ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY

NAME: ILHAM ZAHOOR

STUDENT ID: 0000507166
COURSE CODE: 5403
SEMESTER: 2nd
SUBMITTED TO: Khalid Asad
SUBMITTED BY: ILHAM ZAHOOR
COURSE: BASICS OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
PROGRAM: BS (DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY)
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Q1) A) LIST THE SOFTWARE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER. EXPLAIN AT LEAST TEN OF THEM
IN DETAIL.
ANSWER:
SOFTWARE COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER:
Computer software is a key component to allowing your devices to work as intended and help
you complete your goals. There are several categories of software you may use at work
depending on your needs. Understanding the different types of computer software examples
can help you determine the ones you may find most useful for your professional or personal
usage. In this article, we discuss what computer software is, provide 10 examples and answer
some commonly asked questions about the types of software.
What is computer software?
Computer software is a series of programs, data and instructions used in a computer's hardware
to help the device operate and you complete tasks. Hardware is the physical components that
comprise a computer, such as the graphics card, data storage and motherboard. Software is
important because it allows your computer to perform important tasks while also allowing you
to work efficiently on your device.
Businesses can consider computer software as a critical component of their operations because
it can help them complete its projects and advance its goals. As a professional, it's important to
consider the software programs carefully and understand how to implement them in your work.
10 types of computer software examples
Here's a list of 10 computer software examples you can use:
1. Application software
The most common type of software is application software, or apps, which is performed by the
end-user and lets you complete your tasks. An end-user is the individual using the device.
Individuals may also refer to these applications as non-essential software. You can install these
applications on your devices yourself. Additionally, several types of application software can
help you complete many tasks. Here are some types of application software you can use:
Word processing apps: This type of application allows you to complete writing tasks, such as
writing, editing and formatting. With this tool, you can also create and edit tables and print
documents as needed.
Spreadsheet apps: A spreadsheet application can help you complete tasks to compute and
organize data. With this tool, you can store business data, create budgets and generate reports
and charts.
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Databases: This type of application allows you to store and sort business information in fields,
records and files. With a database app, you can enter and edit data, maintain business files and
create new records.
Applications suites: Companies create application suites, which are composed of a few different
but related applications. An application suite can have similar interfaces, making it easier for
you to navigate between the applications when you're completing tasks.
Multimedia apps: This type of application can contain a combination of text, animation, audio,
video and image content. You can use these tools to create content, assemble and watch videos
and record and mix audio tracks.
Communication apps: Communication applications allow you to connect with other individuals
who also have these applications to share text, video and audio. These tools can help you host
meetings remotely and work with other professionals who may live across the country.
Internet browsers: These types of applications allow you to access the internet through different
host providers. With this tool, you can access and view websites to help you complete your
tasks.
Email apps: You can these types of applications to write, send, receive and read emails from
other individuals. These programs are helpful when you're working or trying to contact other
individuals.
2. System software
System software helps you, the hardware of your device and the application software work
together to help you complete your tasks. A computer system relies on software systems to
allow it to function properly and efficiently. For example, the memory of your device is part of
your system software. Unlike the application software, the system software it's not end-user
oriented, which means these programs run in the background of your devices instead of you
using them. This means you can use the application software while the system software runs in
the background to assist the apps' operations.
3. Middleware
Middleware software is the function that helps system software transition to or from application
software programs. This can help your device manage communication and data between the
two software programs. Types of middleware can include data management, authentication and
communication through messages.
4. Driver software
The driver software is part of the system software, and this can help your computer manage the
external devices you connect to it. This tool can help the device plugged in to operate as
intended. Driver software helps translate the commands of the hardware or device's operating
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system to complete the task. For each device you have plugged into your computer, it requires
one driver software. Often, the external devices come with installed drivers, which means you
won't need a third-party installation. If the device doesn't have a built-in driver, you can install
your own with a third party.
Here are a few examples of external devices that driver software can help support:
Printers
Wireless mice
Network cards
5. Programming software
Programming software is for coding and not primarily user-end unless you're a professional who
uses and writes codes. As a programmer, you can use this type of software to write, produce,
inspect and debug application and system software. These programs can help make completing
your tasks more productive and efficient. Additionally, coders can use this software as a
translator program. A translator program means it interprets program coding language into
machine language code. This helps programmers run code by each line and ensure it's correct
so the computer can complete basic instructions.
6. Freeware
Freeware software is a type of application that is free for you to download. You can download
these programs online and they are in the application software and end-user category. These
types of software value and respect an individual's need for community and freedom. Here are
a few examples of freeware you can download:
Instagram
Facebook
Adobe Reader
Skype
7. Open source software
Open-source software is a type of program that allows users to change the coding and share it
with other users. You can share these programs with any user and they can use them for a
variety of reasons. Here are some examples of open-source software:
Internet browsers, such as Firefox
LibreOffice
GIMP
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8. Proprietary software or closed software
Proprietary software, or closed software, is a type of program with coding for users who pay a
fee to access it. This means only the author who created the coding and the program has the
authority to change the codes and distribute the software. Here are a few examples of
proprietary or closed software:
Microsoft Office
Java
Adobe Flash Player
9. Shareware
Shareware software is a type of application that is paid program but offered to users for a trial
period before requesting payment for continual usage. During the trial duration, you can use all
the features in the application without having to pay a fee. At the end of the trial, the
application may ask for payment if you desire to continue to use the program if you like it.
When you're given a trial duration, you can assess if you would like to invest financially in it
later. Here are a few examples of shareware:
Netflix
Adobe Photoshop
YouTube TV
10. Utility software
Utility software is a type of system software that can help you maintain the health of your
device and manage the performance of the programs. You may purchase some of these
software programs in-store or online to download on your computer. These programs can scan
and analyze your device to find any challenges or make improvements when necessary. Here
are a few examples of utility software you can download:
Antivirus and security
Data backup
Disk cleaner and defragment
Q1) B) WRITE DOWN THE IMPORTANCE OF ICT IN DAILY LIFE USE.
ANSWER:
the role and importance of ICT in our daily life:
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Many people in the world uses smart phone, computer, tablet. These devices are very helpful in
daily life. Each of us have their own doings in using these gadgets. These devices are part of ICT.
But why is ICT important in our daily life?.

ICT is important to our daily life because with the use of ICT devices people gets information on
the internet like news, uses to make communication to people, smart phone can be uses to
know the time and serve as alarm clock and use for researching online. ICT have an important
role to our daily life. It makes our life easier.

ICT is important to our daily life because we can get information using ICT devices. Just an
example the smart phone, using the smart phone we can get latest news from the web. Many
news agency have their website which you can follow and know what are the happenings on
your locations and on other country. News is important to us so that we are aware of what are
the events occurs in many parts of the globe.

ICT is important to our daily life because we can use ICT to make communication to the people.
When our love ones are far from us, we can use smart phone to text or call them. You can
update them on what are happening to you and you can also get updates coming from them.
Also you can make a video call to them. Video call is a way of communication in which both of
you can see each other in real time. Not also love ones, also you can communicate to your
friends, teachers and other people on other country.

ICT is important to our daily life because we can use this to know the time and can be use as an
alarm clock. Smart phones have the clock and it is useful. When we have a meeting or we are
going to school, we know if we are going on time or might be late. We often see the clock to
know the time everyday. And also when we want to arrive to our destination on time, we use an
alarm clock to wake up early. And the smart phone is very useful in this matter.

ICT is important to our daily life because it can help us with our researching. Let's say you have a
homework and you need to research on that, the internet can help you easily. You can browse
the internet and find the answer you need. In the past years if you want to research you need to
scan the book and get the answer but it is slow. ICT can help you to find the answer in the
matter of seconds. Also researching on other things like you want to cook food but you don't
know how, in this matter ICT can help you in researching for tutorials on the web.
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Those are some of the reasons why is ICT important in our daily life.

Q2) A) EXPLAIN SOME IMPORTANT APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER.

ANSWER:
Basic Applications of Computer:
Computers play a role in every field of life. They are used in homes, business, educational
institutions, research organizations, medical field, government offices, entertainment, etc.
Home
Computers are used at homes for several purposes like online bill payment, watching movies or
shows at home, home tutoring, social media access, playing games, internet access, etc. They
provide communication through electronic mail. They help to avail work from home facility for
corporate employees. Computers help the student community to avail online educational
support.
Medical Field
Computers are used in hospitals to maintain a database of patients’ history, diagnosis, X-rays,
live monitoring of patients, etc. Surgeons nowadays use robotic surgical devices to perform
delicate operations, and conduct surgeries remotely. Virtual reality technologies are also used
for training purposes. It also helps to monitor the fetus inside the mother’s womb.
Entertainment
Computers help to watch movies online, play games online; act as a virtual entertainer in
playing games, listening to music, etc. MIDI instruments greatly help people in the
entertainment industry in recording music with artificial instruments. Videos can be fed from
computers to full screen televisions. Photo editors are available with fabulous features.
Industry
Computers are used to perform several tasks in industries like managing inventory, designing
purpose, creating virtual sample products, interior designing, video conferencing, etc. Online
marketing has seen a great revolution in its ability to sell various products to inaccessible
corners like interior or rural areas. Stock markets have seen phenomenal participation from
different levels of people through the use of computers.
Education
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Computers are used in education sector through online classes, online examinations, referring
e-books, online tutoring, etc. They help in increased use of audio-visual aids in the education
field.
Government
In government sectors, computers are used in data processing, maintaining a database of
citizens and supporting a paperless environment. The country’s defense organizations have
greatly benefitted from computers in their use for missile development, satellites, rocket
launches, etc.
Banking
In the banking sector, computers are used to store details of customers and conduct
transactions, such as withdrawal and deposit of money through ATMs. Banks have reduced
manual errors and expenses to a great extent through extensive use of computers.
Business
Nowadays, computers are totally integrated into business. The main objective of business is
transaction processing, which involves transactions with suppliers, employees or customers.
Computers can make these transactions easy and accurate. People can analyze investments,
sales, expenses, markets and other aspects of business using computers.
Training
Many organizations use computer-based training to train their employees, to save money and
improve performance. Video conferencing through computers allows saving of time and
travelling costs by being able to connect people in various locations.
Arts
Computers are extensively used in dance, photography, arts and culture. The fluid movement of
dance can be shown live via animation. Photos can be digitized using computers.
Science and Engineering
Computers with high performance are used to stimulate dynamic process in Science and
Engineering. Supercomputers have numerous applications in area of Research and Development
(R&D). Topographic images can be created through computers. Scientists use computers to plot
and analyze data to have a better understanding of earthquakes.
Q2) B) ELABORATE THE EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEM.
ANSWER:
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EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS:

The Computer has become one of the most important tools in the world today, with its
enormous numbers of uses in our daily lives, it’s hard to imagine life without it. But did you
know that the computer isn’t that new? It all started with an ancient instrument called an
Abacus and grew from there over five generations into the huge electronic device we use today.
Let’s take a look at the differences between these devices and where we are headed in
technology!
Computers have revolutionized society in countless ways, from making our lives easier and
more productive to making communication easier and more efficient. It’s hard to imagine life
without them now, but it wasn’t always that way – computers are the most advanced version of
an ancient tool called the abacus that’s been around since about 2500 BC when it was first used
in China. There are five generations of a computer we’ve seen so far!

Advanced Version Of Abacus In Computing

The Abacus was used as an advanced version of Abacus in Computing. An abacus is a tool used
for performing arithmetic operations and also for converting numbers from one base to
another. It was first built in ancient Egypt and then later adopted by Sumerians and Babylonians.
Some experts have even claimed that the Chinese number system can be attributed to it.
Another interesting thing about it is that it remains in use today. For example, you might find
yourself using an abacus when you are doing your budgeting or figuring out how much money
you should put into your savings account each month. However, while these days we mostly use
calculators or computers to do our calculations, back in ancient times they didn’t have any other
option but to rely on these tools. And while they were considered pretty advanced at their time
(especially since they were able to convert numbers from one base to another), today we
consider them pretty primitive compared with what we use now.
Huge Electronic Device In Computing
The computing device began as a huge electronic calculator that was built in 1946. This was an
advanced version of the Abacus, used in China. However, it wasn’t until 1971 when we had our
first personal computer, and just after one decade, more came up with a kind of computer that
can store files for later retrieval called a minicomputer. Then came the microcomputer in 1971
followed by a compact-sized PC in 1981. The major revolution came when people started using
the internet in the 1990s and we saw the emergence of new kinds of computers like laptop PCs,
smartphones, etc. These are known as fourth-generation computing devices and today’s latest
fifth-generation computing devices are being introduced to cope with the demands of human
beings.
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What is the importance of electronic devices in computing?
With the use of computers becoming more and more popular, electronic devices play a large
role in computing and are important in the sense that they make the computing experience
much simpler and easier to manage. The importance of electronic devices will continue to grow
as technology advances, as well. This is an interesting topic because no matter how advanced
technology becomes, it is always relevant since computing is such a big part of our lives today.
Everyone relies on computers for communication with others, organization of thoughts and
ideas, accessing data online to do various tasks that would otherwise be cumbersome or time-
consuming if done manually (like paying bills), entertainment like watching movies or playing
games online, etc.
Conclusion
The use of computers, whether it be at work or home, has become essential in the twenty-first
century. To fully appreciate how far we’ve come with computing technology, here’s an in-depth
look at how the computer has evolved over the past five generations. The first generation
(1946–1961) involved building huge electronic devices to compute basic math problems, while
the second generation (1962–1972) was an advanced version of an abacus known as the
electromechanical calculator that could perform calculations more quickly and accurately than
mechanical calculators of the time.

Q3) clearly differentiate between drum printer and chain printer? discuss it with proper
examples.
ANSWER:
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DRUM PRINTER AND CHAIN PRINTER:
Drum Printers and Chain Printers are two types of impact printers that were used in the early
days of computing. They have distinct mechanisms and characteristics. Let's differentiate
between them with proper examples:
Drum Printer:
1. Mechanism: A drum printer has a cylindrical drum with characters or symbols engraved on its
surface. The paper is pressed against the rotating drum, and hammers strike the paper from
behind, making an imprint of the characters onto the paper.
2. Speed: Drum printers are relatively slower compared to chain printers. They typically operate
at speeds of around 600 to 1,000 lines per minute (LPM).
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3. Character Set:
Drum printers often have a limited character set engraved on the drum's surface, which means
they may not be easily adaptable to different fonts or languages without changing the entire
drum.
4. Examples: IBM 1403 is a classic example of a drum printer. It was widely used in the 1960s
and 1970s for mainframe computer output.
Chain Printer:
1. Mechanism: Chain printers use a rotating chain with characters or symbols attached to it. The
paper is positioned between the chain and a ribbon. When a character on the chain aligns with
the desired position, a hammer strikes the character, transferring ink onto the paper.
2. Speed: Chain printers are faster compared to drum printers. They can achieve speeds ranging
from 1,000 to 3,000 LPM or even more.
3. Character Set: Chain printers are more versatile when it comes to character sets. The
character chain can be replaced to support different fonts, languages, or special characters
easily.
4. Examples: The Printronix P7000 and the DEC LA36 are examples of chain printers. These
printers were commonly used for high-speed, high-volume printing in data centers and
industrial settings.
Key Differences:
- Drum printers use a cylindrical drum with characters engraved on it, while chain printers use a
rotating chain with characters attached.
- Chain printers are faster than drum printers.
- Drum printers often have a fixed character set on the drum, limiting flexibility, while chain
printers allow for easy character set changes.
- Chain printers were more versatile and commonly used for high-speed, high-volume printing,
whereas drum printers were used for general-purpose computer output.
In summary, both drum and chain printers were integral parts of early computing, each with its
own set of advantages and limitations. Chain printers, with their higher speeds and flexibility,
were preferred for demanding printing tasks, while drum printers found use in general office
applications. However, with advancements in technology, both types of printers have been
largely replaced by modern non-impact printers like laser printers and inkjet printers.
Q4) COMPARE FEATURES OF WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM ON YOUR COMPUTER WITH OTHER
OPERATING SYSTEMS.
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ANSWER:

FEATURES OF WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM WITH OTHER OPERATING SYSTEMS:

Introduction
Operating system or OS is basically a software environment that acts as an interface between
you and your computer hardware components. OS is a programming framework that allows the
users to interact with the various computer applications and their related functions without
knowing the computer language. The features of the windows operating system allow it to
perform the activities like accessing software, showing commands on the screen, analyzing
records, printing documents, and many more.
OS makes sure that the multiple tasks of the user do not mix up with each other and it also
provides security from all kinds of unwanted access and also prevents unauthorized access.
Microsoft created Windows, a graphical operating system. It lets users view and save files, run
applications, play games, watch videos, as well as connect to the internet. It was made available
for both personal and professional use. Microsoft released the initial version as version 1.0. On
November 10, 1983, it was published for both home computers and professional functions of
Windows. It was later available on a variety of Windows versions.
Top Features of the Windows Operating System(OS)
Below are mentioned some of the most crucial and notable features of the Windows operating
system:
Control Panel
Cortana
File Explorer
Internet Browser
Disk Cleanup
Speed
Hardware Requirements
Search and Organization
Compatibility
Taskbar
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Safety
Interface

1. Control Panel
A Control panel is a feature of the Windows operating system that contains many tools that help
in configuring and managing the computer's resources. For e.g., the control panel provides the
settings for audio, video, mouse, keyboard, network connections, date and time, installed
applications, etc. which the user can change as per his/her need.
2. Cortana
It is used to display the files and folders which are on the computer. It is also known as Windows
Explorer. It gives the user the ability to browse data on the hard drive, SSD, and other inserted
removable disks. It allows the user to manage the content according to their preference, such as
a user can delete or rename a file and search and transfer data.
3. File Explorer
It is used to display the files and folders which are on the computer. It is also known as Windows
Explorer. It gives users the ability to browse data on the hard drive, SSD, and other inserted
removable disks. It allows the user to manage the content according to their preference such as
a user can delete or rename a file, and search and transfer data.
4. Internet Browser
One of the major use of computers is to access the web/internet. Therefore, an internet
browser is very necessary to search for anything, view pages, do online shopping, play games,
etc. There is a pre-installed internet browser available in the Windows operating system. From
Windows 10 onwards, the Edge internet browser is the default browser, while earlier internet
explorer used to be the default browser.
5. Disk Cleanup
One of the major tasks of an operating system is to perform cleanup operations. Disk Cleanup is
a feature of the Windows operating system that is used to free up disk space by deleting
unnecessary files or temporary files no longer required. It helps increase the system's
performance and boosts storage space to download programs and documents. We can open
disk cleanup by using the following steps:
Open the file explorer using Window + E
Right-click on any of the disk drives and click on the properties option from the drop-down
menu.
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Click on the Disk Cleanup option.
6. Speed
Aside from the incompatibilities and other concerns that many users had with Vista, one of the
most obvious was performance — it simply felt too slow in comparison to XP, even on high-end
hardware. Windows 7 feels more quick and sprightly, and Microsoft spent a lot of time and
effort perfecting the Start Menu reaction. Microsoft has also identified the need for enhanced
desktop responsiveness, which creates the appearance that the machine is responding to the
user and that the user is in charge – something that Vista frequently lacked.
7. Hardware Requirements
Vista has a reputation for making even the most powerful hardware appear mundane. Windows
7, on the other hand, will function smoothly on older systems, making the switch from Windows
XP easier. Microsoft is promoting Windows 7 for netbooks as well. This could be a modern
alternative for Windows XP, which has resurfaced as the preferred operating system for
netbooks, displacing Linux. The disadvantage is that Windows 7 Starter Edition, as it will be
known, will only allow three applications to run at once.
8. Search and Organization
One of the nicest features of Windows 7 is the upgraded search function, which now competes
with Mac OS X's Spotlight in terms of speed and ease of use. Typing 'mouse', for example, will
bring up the mouse option in the control panel, while typing a word will display it and divide it
into files, directories, and apps nicely. The concept of Libraries is also introduced, which expands
on the 'My Documents' concept. The various Libraries, such as Documents and Pictures, will
monitor multiple locations that you can add yourself, allowing you to maintain everything in one
location.
9. Compatibility
Simply put, compatibility with Windows 7 will be significantly superior to that of Vista. Many
programs used by people and businesses on Windows XP did not work right away and required
upgrades, but with Windows 7, practically all Vista-compatible applications should still work.
10. Taskbar
At first sight, the taskbar appears to have remained largely unchanged since Vista. That is notthe
case, and it is far more potent. Microsoft is now putting its aero technology to its full potential.
Taskbar icons are now larger by default, and objects are grouped together rather than labeled
with clunky text. A stack will appear on the taskbar if you have many Word documents or
Windows Explorer windows open. When you move your cursor over the program, each Window
will appear as a thumbnail. When you hover your mouse over each thumbnail, it will become
visible, while all other open windows will vanish save for their outlines. Each document or
window can be closed immediately from the thumbnail, or it can be brought to the front by
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clicking on it. A small arrow to the right of programs like Word in the Start menu now extends to
show a list of recent documents, which may be pinned to keep one on the list permanently. The
above points make the taskbar a significant feature of the windows operating system
11. Safety
Two new authentication methods tailored for touchscreens, the addition of antivirus capabilities
to Windows Defender Smart Screen filtering, and support for the "Secure Boot" functionality on
UEFI systems to protect against malware infecting the boot process are among the new security
features in Windows. Parents may monitor and regulate their children's actions on a device
using activity reports and safety restrictions, thanks to Family Safety's parental controls. The
new "Refresh" and "Reset" functionalities in Windows 8 also allow for integrated system
recovery, including system recovery from a USB device. The first security patches for Windows 8
will be delivered on November 13, 2012, and would include three changes that Microsoft
judged "important."
12. Interface
The user interface of Windows has undergone substantial improvements, many of which are
focused on improving the experience on tablet PCs and other touchscreen devices. The new
user interface is based on Microsoft's Metro design language, and it features a Start screen
similar to that of Windows Phone for opening apps. The Start screen shows a customizable grid
of tiles that link to a variety of apps and desktop programs, some of which can display
continually updated information and content via "live tiles." Apps can be snapped to the side of
a screen as a type of multitasking. A new simplified and touch-optimized settings program called
"PC Preferences" is utilized alongside the classic Control Panel for basic configuration and user
settings.
Advantages of Windows Operating System:
The following are the advantages of Microsoft Windows:
User-friendly interface for easy navigation

Wide range of compatible software and applications

Extensive hardware support for various devices

Regular updates and security patches for improved performance

Familiarity, as it's a widely used operating system

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Disadvantages Of Windows Operating System
The following are the disadvantages of Microsoft Windows:
Prone to malware and viruses, requiring frequent security measures

Can be resource-intensive, leading to slower performance on older hardware

The cost associated with licensing for certain versions

Limited customization compared to some other operating systems

Occasional compatibility issues with certain software and hardware.

Q5) WRITE SHORT NOTES ON THE FOLLOWING TOPICS:
A) CONCEPTS OF ASSEMBLER
B) INTERPRETER
C) COMPILER
D) LINKER
ANSWER:
Computers are a balanced mix of software and hardware. Hardware is just a piece of mechanical
device and its functions are being controlled by a compatible software. Hardware understands
instructions in the form of electronic charge, which is the counterpart of binary language in
software programming. Binary language has only two alphabets, 0 and 1. To instruct, the
hardware codes must be written in binary format, which is simply a series of 1s and 0s. It would
be a difficult and cumbersome task for computer programmers to write such codes, which is
why we have compilers to write such codes.
Language Processing System
We have learnt that any computer system is made of hardware and software. The hardware
understands a language, which humans cannot understand. So we write programs in high-level
language, which is easier for us to understand and remember. These programs are then fed into
a series of tools and OS components to get the desired code that can be used by the machine.
This is known as Language Processing System.
Language Processing System
The high-level language is converted into binary language in various phases. A compiler is a
program that converts high-level language to assembly language. Similarly, an assembler is a
program that converts the assembly language to machine-level language.
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Let us first understand how a program, using C compiler, is executed on a host machine.
User writes a program in C language (high-level language). The C compiler, compiles the
program and translates it to assembly program (low-level language). An assembler then
translates the assembly program into machine code (object). A linker tool is used to link all the
parts of the program together for execution (executable machine code). A loader loads all of
them into memory and then the program is executed.
Before diving straight into the concepts of compilers, we should understand a few other tools
that work closely with compilers.
Preprocessor
A preprocessor, generally considered as a part of compiler, is a tool that produces input for
compilers. It deals with macro-processing, augmentation, file inclusion, language extension, etc.
1)CONCEPTS OF ASSEMBLER:

An assembler translates assembly language programs into machine code.The output of an

assembler is called an object file, which contains a combination of machine instructions as well
as the data required to place these instructions in memory.
2)INTERPRETER:
An interpreter, like a compiler, translates high-level language into low-level machine language.
The difference lies in the way they read the source code or input. A compiler reads the whole
source code at once, creates tokens, checks semantics, generates intermediate code, executes
the whole program and may involve many passes. In contrast, an interpreter reads a statement
from the input, converts it to an intermediate code, executes it, then takes the next statement
in sequence. If an error occurs, an interpreter stops execution and reports it. whereas a
compiler reads the whole program even if it encounters several errors.
3)COMPILER:
Cross-compiler
A compiler that runs on platform (A) and is capable of generating executable code for platform
(B) is called a cross-compiler.

Source-to-source Compiler
A compiler that takes the source code of one programming language and translates it into the
source code of another programming language is called a source-to-source compiler.
D)LINKER:
 ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY
Linker is a computer program that links and merges various object files together in order to
make an executable file. All these files might have been compiled by separate assemblers. The
major task of a linker is to search and locate referenced module/routines in a program and to
determine the memory location where these codes will be loaded, making the program
instruction to have absolute references.

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