Mathematics in the Modern World (Biostatistics Integrated)

LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING / LEVEL 2
SECOND SEMESTER / 2023-2024

LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS

LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS The Truth Value

Simple Statement Compound Statement
LOGIC True (T) or false (F) Depends on the truth value of
• science of correct thinking and reasoning its simple statements and its
• an interdisciplinary field which studies truth and reasoning connectives.
• Statement (or proposition) • A truth table is a table that shows the truth value of a
o declarative sentence that is either true or false, but compound statement for all possible truth value of its simple
not both. statements.

Truth Table
SIMPLE STATEMENT AND COMPOUND STATEMENT
Disjunction Conjunction Conditional Biconditional Negation
• Simple Statement – a statement that conveys a single
idea. p q pq pq p→q pq p
o Examples: T T T T T T F
Two is an even number. T F T F F F F
Two is a prime number. F T T F T F T
• Compound Statement – combination of 2 or more simple
F F F F T T T
statements
o Examples:
Two is an even prime number. Negation
I will study my lesson in GE Math or I will fail in this subject. p q p q If p is true, p is
false.
T T F F If q is true, q is
• Let p and q be two simple statements.
Type of Connective Symbol Compound Symbolic T F F T false.
Compound or Statement form of the F T T F
Statement Operation compound
statement F F T T
Negation Not  Not p p
Not q
Conjunction And  p and q pq QUANTIFIED STATEMENTS AND THEIR NEGATION
Conditional If…then → If p, then q p→q
Disjunction Or  p or q pq
Statement Negation
Biconditional If and only if  p if and only pq
if q All X are Y. Some X are not Y.
No X are Y. Some X are Y.
Some X are not Y. All X are Y.
• Let p= Bohemian Rhapsody depicts a true story. Some X are Y. No X are Y.
q= Bohemian Rhapsody is a beautiful movie.
• Write the negation of each of the following statements.
• Write the following compound statements . o Some airports are open.
a. 𝑝∨𝑞 No airports are open.
b. 𝑝∧𝑞 o All movies are worth the price of admission.
c. 𝑝→𝑞 Some movies are not worth the price of admission.
d. 𝑝𝑞 o No odd numbers are divisible by 2.
e. p Some odd numbers are divisible by 2.
f. q
INEQUALITY SYMBOLS
a. Bohemian Rhapsody depicts a true story, or bohemian
rhapsody is a beautiful movie? Symbols Inequality
b. Bohemian Rhapsody depicts a true story, and X<Y X is less than Y
bohemian rhapsody is a beautiful movie. X>Y X is greater than Y
c. If Bohemian Rhapsody depicts a true story, then X≤Y X is less than or equal to Y
bohemian rhapsody is a beautiful movie. X≥Y X is greater than or equal to Y
d. Bohemian Rhapsody depicts a true story if and only if
bohemian rhapsody is a beautiful movie. NEGATION OF INEQUALITIES
e. Not Bohemian Rhapsody depicts a true story
f. Not Bohemian rhapsody is a beautiful movie. Statement Negation
g. X<Y X≥Y
X≤Y X>Y

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NEGATION OF EQUALITY Truth Value of a Biconditional

Statement Negation p q pq
X=Y X < Y or X > Y
T T T
Example: Write the negation of each statement. Do not use T F F
slash through the symbol. F T F
F F T
Statement Negation
2x + 7y > 1 2x + 7y ≤ 1
5x – 2 = 6 5x – 2< 6 or 5x – 2 > 6 Example:
9x < 2y 9x ≥ 2y Example Truth Value
8x – y ≥ 1 8x – y < 1 1 > 3 if and only if 3 > 1 False
2x – y ≤ 5 2x – y > 5 -1 < 1 if and only if 5 > 9 False
3 < 7and only if 9 < 5 False
1 + 3 = 4 if and only if 6 - 1 =5 True
Truth Value of a Conjunction 15 • 3 = 35 if and only if 1 + 1= 2 False
p q pq
If p and q is true, then
T T • T 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 is true, CONSTRUCTING TRUTH TABLE FOR A GIVEN
T F • F otherwise false. LOGICAL STATEMENT
F T • F
F F F Construct a truth table for a given logical statement:
(p →q)  p
p q p→q p (p →q)  p
Example:
T T T F T
Example Truth Value
1 > 3 and 3 > 1 False
T F F F F
-1 < 1 and 5 > 9 False F T T T T
3 < 7 and 9 < 5 True F F T T T
1 + 3 = 4 and 6 - 1 =5 True
15 • 3 = 35 and 1 + 1 = 2 False
SET
• Set – collection of well defined and distinct objects called
Truth Value of a Disjunction elements.
p q pq •  - used to denote membership of object in the set
T T T
If p is true or q is true •  - used to enclose the elements of the set
or both p and q are
• Upper case letters A, B, C, … – used to name a set
T F T true, then 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 is
true, otherwise false. • Lower case letter a,b,c,…– sometimes used as elements of
F T T the set
F F F
Membership in a Set
• An object belonging to set A is called an element of A. If x
Example: is an element of A, then we write 𝑥𝜖𝐴; if set is not an element
Example Truth Value of A, we write 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴.
1 > 3 or 3 > 1 True • Example: Given 𝐴=1,2,3
-1 < 1 or 5 > 9 True o 1𝜖𝐴, 4𝜖𝐴, 2𝜖𝐴
3 < 7 or 9 < 5 True
1 + 3 = 4 or 6 - 1 =5 True Empty set
15 • 3 = 35 or 1 + 1 = 2 True
• The empty set is the set, denoted by ∅, which has no
element. The empty set is sometimes called the void set or
Truth Value of a Conditional null set {}.
p q p→q The conditional
statement 𝑝 → 𝑞 is
MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS
T T T
false only when p is Symbol Set
T F F true and q is false. ℝ Set of all real numbers
F T T ℝ+ Set of all positive real numbers
F F T ℤ Set of all integers
ℤ+ Set of all positive integers
ℚ Set of all rational numbers
Example: ℕ Set of all natural numbers
Example Truth Value
If 1 > 3, then 3 > 1 True • Example:
If -1 < 1, then 5 > 9 False o The set A is a set of natural numbers less than 100.
If 3 < 7, then 9 < 5 False • Two ways of defining a set:
If 1 + 3 = 4, then 6 - 1 =5 True
o Set-builder form
If 15 • 3 = 35, then 1 + 1 = 2 False
A = x / x is a natural number, x <100
o Roster form
A = 1,2,3,...,99

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o 3∈A, 50∈A, 101𝜖𝐴 o 𝐶 = {𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 < 10}

o Solve for:
SUBSET OF A SET 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {12,14,16,...}
• The set A is a subset of set B (A  B), if and only if, every 𝐵∩𝐶=
element of A is in B. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {1,3,5,7,9}
• Let M = g,r,e,a,t
• Tell if each of the following sets is a subset of the set M Complement of a Set
• Let U be the universal set. The compliment of set A is
a. a,t
defined as a set 𝐴′ = {𝑥|𝑥𝜖𝑈 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴}
b. e,a,t
• Example:
c. t,e,a,m
U= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9},
d. r,g,e,t,a
A= {𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 > 10} and
B= {𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 < 10}
PROPER SUBSET OF A SET o Solve for:
• A is a proper subset of B (A B), if and only if, every element 𝐴′ = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
of A is in B but there is at least one element of B that is not 𝐵′ = {2,4,6,8}
in A.
o Let A = 1,4,3 B = 1,2,3,4,5 C = 2,3,1,4,5 Relative Complement/Difference
Is AB? True • Let A and B be sets. Then the relative complement B in A
Is CB? False, since all elements of set C are in set B, is the set 𝐴 − 𝐵 defined by 𝐴 − 𝐵 ={𝑥|𝑥𝜖𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵}
C is a subset of B. o Example:
Is BC? True 𝐴 = {1,2,4,5,6,8,9} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = {1,3,5,7,9}
o Solve for:
NUMBER OF SUBSETS OF A GIVEN SET 𝐴 – 𝐵 = {2,4,6,8}
𝐵 – 𝐴 = {3,7}
Given A = 1 B = 1,2 C = 1, 2, 3
Subset 1, 1,2, 1, 1,2,3, 1,2,
Cartesian Product
2, 2,3,
1,31,2,3 • Given sets A and B. The Cartesian product of A and B,
n (number of 1 2 3 denoted AxB and read “A cross B” is the set of all ordered
elements of a pairs (a,b), where a is in A and b is in B. Symbolically,
set AxB= (a,b) aA and bB
Number of 21 = 2 22 = 4 23 = 8 o Given: 𝐴 = 1,2,3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}
subset with o Solve for:
element 𝐴 × 𝐵 = {(1,a),(1,b),(1,c),(2,a),(2,b),(2,c),(3,a),(3,b),(3,c)}
n = 2n
𝐵 × 𝐴 = {(a,1),(a,2),(a,3),(b,1),(b,2),(b,3),(c,1),(c,2),(c,3)}
POWER OF A SET CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
• The element of the power set are all subsets of the given Determine if the statement is true or false.
set. 1. 𝑥 ∈ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
o Let S = a,i,r 2. 𝑦 ⊆ {𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧}
o P(S) = ,a, r, i, a,i, a,r, i,r, i,r,a 3. 𝑥 ∈ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
• Based on S and P(S) tell whether each of the following is 4. 𝑦 ⊆ {{𝑥},{𝑦},{𝑧}}
TRUE or FALSE? 5. 𝑥 ∈ {𝑥𝑦}
o a  P(S) a  P(S) 6. 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 has 12 subsets
o a  P(S) a,r  P(S)
• How many elements does P(S) have?

OPERATIONS ON SET
Union of Sets
• The union of set A and B, denoted by 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵, is the set that
contains all elements that belong to A or to B or to both.
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {𝑥|𝑥𝜖𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑥𝜖𝐵}
• Example:
o 𝐴 = {1,2,3}, 𝐵 = {4,5,6} and 𝐶 = {7,8,9}
o Solve for:
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 1,2,3,4,5,6
𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 = 4,5,6,7,8,9
𝐴 ∪ C = 1,2,3,7,8,9

Intersection of Sets
• The intersection of sets A and B, denoted by 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵, is the
set of elements common to both A and B.
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {𝑥|𝑥𝜖𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝜖𝐵}
• Example:
o 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9},
o 𝐵 = {𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 > 10} and

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