Binary is a base-2 number system that uses two values, 0 and 1, to represent a number.

We can also
call it true(1) and false state(0). A binary number is made the same way as we form a normal decimal
number.

Binary arithmetic is a very important part of various digital systems. Using various methods, we can
perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division in binary numbers. These operations are
much easier than decimal number arithmetic operations because the binary system has only two
digits: 0 and 1.

Binary Arithmetic:

Binary arithmetic is essential to all digital computers and many other digital systems. Binary
arithmetic includes the basic arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division. The following sections highlight the rules that apply to these operations when they are
performed on binary numbers.

Binary Addition:

It is a key for binary subtraction, multiplication, and division. Binary addition is performed in the
same way as an addition in the decimal system and is easier than decimal addition as there are only
2 bits, 0 and 1. Carry and addition are the two steps involved in binary addition. Binary addition
follows the following four basic rules:

Case

A+B

Sum

Carry

0+0

0
0

0+1

1+0

1+1

In the fourth case, a binary addition creates a sum of (1 + 1 = 10), i.e. 0 is written in the given column
and a carry of to the next column.

When adding more than a single-digit binary number, carry into higher-order columns as is done
when adding decimal numbers. For example 11 and 10 = 101. In the first column, 1+0=1. In the
second column, 1+1 =0 with a carry of 1 into the third column; hence it is 101. When we add 1 + 1.+
1 (carry) produces 11, recorded as 1 with a carry to the next column.

Rules of addition:

The addition always starts with the rightmost side (LSB bit) and goes to the left side.

The output is also low when a low bit is added to a low bit. There is no increment in the overall value
of the number. Ex: 0+0=0

When a high bit is added with a low, or a low bit is added with a high, output is always high. The
overall value is incremented with one.

When a high bit is added with high, output is high, with a carry. The value is incremented by one.

Binary Subtraction:

Binary subtraction is very easy as the addition subtraction of one bit from another. Subtraction and
borrowing are the two steps involved in binary subtraction. It follows the following four basic rules:

Case

A-B

Subtract

Borrow

0-0

0
0

1-0

1-1

0-1

In rule 4, transfer (borrow) of 1 is performed as 0 has a lower value than one, so we cannot subtract
from it, so we borrow one from the next column. However, borrowing from the next higher-order
column is sometimes essential when subtracting. For example, it will be necessary to borrow binary
numbers if we are trying to subtract one from a 0. In such a case, one is borrowed from the next
higher-order column, which leaves 0 in that column and creates a ten, i.e., two being subtracted.
Binary Multiplication:

Binary multiplication is similar to decimal multiplication. However, as there are only 2 bits, 0 and 1, It
is much simpler than decimal multiplication because there are only two possible results of
multiplying two bits. There are four rules of binary multiplication.

Case

A*B

Multiplication

0*0

0*1

1*0

1*1
1

Binary Division:

The binary division method is the same as decimal division. Therefore, it is called the long division
procedure. Example:

Binary Coded Decimal:

Binary Coded Decimal: In this code, instead of converting the entire decimal value into a pure binary
form, each digit of a decimal number system is converted into its binary equivalent. A group of 4-bit
numbers represents BCD. 4 bits can represent only digits because 4 bits are insufficient to specify
various characters used by the computer as their ASCII value is high. In 6-bit BCD code, two more
zone bits are added & we can represent 26, i.e., 64 different characters. 6-bit BCD code is sufficient
to code the decimal digits (10), alphabetic characters (26) & other special symbols (28).

Binary Equivalent Decimal Digit

0000 0

0001 1

0010 2

0011 3

0100 4

0101 5

0110 6

0111 7
1000 8

1001 9

Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code:

Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code(EBCDIC)- It is an extended form of BCD where it
can represent 256 characters, i.e. 2^8 characters. It also supports a large variety of printable
characters & non-printable control characters. EBCDIC can be divided into two groups of 4-bit each
which can be represented by one hex digit. In computers that use EBCDIC for the internal
representation of characters, the Hexadecimal Number system is used as a shortcut notation for
memory dump.

Two types of formats :

1. Zoned Decimal Format

2. Packed Decimal Format.

A sign indicator is used in the zone position of the rightmost digit to represent whether the number
is positive, negative or unsigned when a numeric value is represented in EBCDIC. For printing the
Data, Zoned Decimal Format is used as printers print only those numeric characters in a Zoned
Decimal Format. A lot of computers cannot perform arithmetic operations on Zoned Decimal Data.
To perform arithmetic calculations, it had to be converted to Packed Decimal Format.