CH-5

1.What layer of the OSI model is responsible for network layer services?

a) Layer 1

b) Layer 2

c) Layer 3

d) Layer 4

Answer: c) Layer 3(session)

Which of the following best describes forwarding?

a) Determining the best path for packets

b) Passing packets from one network interface to another

c) Handling network congestion and errors

d) Assigning IP addresses to devices

Answer: b) Passing packets from one network interface to another

What process involves determining the best path for packets through a network?

a) Forwarding

b) Addressing

c) Routing

d) Switching

Answer: c) Routing

What is responsible for examining the destination IP address of incoming packets in a router?

a) Input ports

b) Buffer management

c) Forwarding tables

d) Scheduling algorithms

Answer: c) Forwarding tables

What is used to determine the best path for forwarding packets in a router?

a) Forwarding tables

b) Buffer management

c) Scheduling algorithms

d) Switching fabrics

Answer: a) Forwarding tables

Which protocol is responsible for assigning IP addresses to devices?

a) DHCP

b) NAT

c) DNS

d) FTP

Answer: a) DHCP

What protocol is used when a host dynamically obtains an IP address from a network server?

a) NAT

b) DHCP

c) DNS

d) FTP

Answer: b) DHCP

What is the primary goal of DHCP?

a) Allocating IP addresses

b) Assigning domain names

c) Managing network congestion

d) Handling packet errors

Answer: a) Allocating IP addresses

Which protocol is responsible for translating private IP addresses to public IP addresses?

a) DHCP

b) NAT

c) DNS

d) FTP

Answer: b) NAT

Which protocol is used for dynamically configuring IPv6 addresses?

a) DHCPv6

b) NAT

c) DNS

d) FTP

Answer: a) DHCPv6

Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for providing network layer services?

a) Layer 1

b) Layer 2

c) Layer 3

d) Layer 4

Answer: c) Layer 3

What is the primary function of the network layer?

a) Physical addressing

b) Error detection

c) Packet forwarding

d) Data encryption

Answer: c) Packet forwarding

Which of the following is a function of the data plane?

a) Routing protocol exchange

b) Forwarding packets

c) Generating ARP requests

d) Configuring network interfaces

Answer: b) Forwarding packets

What distinguishes forwarding from routing?

a) Forwarding operates at Layer 3, while routing operates at Layer 2.

b) Forwarding determines the best path for packets, while routing passes packets from one
network interface to another.

c) Forwarding involves examining the destination IP address, while routing involves determining
the best path.

d) Forwarding is static, while routing is dynamic.

Answer: c) Forwarding involves examining the destination IP address, while routing involves
determining the best path.

How does a router determine the best path for forwarding packets?

a) By examining the source IP address

b) By consulting the ARP table

c) By analyzing routing protocols

d) By using DNS resolution

Answer: c) By analyzing routing protocols

What is the purpose of buffer management in a router?

a) To prioritize packets

b) To store packets temporarily

c) To encrypt packets

d) To authenticate packets

Answer: b) To store packets temporarily

Which component of a router is responsible for managing the flow of packets?

a) Input ports

b) Switching fabric

c) Buffer

d) Output ports

Answer: b) Switching fabric

What is the role of NAT in network communication?

a) Assigning IP addresses dynamically

b) Translating private IP addresses to public IP addresses

c) Allocating bandwidth

d) Resolving domain names

Answer: b) Translating private IP addresses to public IP addresses

Which protocol is commonly used for communication between middleboxes?

a) TCP

b) UDP

c) ICMP

d) SCTP

Answer: a) TCP

What is the primary function of the control plane in network devices?

a) Forwarding packets

b) Processing data

c) Making routing decisions

d) Managing buffer space

Answer: c) Making routing decisions

Where is the DHCP server typically located in a network setup?

a) Co-located with the DNS server

b) Co-located with the firewall

c) Co-located in the router

d) Co-located in the switch

Answer: c) Co-located in the router

What information can DHCP return besides the allocated IP address?

a) MAC address of the client

b) Name and IP address of the DHCP server

c) Address of the DHCP relay agent

d) Address of the default gateway (first-hop router)

Answer: d) Address of the default gateway (first-hop router)

Which protocol encapsulates the DHCP REQUEST message?

a) TCP

b) UDP

c) IP

d) Ethernet

Answer: b) UDP

What type of Ethernet frame is used to broadcast a DHCP REQUEST message on

the LAN?
a) Unicast

b) Multicast

c) Broadcast

d) Anycast

Answer: c) Broadcast

What type of message does the DHCP server formulate in response to a DHCP
REQUEST?
a) DHCP DISCOVER

b) DHCP OFFER

c) DHCP DECLINE

d) DHCP ACK

Answer: d) DHCP ACK

How is the DHCP server reply forwarded to the client?

a) Unicast

b) Multicast

c) Broadcast

d) Anycast

Answer: a) Unicast

What does the DHCP ACK message contain?

a) Only the client's IP address

b) Only the DNS server's IP address

c) The client's IP address and the IP address of the first-hop router

d) The MAC address of the client

Answer: c) The client's IP address and the IP address of the first-hop router

What is the purpose of the DHCP relay agent?

a) To translate IP addresses

b) To forward DHCP messages between subnets

c) To manage network congestion

d) To authenticate DHCP clients

Answer: b) To forward DHCP messages between subnets

Which protocol is used to encapsulate the DHCP messages for transmission over
the network?
a) TCP

b) UDP

c) IP

d) ARP

Answer: b) UDP

What is the primary function of DHCP in a network?

a) To assign static IP addresses to devices

b) To assign dynamic IP addresses to devices

c) To encrypt network traffic

d) To authenticate network devices

Answer: b) To assign dynamic IP addresses to devices

How does a network obtain the subnet part of its IP address?

a) By configuring it manually on each device

b) By requesting it from the Internet Service Provider (ISP)

c) By using a default subnet provided by the router

d) By broadcasting a subnet discovery message

Answer: b) By requesting it from the Internet Service Provider (ISP)

What is the purpose of the ISP's block of IP addresses?

a) To allocate addresses to individual devices

b) To provide a range of addresses for subnetting

c) To reserve addresses for special network functions

d) To restrict access to certain IP ranges

Answer: b) To provide a range of addresses for subnetting

How many blocks can the ISP allocate from its address space?
a) 4

b) 6

c) 8

d) 10

Answer: c) 8

What is the subnet mask for Organization 0 in CIDR notation?

a) /20

b) /22

c) /23

d) /24

Answer: c) /23

Which organization has the subnet address 200.23.20.0/23?

a) Organization 1

b) Organization 2

c) Organization 3

d) Organization 7

Answer: b) Organization 2

What is the subnet address for Organization 5 in CIDR notation?

a) 200.23.26.0/24

b) 200.23.28.0/23

c) 200.23.26.0/23

d) 200.23.28.0/24

Answer: c) 200.23.26.0/23

How many IP addresses are available in each subnet allocated to the

organizations?
a) 512

b) 256

c) 128

d) 64

Answer: b) 256

What is the purpose of subnetting in IP networking?

a) To increase the number of available IP addresses

b) To improve network security

c) To reduce network latency

d) To simplify network administration

Answer: a) To increase the number of available IP addresses

Which component of an IP address specifies the subnet?

a) Network portion

b) Host portion

c) Subnet portion

d) Broadcast portion

Answer: c) Subnet portion

How does subnetting help in efficient utilization of IP addresses?

a) By reducing the number of available IP addresses

b) By increasing the number of network segments

c) By reducing network performance

d) By dividing a single network into smaller subnetworks

Answer: d) By dividing a single network into smaller subnetworks

How does an ISP typically obtain a block of IP addresses?

a) By purchasing them from a domain registrar

b) Through allocation from ICANN

c) By generating them internally

d) By leasing them from other ISPs

Answer: b) Through allocation from ICANN

Which organization allocates IP addresses and manages DNS root zones?

a) IANA

b) ICANN

c) IEEE

d) IETF

Answer: b) ICANN

Are there enough 32-bit IP addresses to meet current demand?

a) Yes, there are sufficient addresses available

b) No, the IPv4 address space has been exhausted

c) IPv6 addresses can be used instead

d) NAT can mitigate the address shortage

Answer: b) No, the IPv4 address space has been exhausted

What is the purpose of NAT (Network Address Translation)?

a) To increase network security

b) To allocate IP addresses dynamically

c) To share a single public IP address among multiple devices

d) To encrypt network traffic

Answer: c) To share a single public IP address among multiple devices

What is the advantage of using NAT in a local network?

a) Enhanced network performance

b) Simplified network administration

c) Ability to change ISP without changing device addresses

d) Reduced network latency

Answer: c) Ability to change ISP without changing device addresses

Which layer of the OSI model does NAT operate at?

a) Layer 1

b) Layer 2

c) Layer 3

d) Layer 4

Answer: c) Layer 3

What does NAT traversal refer to?

a) The process of bypassing NAT for specific traffic

b) The translation of source and destination IP addresses

c) The traversal of NAT-enabled routers in a network

d) The handling of incoming datagrams by a NAT router

Answer: a) The process of bypassing NAT for specific traffic

What is a potential criticism of NAT?

a) It violates the end-to-end argument

b) It simplifies network configuration

c) It increases network security risks

d) It hampers network scalability

Answer: a) It violates the end-to-end argument

In NAT, what does a NAT router replace in outgoing datagrams?

a) Destination IP address

b) Source IP address and port number

c) Source MAC address

d) Destination port number

Answer: b) Source IP address and port number

Which type of networks extensively use NAT?

a) Data centers

b) Corporate LANs

c) Cellular networks

d) Research networks

Answer: c) Cellular networks

What was the initial motivation behind the development of IPv6?

a) Speed processing and forwarding

b) Exhaustion of the IPv4 address space

c) Support for different network-layer treatments

d) Enhancing network security

Answer: b) Exhaustion of the IPv4 address space

What is the purpose of a 40-byte fixed-length header in IPv6?

a) To reduce header overhead

b) To increase header flexibility

c) To enhance routing efficiency

d) To improve network congestion control

Answer: a) To reduce header overhead

How is tunneling used in the context of IPv6 deployment?

a) To encapsulate IPv6 datagrams within IPv4 datagrams

b) To encrypt IPv6 datagrams for secure transmission

c) To compress IPv6 datagrams for efficient storage

d) To prioritize IPv6 traffic over IPv4 traffic

Answer: a) To encapsulate IPv6 datagrams within IPv4 datagrams

What percentage of clients access Google services via IPv6 as of 2023?

a) Approximately 20%

b) Approximately 30%

c) Approximately 40%

d) Approximately 50%

Answer: c) Approximately 40%

How does tunneling enable the operation of mixed IPv4 and IPv6 routers?
a) By converting IPv4 routers into IPv6 routers

b) By encapsulating IPv6 datagrams within IPv4 datagrams

c) By upgrading all routers simultaneously

d) By implementing flag days for router upgrades

Answer: b) By encapsulating IPv6 datagrams within IPv4 datagrams

What percentage of US government domains are IPv6 capable, according to

NIST?
a) Approximately 10%

b) Approximately 20%

c) Approximately 30%

d) Approximately 40%

Answer: c) Approximately 30%

How long has it taken for IPv6 deployment and adoption?

a) 10 years

b) 15 years

c) 20 years

d) 25 years

Answer: d) 25 years

What is the primary motivation behind tunneling in IPv6 deployment?

a) To improve network security

b) To increase network performance

c) To facilitate gradual deployment and coexistence with IPv4

d) To reduce network congestion

Answer: c) To facilitate gradual deployment and coexistence with IPv4

What major application-level changes have occurred in the last 25 years?

a) Increase in telecommunication services

b) Introduction of social media platforms

c) Advancements in gaming technology

d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

What percentage of clients access Google services via IPv6 as of 2023?

a) Approximately 20%

b) Approximately 30%

c) Approximately 40%

d) Approximately 50%

Answer: c) Approximately 40%

What is the abstraction used in generalized forwarding?

a) Match plus action

b) Destination-based forwarding

c) Header pattern analysis

d) Packet disambiguation

Answer: a) Match plus action

What is the purpose of flow tables in generalized forwarding?

a) To store packet payloads

b) To define header field values for flows

c) To determine the action for matched packets

d) To prioritize packet delivery

Answer: c) To determine the action for matched packets

What abstraction does OpenFlow provide?

a) Match plus action

b) Packet disambiguation

c) Network-wide behavior

d) Flow table management

Answer: a) Match plus action

What is the primary purpose of a router's forwarding table?

a) To match the longest destination IP prefix

b) To forward based on the source MAC address

c) To prioritize packets based on size

d) To drop packets with invalid headers

Answer: a) To match the longest destination IP prefix

What does a switch match to determine its action?

a) Destination IP address

b) Source MAC address

c) TCP/UDP port numbers

d) Network-wide behavior

Answer: b) Source MAC address

What does a firewall match to determine its action?

a) Source IP address

b) Destination MAC address

c) Transport-layer protocols

d) Packet payloads

Answer: a) Source IP address

What does NAT match to rewrite addresses and ports?

a) Destination IP address
b) Source MAC address

c) IP address and port

d) Network-wide behavior

Answer: c) IP address and port

What can orchestrated tables create in network-wide behavior?

a) Priority queues

b) Distributed computing

c) Packet disambiguation

d) Specific routing paths

Answer: d) Specific routing paths

What abstraction allows for matching bits in arriving packet headers?

a) Packet disambiguation

b) Network programmability

c) Match plus action

d) Header pattern analysis

Answer: c) Match plus action

What is the historical root of programmable, per-packet processing?

a) Active networking

b) Packet switching

c) ARPANET

d) OSI model

Answer: a) Active networking

What is the primary function of a middlebox in networking?

a) Standard routing

b) Advanced packet processing

c) Performing functions beyond a router's normal operations

d) End-to-end encryption

Answer: c) Performing functions beyond a router's normal operations

Which type of network commonly uses NAT?

a) Corporate networks

b) Mobile networks

c) CDN networks

d) Data center networks

Answer: b) Mobile networks

What is the purpose of a load balancer?

a) Enhancing network security

b) Distributing network traffic across multiple servers

c) Filtering unwanted network packets

d) Optimizing network routing protocols

Answer: b) Distributing network traffic across multiple servers

What is SDN known for?

a) Distributed control and configuration management

b) Centralized control and configuration management

c) Decentralized network architecture

d) Static network routing

Answer: b) Centralized control and configuration management

What is the Internet's "thin waist"?

a) A centralized network control point

b) A decentralized network architecture

c) The use of a single network layer protocol (IP)

d) The proliferation of network protocols

Answer: c) The use of a single network layer protocol (IP)

What is the primary goal of the architectural principles of the Internet?

a) Network efficiency

b) Network intelligence

c) Network connectivity

d) Network security

Answer: c) Network connectivity

What does NFV stand for?

a) Network Function Verification

b) Network Functions Visualization

c) Network Functions Virtualization

d) Network Function Validation

Answer: c) Network Functions Virtualization

What is IP fragmentation?
a) Breaking down large IP datagrams into smaller fragments

b) Aggregating multiple IP datagrams into a single packet

c) Reassembling fragmented IP datagrams at the source

d) Filtering unwanted IP packets

Answer: a) Breaking down large IP datagrams into smaller fragments

What is MTU?
a) Maximum Transfer Unit

b) Maximum Transmission Unit

c) Minimum Transfer Unit

d) Minimum Transmission Unit

Answer: b) Maximum Transmission Unit

How are fragmented IP datagrams identified and ordered?

a) Through IP header bits

b) Through destination IP addresses

c) Through network layer routing tables

d) Through source MAC addresses

Answer: a) Through IP header bits

One-word Questions and Answers:

What layer is responsible for network layer services?

Answer: Network

What process involves determining the best path for packets?

Answer: Routing

What is responsible for examining the destination IP address of incoming packets in a router?

Answer: Forwarding

What is used to determine the best path for forwarding packets in a router?

Answer: Forwarding tables

What protocol is responsible for assigning IP addresses to devices?

Answer: DHCP

Where is the DHCP server typically located?

Answer: Router

What does DHCP return besides the allocated IP address?

Answer: Gateway

What encapsulates the DHCP REQUEST message?

Answer: UDP
How is the DHCP server reply forwarded?

Answer: Unicast

What does the DHCP ACK message contain?

Answer: Addresses

What does the DHCP relay agent do?

Answer: Forwards

Who manages IP address allocation?

Answer: ICANN

What is the purpose of NAT?

Answer: Address sharing

Where is NAT typically implemented?

Answer: Router

What is the IPv4 address space exhaustion mitigated by?

Answer: NAT

What does NAT traversal address?

Answer: Connectivity

What layer does NAT operate at?

Answer: Network

What motivated the development of IPv6?

Answer: Exhaustion

What is the purpose of a 40-byte fixed-length header in IPv6?

Answer: Overhead

How is tunneling used in IPv6 deployment?

Answer: Encapsulation

What percentage of clients access Google services via IPv6?

Answer: 40%
What is the primary motivation behind tunneling in IPv6 deployment?

Answer: Coexistence

How long has it taken for IPv6 deployment and adoption?

Answer: 25 years

What is the abstraction used in generalized forwarding?

Answer: Match

What does OpenFlow provide?

Answer: Programmability

What does a router's forwarding table determine?

Answer: Action

What does a switch match to determine its action?

Answer: MAC

What does a firewall match to determine its action?

Answer: IP

What is the primary function of a middlebox?

Answer: Processing

What does SDN provide?

Answer: Control

What is NFV focused on?

Answer: Virtualization

What is IP fragmentation used for?

Answer: Segmentation

Two-word Questions and Answers:

What is the primary goal of DHCP?

Answer: IP allocation

What protocol is used for translating private IP addresses to public IP addresses?

Answer: Network Address Translation (NAT)

What process involves determining the best path for packets through a network?

Answer: Packet routing

What is responsible for examining the destination IP address of incoming packets in a router?

Answer: Address examination

What protocol is used when a host dynamically obtains an IP address from a network server?

Answer: DHCP assignment

What type of Ethernet frame broadcasts a DHCP REQUEST?

Answer: Ethernet broadcast

What does the DHCP server formulate in response to a DHCP REQUEST?

Answer: DHCP ACK message

How is the DHCP server reply forwarded to the client?

Answer: Via unicast

What is the purpose of the DHCP relay agent?

Answer: Forwarding DHCP

What is encapsulated for transmission over the network?

Answer: DHCP messages

What is the primary function of DHCP in a network?

Answer: IP address assignment

What is NAT traversal?

Answer: Bypassing NAT

What does NAT replace?

Answer: Source IP

What is the criticism of NAT?

Answer: End-to-end violation

What does NAT router replace?

Answer: Outgoing datagrams

What is the purpose of NAT?

Answer: Address sharing

Where is NAT implemented?

Answer: Network router

What is tunneling used for in IPv6 deployment?

Answer: IPv6 encapsulation

What percentage of US government domains are IPv6 capable?

Answer: 30%

What major changes have occurred in the last 25 years?

Answer: Application-level advancements

What is the initial motivation behind IPv6 development?

Answer: Address exhaustion

What does tunneling enable in mixed IPv4 and IPv6 networks?

Answer: Coexistence of routers

How does tunneling operate in IPv6 deployment?

Answer: IPv6 encapsulation in IPv4

What does NAT match for rewriting?

Answer: Address and port

What can orchestrated tables create?

Answer: Network behavior

What abstraction enables per-packet processing?

Answer: Match plus action

What is the root of network programmability?

Answer: Active networking

What does a firewall match to permit or deny traffic?

Answer: IP addresses

What is the Internet's "thin waist" characterized by?

Answer: Single protocol

What does NFV enable in networking?

Answer: Programmable services

What is the purpose of a load balancer?

Answer: Traffic distribution

How are fragmented IP datagrams identified?

Answer: Through IP headers