VA VB
1 VCB

Vr switched on 2
A B

Iload C
V>

CB on command side B:
undefined
VA VB
2 VCB

V<
de-energized 1
0 A B

Iload C

= synchronism check relay

© OMICRON Page 59
Synchronism-check (starting conditions)
VA VB
VCB

A B

Iload C

Standard values:
Maximum amplitude difference (∆Vmax) ≈ 10 %
Maximum angular difference(∆ϕmax) ≈ 10° ... 20°
Maximum frequency difference (∆fmax) ≈ 0 Hz (0.01 ... 0.04 Hz)

© OMICRON Page 60
Synchronism-check (frequencies)

The frequencies on both sides of the circuit breaker must be the same.

Voltages with various frequencies:

© OMICRON Page 61
Synchronism-Check (voltages)

The amplitudes of the voltages must NOT deviate significantly from one another.

Voltages with various amplitudes:

© OMICRON Page 62
Synchronism-check (phase angles)

The phase angles must NOT deviate significantly from one another.

Voltages with various phase angles:

© OMICRON Page 63
Synchronism-check (parameters)

If these conditions are met for a minimum time tmin = 0…5 ... 10 s,
the CB close command release is issued.

If the conditions cannot be met throughout the maximum

synchronization time tsync max = 10…360 s, the CB close command
is aborted without success.

© OMICRON Page 64
Agenda
> Introduction to Distance Protection
> Protection Criterion Impedance
> Impedance – Zero sequence compensation
> Field of Application
> Connection Example Monitoring function
> Measured Trip Time and analog signals
> Basic structure of distance relays
> Zone reaches, time grading and Calculation of the resistance settings
> Structure of the Impedance characteristic
> MHO / Quadrilateral characteristic
> Synchronism-Check (Synchro-Check)
> Autoreclosure (AR)
> Switch-on-to-Fault (SOTF)
> Teleprotection (overview)
> Protection testing principle

© OMICRON Page 65
Autoreclosure (principle)
Note: The Autoreclosure (AR) function is not for cables!

t  Trip time = 0 s
Zone 3
700ms

Zone 2
350ms  Trip time = 350 ms
Zone 1 ≈15%
0s

A B C
1 2

Trip times formally OK but not the optimal behavior. Practical experience has shown that approx. 80%
of short circuits, mostly transient single-phase ground faults, are caused by lightning strokes on
overhead lines.

The principle of auto-reclosing is clearing a fault by momentarily de-energizing the line and fast
reclosing of the circuit breakers (CBs) in order to maintain system stability and continuity of service.

© OMICRON Page 66
Autoreclosure (principle) t
Zone 3
700ms

Zone 2
350ms

Zone 1
0s

A B C

X ≈120% of ZAB = Overreach zone 1

Zone 3 tZ3 = 700ms

Zone 2 tZ2 = 350ms

Overreach zone (0s)

Zone 1
tZ1 = 0s

ϕline
R

 The relay manufacturers use different names

for this zone!

© OMICRON Page 67
Autoreclosure function ready (AR-cycle allowed)

Different conditions lead to blocking of the automatic reclosure function.

A
Distance relay
CB ready for 1
blocked by
O-C-O cycle external signal
CB position 2

no blocked by
external signal P
CB ready
P
CB position „closed“
P
AR function „READY“

= binary input (BI)

© OMICRON Page 68
Autoreclosure “AR” (operation modes)

Classification of the AR logics

Type of operation mode Type of operation time

1-phase tripping 1  short time AR 3

3-phase tripping 2  long time AR 4

© OMICRON Page 69
 Autoreclosure (short time AR /successful)
t
Zone 3
700ms

Zone 2
350ms

Zone 1
0s ≈120% of ZAB = Overreach zone

A B C
Trip time ≈ 35 ms

Short time AR (1-ARC cycle):

1 2 3 4
short circuit
pick up
action time
Trip
dead time 500ms
CB-ON
reclaim time
AR running

1
0s 35ms 140ms 640ms t
30ms

© OMICRON Page 70
Autoreclosure (parameters / action time)

short circuit
pick up
action time
P The relay has activated the trip command
Trip
dead time
P at the action time and has initiated the
AR-cycle.

200ms

The relay has activated the trip

short circuit
pick up
action time
 command after the action time has
elapsed and blocked the AR-cycle,
because it is assumed that the arc
Trip has burned in to such an extent that
dead time
200ms
 there is no longer any chance of
automatic arc extinction during the
reclose dead time.

© OMICRON Page 71
Autoreclosure (parameters / dead time)
Deionizing time and dead time depending on the voltage level:

t/s

0,6

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2
Deionizing time
0,1 Dead time

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 V/kV

The deionizing time for an arc in free air depends on the circuit voltage, conductor
spacing, fault circuit current, fault duration, wind speed and capacitive coupling
particularly for single phase AR. The times on the right are valid for a three-phase
AR.

© OMICRON Page 72
Autoreclosure (parameters / reclaim time)

3s
short circuit
pick up
action time
Trip
dead time 500ms
P
CB-ON
reclaim time
AR running

P The short circuit occurs at the end of the reclaim time. The next AR-cycle is started. Trip time 0s!

3s
short circuit
pick up
action time
Trip
dead time
CB-ON
500ms

reclaim time
AR running

 The short circuit occurs during the reclaim time. The AR function is blocked! 
Trip time = 350ms (Zone 2)!

© OMICRON Page 73
Autoreclosure (short time AR / unsuccessful)
t
Zone 3
700ms

Zone 2
350ms ≈120% of ZAB = Overreach zone
Zone 1
0s

A B C

1 3
short circuit
pick up 4
action time
Trip 2
dead time 500ms
CB-ON
reclaim time
AR running

0s 35ms 140ms 640ms t

30ms Trip time = 350ms (Zone 2)
1

© OMICRON Page 74
Autoreclosure (short time / long time AR)
t
Zone 3
700ms

Zone 2
350ms

Zone 1 ≈120% of ZAB = Overreach zone

0s

A B C

1 2 3 4 5 6
short circuit
pick up
action time
Trip
dead time 1st-cycle / 500ms 2nd-cycle / 30 ... 60... 120s
1 SynchoCheck Passed
CB-ON
reclaim time
AR running

0s 35ms t
Trip time = Overreach zone
30ms

1st-cycle 2nd-cycle

1 Long time AR is only possible with Synchro-Check function!

= short time AR (1st-cycle) unsuccesfull = long time AR (2nd-cycle) succesfull

© OMICRON Page 75
Agenda
> Introduction to Distance Protection
> Protection Criterion Impedance
> Impedance – Zero sequence compensation
> Field of Application
> Connection Example Monitoring function
> Measured Trip Time and analog signals
> Basic structure of distance relays
> Zone reaches, time grading and Calculation of the resistance settings
> Structure of the Impedance characteristic
> MHO / Quadrilateral characteristic
> Synchronism-Check (Synchro-Check)
> Autoreclosure (AR)
> Switch-on-to-Fault (SOTF)
> Teleprotection (overview)
> Protection testing principle

© OMICRON Page 76
Switch-on-to-Fault (SOTF / backround)
t
Zone 2
A 350ms
B
Zone 1
0s Initial situation:

Overhead line de-energized for maintenance.

Circuit breaker in A and B open and overhead line
grounded.
X Maintenance finished. Circuit breaker in A and B
open and earth electrode in A removed. 1
Earth electrode in B not removed!
Zone 2
Circuit breaker in A closed. Distance relay in A
picks up and locates the short circuit in zone 2.
Zone 1
2

Distance relay in A trips in 350ms

(trip time zone 2). 3
ϕline
R
Trip time for this situation too long è high risk
for persons and equipment on side B!

© OMICRON Page 77
Switch-on-to-Fault (theory of operation)
Switch-on to fault (SOTF) is a protection function providing fast tripping if the line
breaker is closed on to a faulty line.
t
Zone 2
A 350ms

Zone 1 B
0s

1 2 3
CB-ON command CB-on command
Relay received
1 „CB-ON“ command
action time
2 overreach zone
activated
short circuit
pick up
Trip
0s 0.5 ... 3s t
0s 35ms
t
30ms

≈120% of ZAB = Overreach zone

© OMICRON Page 78
Switch-on-to-Fault (short circuit out of range)

t
Zone 2
A 350ms

Zone 1 B
0s

CB-ON command

CB-on command
Relay received
„CB-ON“ command
action time 1
short circuit
pick up
Trip

0s 0.5 ... 3s t
0s 350ms
t
30ms
2
© OMICRON Page 79
Agenda
> Introduction to Distance Protection
> Protection Criterion Impedance
> Impedance – Zero sequence compensation
> Field of Application
> Connection Example Monitoring function
> Measured Trip Time and analog signals
> Basic structure of distance relays
> Zone reaches, time grading and Calculation of the resistance settings
> Structure of the Impedance characteristic
> MHO / Quadrilateral characteristic
> Synchronism-Check (Synchro-Check)
> Autoreclosure (AR)
> Switch-on-to-Fault (SOTF)
> Teleprotection (overview)
> Protection testing principle

© OMICRON Page 80
Teleprotection (technical backround)
a) Overhead line with AR function:
t
Zone 3
700ms

Zone 2
350ms

Zone 1
0s
≈120% of ZAB = Overreach zone

A B 1 C

distance 100% 20%

selective tripping

non selective b) Overhead line or cable without AR function:

tripping t
Zone 3
700ms

Zone 2
350ms

Zone 1
0s
c) Very short Overhead line or
cable without AR function:
A 2 B C

Zone 1 ?
Teleprotection guarantees for 100% distance
A 3 B (ZAB) selectivity with a trip time of 0s

© OMICRON Page 81
Teleprotection (basic principle)
t
Zone 3
700ms

Zone 2
350ms
= SEND / RECElVE signal
Zone 1
0s

A B C
1

 Both protection relays of the section (AB) are connected via communication channels (fiber optic, copper wiring,
etc.)

Connection Example:
B
A
 Copper wiring

 Converter (electrical signal è optical signal

Relay Relay and reverse).
3 3  Fiber optic for long distance communication.
Converter Converter

2 4 2

= SEND signal (binary output)

= RECEIVE signal (binary input)

© OMICRON Page 82
Teleprotection (summarization of schemes)
The teleprotection schemes worldwide are called differently by their
manufacturer. This table shows some equivalent names.

Scheme name Equivalent name

Permissive overreach transfer trip Permissive overreach protection
(POTT) (POP)
Blocking directional comparison
Blocking overreach protection (BOP)
protection (BDCP)
Permissive underreach protection Permissive underreach transfer trip
(PUP) protection (PUTT)

© OMICRON Page 83
Teleprotection (only overview / selection)
Short circuit between A-B:
t
Zone 2
A 350ms

P Zone 1 PB 0s
A B C ≈120% of ZAB = Overreach zone

Zone 1

Zone 2
= SEND / RECElVE signal
P

Short circuit behind B:

t
Zone 2
A 350ms

 Zone 1 B 0s
A B C ≈120% of ZAB = Overreach zone

Zone 1

Zone 2
no SEND / RECElVE signal

© OMICRON Page 84
 Teleprotection (overview / theory of operation)
Short circuit between A-B:

t
Zone 2
A 350ms

Zone 1 B
0s
A B C
Zone 1
1 2 4
Zone 2
short circuit
3 pick up

≈120% of ZAB = Overreach zone

zone 2
Send
P
Receive
Trip

Trip time for relay A and relay B

approx. 100 ... 150 ms ! short circuit
pick up
zone 1
Send
P
Receive
Trip
= SEND / RECElVE signal
© OMICRON Page 85
Teleprotection (overview / theory of operation)
Short circuit behind B:
t
Zone 2
A
Zone 1 B
0s
A B C
Zone 1
1 2 4
Zone 2 3
short circuit
pick up
≈120% of ZAB = Overreach zone
zone 2
Send
P
Receive
Trip 
Relay A tripped with 350ms (trip
time of zone 2). Relay B does
short circuit reverse
not trip! 1 pick up reverse
zone 1
Send  
Receive
Trip 1

© OMICRON Page 86
Agenda
> Introduction to Distance Protection
> Protection Criterion Impedance
> Impedance – Zero sequence compensation
> Field of Application
> Connection Example Monitoring function
> Measured Trip Time and analog signals
> Basic structure of distance relays
> Zone reaches, time grading and Calculation of the resistance settings
> Structure of the Impedance characteristic
> MHO / Quadrilateral characteristic
> Synchronism-Check (Synchro-Check)
> Autoreclosure (AR)
> Switch-on-to-Fault (SOFT)
> Teleprotection (overview)
> Protection testing principle

© OMICRON Page 87
Protective functions and test modules

Protective function ANSI OMICRON Test Module

Distance starter function (OVC) Ramping (Pick-up)

Ramping (Pick-up)
Distance starter function (V/I)
VI Starting
Advanced Distance
Distance starter function (Impedance)
Distance
Advanced Distance
Distance (trip time; zone reaches) 21
Distance
Autoreclosure (AR) 79 Autoreclosure

SOTF State Sequencer

Synchronizer
Synchron-check
State Sequencer
Teleprotection State Sequencer

Breaker failure 50BF State Sequencer

© OMICRON Page 88
Front view of the CMC 356

© OMICRON Page 89
Wiring scheme of the CMC (distance)
A B

Z< Z<

Standard:

outputs
binary
analog inputs
Test currents
I 1 „Pickup“ signal
binary
inputs
2 „Trip“ signal
V

Test voltages

Optional:
4

3 „CB-ON“ signal

4 „CB-ON“ signal

1
2

3
© OMICRON Page 90
Wiring scheme of the CMC analog outputs (synchro-check)
L1
L2
L3

CB Close

Distance
L1 Protection Device with L1
L2 L2
Synchronism Check
L3
N

outputs
binary
analog inputs
V feeder

analog inputs
V busbar

Test voltages
Test voltages

1
2

© OMICRON Page 91
Wiring scheme of the CMC (teleprotection)
A B

Z< Teleprotection Z<

outputs

outputs
binary

binary
analog inputs

analog inputs
I

I
Test currents Test currents
binary binary
inputs inputs
V

V
Test voltages Test voltages

1 2 1 2

© OMICRON Page 92
© OMICRON Page 93