Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I (Linear PDE with constant coefficients)

LECTURE NOTES ON
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS IV (KAS 302)
B.TECH. (CS)
SECOND YEAR (THIRD SEMESTER)

Module I
(Linear PDE with constant coefficients L2)

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh

Assistant Professor
Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities
United Institute of Technology, Naini, Prayagraj

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 1
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I (Linear PDE with constant coefficients)

HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS

A partial differential equation of the form
𝝏𝒏 𝒛 𝝏𝒏 𝒛 𝝏𝒏 𝒛 𝝏𝒏 𝒛 𝝏𝒏 𝒛
𝑨𝟎 + 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑨𝒏−𝟏 + 𝑨𝒏 = 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚) ⋯ (𝟏)
𝝏𝒙𝒏 𝝏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙𝒏−𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚𝒏−𝟏 𝝏𝒚𝒏
where the coefficients 𝐴0 , 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , ⋯ 𝐴𝑛−1 , 𝐴𝑛 are constants, is called homogeneous linear
partial differential equation of 𝑛th order with constant coefficients.
𝜕 𝜕
Writing 𝐷 for 𝜕𝑥 and 𝐷′ for 𝜕𝑦 , equation (1) can be written as

[𝐴0 𝐷𝑛 + 𝐴1 𝐷𝑛−1 𝐷′ + 𝐴2 𝐷𝑛−2 (𝐷′)2 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛−1 𝐷(𝐷′)𝑛−1 + 𝐴𝑛 (𝐷′)𝑛 ]𝑧 = 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) ⋯ (2)
The complete solution of PDE (2) consists of two parts:
(i) Complementary function (CF) which is the complete solution of the equation
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ )𝑧 = 0. It must contain 𝑛 arbitrary functions, where 𝑛 is the order of the PDE.
(ii) Particular integral (PI) which is a particular solution (free from arbitrary functions) of
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦)
And, the complete solution of PDE (2) is given by
𝑧 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
RULES FOR FINDING COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION (Homogeneous linear PDE with CC)
For CF, first of all we write auxiliary equation (AE) which is given by 𝑓(𝑚, 1) = 0.
⟹ 𝐴0 𝑚𝑛 + 𝐴1 𝑚𝑛−1 + 𝐴2 𝑚𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛−1 𝑚 + 𝐴𝑛 = 0
The form of CF depends on the nature of roots of AE. The AE have 𝑛 roots, let these are
𝑚1 , 𝑚2 = 𝑚3 , 𝑚4 = 𝑚5 = 𝑚6 , 𝑚7 , 𝑚8 , ⋯ , 𝑚𝑛−1 , 𝑚𝑛
Then, the complementary function is given by
∅𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒙)
+∅𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒙) + 𝒙∅𝟑 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒙)
𝐶𝐹 = +∅𝟒 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟒 𝒙) + 𝒙∅𝟓 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟒 𝒙) + 𝒙𝟐 ∅𝟔 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟒 𝒙)
⋮
{ +∅𝑛−1 (𝑦 + 𝑚𝑛−1 𝑥 ) + ∅𝑛 (𝑦 + 𝑚𝑛 𝑥 )

where ∅1 , ∅2 , ∅3 , ⋯ , ∅𝑛−1 , ∅𝑛 are arbitrary functions.

Remark: Corresponding to a non – repeated 𝐷′ on LHS, the part of CF is taken as ∅(𝑥) and for
𝐷′2 on LHS, the part of CF is 𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑦𝑔(𝑥).

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 2
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I (Linear PDE with constant coefficients)

The Particular Integral (PI) of the PDE 𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) is given by

1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ )

Question (1): Solve the PDE (𝑫𝟑 𝑫′𝟐 + 𝑫𝟐 𝑫′𝟑 )𝒛 = 𝟎 where the symbols have their usual
meanings.
Solution: We have given that
⟹ (𝐷3 𝐷′2 + 𝐷 2 𝐷′3 )𝑧 = 0 ⟹ 𝑫′𝟐 (𝑫𝟑 + 𝑫𝟐 𝑫′)𝒛 = 𝟎 ⋯ (1)1)
𝜕 𝜕
where 𝐷 ≡ 𝜕𝑥 and 𝐷′ ≡ 𝜕𝑦

The auxiliary equation (AE) for the part (𝐷3 + 𝐷2 𝐷′)𝑧 = 0 of PDE (1) is given by
(𝑚3 + 𝑚2 ) = 0 ⟹ 𝑚2 (𝑚 + 1) = 0 ⟹ 𝑚 = 0, 0, −1
The complementary function for this part of PDE (1) is given by
(𝐶𝐹 )1 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 − 1𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 0𝑥) + 𝑥𝑓3 (𝑦 + 0𝑥 ) = 𝑓1 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦) + 𝑥𝑓3 (𝑦)
The complementary function for the part (𝐷′2 )𝑧 = 0 of PDE (1) is given by
(𝐶𝐹 )2 = 𝑓4 (𝑥 ) + 𝑦𝑓5 (𝑥 )
Since, we know that Corresponding to a non – repeated 𝐷′ on LHS, the part of CF is taken as
∅(𝑥) and for 𝐷′2 on LHS, the part of CF is 𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑦𝑔(𝑥).
Hence the complete CF of the given PDE is 𝐶𝐹 = (𝐶𝐹 )1 + (𝐶𝐹 )2
⟹ 𝑪𝑭 = 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 − 𝒙) + 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚) + 𝒙𝒇𝟑 (𝒚) + 𝒇𝟒 (𝒙) + 𝒚𝒇𝟓 (𝒙)
And particular integral of PDE (1) is given by
1
𝑃𝐼 = 0=0
𝑫𝟑 𝑫′𝟐 + 𝑫𝟐 𝑫′𝟑
The complete solution of PDE is
𝑧 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
⟹ 𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦) + 𝑥𝑓3 (𝑦) + 𝑓4 (𝑥 ) + 𝑦𝑓5 (𝑥 )
where 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 , 𝑓4 and 𝑓5 are arbitrary functions.

RULES FOR FINDING PARTICULAR INTEGRAL

The Particular Integral (PI) of the PDE 𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) is given by
𝟏
𝑷𝑰 = 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚)
𝒇(𝑫, 𝑫′ )

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 3
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I (Linear PDE with constant coefficients)

1 1
𝛟(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = ∭⋯ ∫ 𝛟(𝒖) 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢 ⋯ 𝑑𝑢 ; 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′) 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏)
(𝑛 times)

where 𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ ) is a homogeneous function of 𝐷 and 𝐷′of degree 𝑛 and 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦.

If 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) = 0 then
1 1 1
𝛟(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝒙 𝛟(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝒙 𝛟(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚)
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′) 𝜕 ′ 𝑓′(𝐷, 𝐷′)
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷 )
𝜕𝐷
1
=𝒙 ∭⋯ ∫ 𝛟(𝒖) 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢 ⋯ 𝑑𝑢 ; 𝑓′(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0
𝑓′(𝑎, 𝑏)
(𝑛−1) times

OR
1 1 1
𝛟(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝒚 𝛟(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝒚 𝛟(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚)
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′) 𝜕 𝑓′(𝐷, 𝐷′)
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ )
𝜕𝐷′
1
=𝒚 ∭⋯ ∫ 𝛟(𝒖) 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢 ⋯ 𝑑𝑢 ; 𝑓′(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0
𝑓′(𝑎, 𝑏)
(𝑛−1) times

According to the highest powers of 𝐷 and 𝐷′ i.e. if highest power of 𝐷 is greater than 𝐷′, we
use first formula and if highest power of 𝐷′ is greater than 𝐷, we use second formula.
Similarly, if 𝑓′(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0 then
1 1 1
𝛟(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝒙𝟐 𝛟(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝒙𝟐 𝛟(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚)
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′) 𝜕 𝑓′′(𝐷, 𝐷′)
𝑓′(𝐷, 𝐷′ )
𝜕𝐷
1
= 𝒙𝟐 ∭⋯ ∫ 𝛟(𝒖) 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢 ⋯ 𝑑𝑢 ; 𝑓′′(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0
𝑓′′(𝑎, 𝑏)
(𝑛−2) times

OR
1 1 1
𝛟(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝒚𝟐 𝛟(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝒚𝟐 𝛟(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚)
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′) 𝜕 ′ 𝑓′′(𝐷, 𝐷′)
𝑓′(𝐷, 𝐷 )
𝜕𝐷′
1
= 𝒚𝟐 ∭⋯ ∫ 𝛟(𝒖) 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢 ⋯ 𝑑𝑢 ; 𝑓′′(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0
𝑓′′(𝑎, 𝑏)
(𝑛−2) times

and so on.

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 4
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I (Linear PDE with constant coefficients)

Question (2): Solve the PDE 𝒓𝒙 − 𝟑𝒔𝒙 + 𝟒𝒕𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙+𝟐𝒚 where the symbols have their usual
meanings.
Solution: We have given that
𝑟𝑥 − 3𝑠𝑥 + 4𝑡𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦
𝜕 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕 𝜕2𝑧
⟹ ( 2) − 3 ( ) + 4 ( 2 ) = 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

⟹ (𝑫𝟑 − 𝟑𝑫𝟐 𝑫′ + 𝟒𝑫′ 𝟑 )𝒛 = 𝒆𝒙+𝟐𝒚 ⋯ (1)

𝜕 𝜕
where 𝐷 ≡ 𝜕𝑥 and 𝐷′ ≡ 𝜕𝑦

The auxiliary equation (AE) of PDE (1) is given by

𝑚3 − 3𝑚2 + 4 = 0 ⟹ 𝑚 = 2,2, −1
The complementary function of PDE (1) is given by
𝑪𝑭 = 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 − 𝒙) + 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙) + 𝒙𝒇𝟑 (𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙)
And particular integral of PDE (1) is given by
1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦
𝐷3 − 3𝐷2 𝐷′ + 4𝐷′ 3
1
= ∭ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢
(1)3 − 3(1)2 (2) + 4(2)3
1 1
∵ ′
𝛟(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = ∭⋯ ∫ 𝛟(𝒖) 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢 ⋯ 𝑑𝑢 ; 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷 ) 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏)
(𝑛 times)

where 𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ ) is a homogeneous function of 𝐷 and 𝐷′of degree 𝑛 and 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦.

Here,𝑛 = 3 and 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦.

1 𝑢 1 𝑥+2𝑦
⟹ 𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 = 𝑒
27 27
The complete solution of PDE (1) is
𝑧 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
1 𝑥+2𝑦
⟹ 𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑥𝑓3 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) + 𝑒
27
where 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 and 𝑓3 are arbitrary functions.

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 5
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I (Linear PDE with constant coefficients)

Question (3): Solve the PDE 𝒓 + 𝟑𝒔 + 𝟐𝒕 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 where the symbols have their usual
meanings.
Solution: We have given that
𝑟 + 3𝑠 + 2𝑡 = 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧
⟹ + 3 + 2 =𝑥+𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
𝟐
⟹ (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟑𝑫𝑫′ + 𝟐𝑫′ )𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 ⋯ (1)
𝜕 𝜕
where 𝐷 ≡ 𝜕𝑥 and 𝐷′ ≡ 𝜕𝑦

The auxiliary equation (AE) of PDE (1) is given by

𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 2 = 0 ⟹ 𝑚 = −1, −2
The complementary function of PDE (1) is given by
𝑪𝑭 = 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 − 𝒙) + 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙)
And particular integral of PDE (1) is given by
1
𝑃𝐼 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝐷2 + 3𝐷𝐷′ + 2𝐷′ 2
1
= ∬ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢
(1) + 3(1)(1) + 2(1)2
2

1 1
∵ ′
𝛟(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = ∭⋯ ∫ 𝛟(𝒖) 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢 ⋯ 𝑑𝑢 ; 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷 ) 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏)
(𝑛 times)

where 𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ ) is a homogeneous function of 𝐷 and 𝐷′of degree 𝑛 and 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦.

Here,𝑛 = 2 and 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦.
1 𝑢3 1 3 1
⟹ 𝑃𝐼 = = 𝑢 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 )3
6 6 36 36
The complete solution of PDE (1) is
𝑧 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
1
⟹ 𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 2𝑥 ) + (𝑥 + 𝑦 )3
36
where 𝑓1 and 𝑓2 are arbitrary functions.

Question (4): Solve the PDE 𝒓 − 𝟐𝒔 + 𝒕 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚) where the symbols have their usual
meanings.
Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 6
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I (Linear PDE with constant coefficients)

Solution: We have given that

𝑟 − 2𝑠 + 𝑡 = sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
𝜕 2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧
⟹ − 2 + = sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
⟹ (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟐𝑫𝑫′ + 𝑫′ 𝟐 )𝒛 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚) ⋯ (1)
𝜕 𝜕
where 𝐷 ≡ 𝜕𝑥 and 𝐷′ ≡ 𝜕𝑦

The auxiliary equation (AE) of PDE (1) is given by

𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1 = 0 ⟹ 𝑚 = 1,1
The complementary function of PDE (1) is given by
𝑪𝑭 = 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝒙) + 𝒙𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝒙)
And particular integral of PDE (1) is given by
1
𝑃𝐼 = sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
𝐷2 − 2𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′ 2
1
= ∬ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢
(2) − 2(2)(3) + 1(3)2
2

1 1
∵ ′
𝛟(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = ∭⋯ ∫ 𝛟(𝒖) 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢 ⋯ 𝑑𝑢 ; 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷 ) 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏)
(𝑛 times)

where 𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ ) is a homogeneous function of 𝐷 and 𝐷′of degree 𝑛 and 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦.

Here,𝑛 = 2 and 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦.

1
⟹ 𝑃𝐼 = ∫(− cos 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = −sin 𝑢 = − sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
1
The complete solution of PDE (1) is
𝑧 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
⟹ 𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) + 𝑥𝑓2 (𝑦 + 𝑥 ) − sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
where 𝑓1 and 𝑓2 are arbitrary functions.

Question (5): Solve the PDE 𝒓𝒙 − 𝟒𝒔𝒙 + 𝟒𝒕𝒙 = 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚) where the symbols have their
usual meanings.
Solution: We have given that
𝑟𝑥 − 4𝑠𝑥 + 4𝑡𝑥 = 4 sin(2𝑥 + 𝑦)

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 7
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I (Linear PDE with constant coefficients)

𝜕 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕 𝜕2𝑧

⟹ ( )−4 ( ) + 4 ( 2 ) = 4 sin(2𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝟐
⟹ (𝑫𝟑 − 𝟒𝑫𝟐 𝑫′ + 𝟒𝑫𝑫′ )𝒛 = 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚) ⋯ (1)
𝜕 𝜕
where 𝐷 ≡ 𝜕𝑥 and 𝐷′ ≡ 𝜕𝑦

The auxiliary equation (AE) of PDE (1) is given by

𝑚3 − 4𝑚2 + 4𝑚 = 0 ⟹ 𝑚 = 0,2,2
The complementary function of PDE (1) is given by
𝑪𝑭 = 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚) + 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙) + 𝒙𝒇𝟑 (𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙)
And particular integral of PDE (1) is given by
1
𝑃𝐼 = 4 sin(2𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝐷3 − 4𝐷2 𝐷′ + 4𝐷𝐷′ 2
1
=4𝑥 sin(2𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕 3 2 ′ ′ 2
(𝐷 − 4𝐷 𝐷 + 4𝐷𝐷 )
𝜕𝐷
{∵ (2)3 − 4(2)2 (1) + 4(2)(1)2 = 0}
1
=4𝑥 sin(2𝑥 + 𝑦)
3𝐷2 − 8𝐷𝐷′ + 4𝐷′ 2
1
= 4 𝑥. 𝑥 sin(2𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕 2 ′ ′ 2
(3𝐷 − 8𝐷𝐷 + 4𝐷 )
𝜕𝐷
{∵ 3(2)2 − 8(2)(1) + 4(1)2 = 0}
1
= 4 𝑥2 sin(2𝑥 + 𝑦)
6𝐷 − 8𝐷′
1
= 4 𝑥2 ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
6(2) − 8(1)
1 1
∵ 𝛟( 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 ) = ∭⋯ ∫ 𝛟(𝒖) 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢 ⋯ 𝑑𝑢 ; 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ ) 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏)
(𝑛 times)

where 𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ ) is a homogeneous function of 𝐷 and 𝐷′of degree 𝑛 and 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦.

Here,𝑛 = 1 and 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦.
1
⟹ 𝑃𝐼 = 4 𝑥 2 (− cos 𝑢) = −𝑥 2 cos(2𝑥 + 𝑦)
4
The complete solution of PDE (1) is

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 8
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I (Linear PDE with constant coefficients)

𝑧 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
⟹ 𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 + 2𝑥) + 𝑥𝑓3 (𝑦 + 2𝑥 ) − 𝑥 2 cos(2𝑥 + 𝑦)
where 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 and 𝑓3 are arbitrary functions.

𝟏
Question (6): Solve the PDE 𝒓 + 𝟓𝒔 + 𝟔𝒕 = 𝒚−𝟐𝒙 where the symbols have their usual

meanings.
Solution: We have given that
1
𝑟 + 5𝑠 + 6𝑡 =
𝑦 − 2𝑥
𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2𝑧 1
⟹ + 5 + 6 =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥
𝟏
⟹ (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟓𝑫𝑫′ + 𝟔𝑫′ 𝟐 )𝒛 = ⋯ (1)
𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙
𝜕 𝜕
where 𝐷 ≡ 𝜕𝑥 and 𝐷′ ≡ 𝜕𝑦

The auxiliary equation (AE) of PDE (1) is given by

𝑚2 + 5𝑚 + 6 = 0 ⟹ 𝑚 = −2, −3
The complementary function of PDE (1) is given by
𝑪𝑭 = 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙) + 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙)
And particular integral of PDE (1) is given by
1 1
𝑃𝐼 = ′2
( )
𝐷2 + 5𝐷𝐷′ + 6𝐷 𝑦 − 2𝑥
1 1
=𝑥 ) (
𝜕 2 ′ ′ 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥
(𝐷 + 5𝐷𝐷 + 6𝐷 )
𝜕𝐷
{∵ (−2)2 + 5(−2)(1) + 6(1)2 = 0}
1 1
=𝑥 ( )
2𝐷 + 5𝐷′ 𝑦 − 2𝑥
1 1
=𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2(−2) + 5(1) 𝑢
1 1
∵ ′
𝛟(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = ∭⋯ ∫ 𝛟(𝒖) 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑢 ⋯ 𝑑𝑢 ; 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷 ) 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏)
(𝑛 times)

where 𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ ) is a homogeneous function of 𝐷 and 𝐷′of degree 𝑛 and 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦.

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 9
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I (Linear PDE with constant coefficients)

Here,𝑛 = 1 and 𝑢 = −2𝑥 + 𝑦.

⟹ 𝑃𝐼 = 𝑥 log 𝑢 = 𝑥 log(𝑦 − 2𝑥)
The complete solution of PDE (1) is
𝑧 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
⟹ 𝑧 = 𝑓1 (𝑦 − 2𝑥 ) + 𝑓2 (𝑦 − 3𝑥 ) + 𝑥 log(𝑦 − 2𝑥)
where 𝑓1 and 𝑓2 are arbitrary functions.

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 10