UNIT 1.

INTRODUCTION As the word humanities came from the

Latin “humanus” which means human,
Lesson 1 - Humanities and the Arts cultured and refined, man is taught to be as
what the term exactly means: being
Humanities are academic disciplines that study cultured and refined;
aspects of human society and culture.
- In the Renaissance, the term contrasted with Humans have the characteristics of
divinity and referred to what is now called rationality, benevolence and care, he is
classics, the main area of secular study in cultured and refined as shown by good
universities at the time. tastes and manner indicative of good and
- Today, the humanities are more frequently proper education.
contrasted with natural, and sometimes Humanities contains the records of man’s
social sciences, as well as professional quest for answers to the fundamental
training. questions he asks himself and about the
Humanities use methods that are primarily critical, world we live in
or speculative, and have a significant historical Humanities studies man and the manner in
element as distinguished from the mainly empirical which he conducts himself from the time of
approaches of the natural sciences, yet, unlike the his existence to the present (Martin &
sciences, it has no central discipline. Jacobus, 2004)
Humanities is composed of academic
The humanities include the study of the ff:
disciplines that make it distinctive in both
1. ancient and modern languages
content and method from the physical and
2. Literature
biological sciences and from the social
3. Philosophy
sciences
4. History
5. Archeology The study of Humanities is devoted to
6. Anthropology understanding the different phenomena
7. human geography within the human cultural contexts
8. law Humanities studies how people process
9. Politics and document the human experience using
10. Religion philosophy, religion, literature, art and
11. Art history as their way of understanding and
recording the world
Scholars in the humanities are "humanity
Humanities studies how individuals’
scholars" or humanists.
manner of expression varies as they record
human experiences and how the way of
The term "humanist" also describes the
documenting these forms a connection
philosophical position of humanism, which
between and among humans of the past,
some "anti-humanist" scholars in the
present and future.
humanities reject.

The Renaissance scholars and artists were Fundamental Principles of Humanities

also called humanists. Some secondary The following are identified
schools offer humanities classes usually fundamental principles of Humanities
consisting of literature, global studies and which are used as guides for a better
art. understanding of life and man’s existence.
Human disciplines like history, 1. Human nature is inherently good.
folkloristics, and cultural anthropology 2. Individuals are free and are capable
study subject matters that the manipulative of making choices.
experimental method does not apply to— 3. Human potential for growth and
and instead mainly use the comparative development is virtually unlimited.
method and comparative research. 4. Self-concept plays an important role
in growth and development.
The study of humanities may also be 5. Individuals have an urge for self
attributed to the symmetry and balance actualization.
discussed by the art piece known as the 6. Reality is defined by each person.
Vitruvian Man of Leonardo da Vinci. 7. Individuals have a responsibility to
both themselves and to others.
Why Study Humanities?
The following items are just a few Art is a diverse range of human
of the many reasons why one must engage activities in creating visual, auditory or
and be interested in Humanities: performing artifacts (artworks), expressing
the author's imaginative, conceptual ideas,
or technical skill, intended to be
appreciated for their beauty or emotional 4. Art is subjective as it employs the
power. use of perception, insights, feelings and
intuition.
Other activities related to the 5. It is the heightened expression of
production of works of art include the human dignity and weaknesses felt and
criticism of art, the study of the history of shared so powerfully in a world
art, and the aesthetic increasingly aware of its successes and
dissemination[clarification needed of art. failures
6. It is man’s expression of himself as an
The three classical branches of art are the individual and how he views his existence,
ff: and
1. Painting 7. Art also provides enjoyment and
2. Sculpture stimulation specially when people
3. Architecture understand them.

Music, theater, film, dance and other Functions of Art

performing arts as well as literature and Arts is a much needed avenue for people to:
other media such as interactive media, are
included in a broader definition of the arts. 1. Express freely oneself;
2. Socially express his need for
Until the 17th century, art referred to any display, celebration and
skill or mastery and was not differentiated communication; and
from crafts or sciences. 3. Physically express the need for
utility of functional objects.
In modern usage after the 17th century,
where aesthetic considerations are
paramount, the fine arts are separated and Functional art forms non- functional art forms
distinguished from acquired skills in (the need for life to be better) ( the need to express aesthetics
general, such as the decorative or applied and beauty)
arts. Architecture,weaving, painting, sculpture, literature,
furniture-making
Though the definition of what constitutes music, dance and theater
art is disputed and has changed over time, The Forms of Art Differentiated
general descriptions mention an idea of
imaginative or technical skill stemming
from human agency and creation. Functional Art Forms are those which may
benefit the cause of man’s existence.
The nature of art and related concepts, - They are art forms which give
such as creativity and interpretation, are people sustenance as to need for
explored in a branch of philosophy known life to be better.
as aesthetics. This benefit is mostly financial in
nature.
Nature of the Arts
Functional art is generally applied art -
art created for use, not necessarily
The following are identified natures everyday use, but designed to serve a
of the Arts from the point of view of purpose and with an aesthetic in mind.
different artists and philosophers:
It's art that serves a function, but is
1. Art or arts is of Aryan root “ar” designed artistically for the purpose of
which means to join or put together and beauty. They meet a need for use, and are
has its Latin term being “sars” or “artis” works of art as well.
which means everything that is artificially
made or composed by man (wikipedia) Non-functional art is art that serves no
2. Art constitutes one of the oldest utilitarian purpose.
and most important means of expression - It is in direct contrast with
developed by man. functional art, which has both an
3. It refers to the skillful arrangement aesthetic value and a utilitarian
or composition of some common but purpose.
significant qualities of nature such as - Nonfunctional art also encompasses
paintings, sculptures and all manner
sounds, colors, lines, movements, words,
of fine art.
stone and wood to express feelings,
- These pieces usually seek to engage
thoughts, imaginations and dreams in an with the viewer on an intellectual,
amazing, meaningful and enjoyable way. emotional or aesthetic level.
(Adams, 2002) - The exploration of these
sensibilities, rather than their
 utilitarian merits, determines the - He also explained that the physical
artworks' worth. world is a copy of a perfect,
rational, eternal and changeless
Lesson 2 - Arts and Philosophy original which he called FORMS.
Philosophy and Arts Related Plato’s Ideas of the Arts may be summed
up by the truths according to him that:
Philosophy is a field of discipline which 1. Art is imitation
has attempted to explain almost all aspects 2. Art is dangerous.
of human existence.
- Philosophy is the study of general
2. Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BC)
and fundamental questions about
- he was a student of Plato who first
existence, knowledge, values,
reason, mind, and language. distinguished between “what is good and
- Such questions are often posed as what is beautiful''.
problems to be studied or resolved. - For him, the universal elements of beauty
- The term was probably coined by are manifested by order, symmetry and
Pythagoras. definiteness.
- As exemplified in his Poetics, he stated
Art or Aesthetics, on the other hand, is the that physical manifestation of beauty is
study of beauty and taste, concerned with affected by SIZE.
the nature of art and used as a basis for He considered art as imitation or a
interpreting and evaluating individual representation of nature and his emphasis
works of art. of the art is on POETRY which for him is
- It is a branch of philosophy that more philosophical than Philosophy itself.
deals with the nature of beauty and
taste, as well as the philosophy of Poets imitated the following according to
art. Aristotle:
- It examines subjective and sensori- 1. Things and events which have been or still are;
emotional values, or sometimes 2. Things which are said to be seen and are probable
called judgments of sentiment and 3. Things which essentially are.
taste.
3.Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804)
Philosophy of art is the study of the nature - He was a German, Enlightenment
of art, including concepts such as philosopher who wrote a treatise on
interpretation, representation and Aesthetics: Observations on the
expression, and form. Feelings of the Beautiful and the
- It is closely related to aesthetics, Sublime.
the philosophical study of beauty - His main interest was not on art but
and taste. on BEAUTY that it is a matter of
- In short, one cannot do away with TASTE. Kant explained that
philosophy when explaining an art TASTE can be both SUBJECTIVE
work. Also, one cannot produce an and UNIVERSAL.
artwork without considering the - For KANT, beauty is a question of
importance of the philosophy form and color is NOT
behind its production. IMPORTANT.

The Artistic Philosophers The Kinds of Aesthetic Responses

according to Kant are:
1. Plato ( 428 – 347 BC) 1. Beauty results in pleasure if there is order,
- is a philosopher of Ancient Greece harmony and symmetry
who is known for his Dialogues 2. Beauty leads to a response of awe that
together with Socrates. overwhelms the viewers of the art.
- He loved and hated the arts at the
same time which makes his Artists vs. Artisans
philosophical views on art
unexplainably complicated.
- With the Republic being his work, An artist is a person engaged in an activity related
Plato was seen as a good literary to creating art, practicing the arts, or demonstrating
stylist and great story teller and an art.
considered the arts as threatening. - The common usage in both everyday speech
- He believed that “ though arts can and academic discourse is a practitioner in
be used to train citizens to have an the visual arts only.
ideal society, using arts to - The term is often used in the entertainment
accomplish this should be strictly business, especially in a business context,
controlled”. for musicians and other performers (less
often for actors). "Artiste" (the French for
 artist) is a variant used in English only in
this context; this use is becoming rare. Use Major constituents of the arts
of the term to describe writers, for example, include the ff:
is valid, but less common, and mostly - visual arts (including architecture,
restricted to contexts like criticism. ceramics, drawing, filmmaking,
painting, photography and
An artisan (from French: artisan, Italian: artigiano) sculpting),
is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates things - literature (including fiction, drama,
by hand that may be functional or strictly poetry, and prose)
- performing arts (including dance,
decorative, for example furniture, decorative arts,
music and theater)
sculptures, clothing, jewellery, food items,
- culinary arts (including cooking,
household items and tools or even mechanisms such
chocolate making and
as the handmade clockwork movement of a winemaking).
watchmaker.
- Artisans practice a craft and may through
experience and aptitude reach the expressive Some art forms combine a visual element with
levels of an artist. performance (e.g. cinematography), or artwork with
- The adjective "artisanal" is sometimes used the written word (e.g. comics).
in describing handprocessing in what is From prehistoric cave paintings to modern-day
usually viewed as an industrial process, such films, art serves as a vessel for storytelling and
as in the phrase artisanal mining. conveying humankind's relationship with the
- Thus, "artisanal" is sometimes used in environment.
marketing and advertising as a buzz word to
describe or imply some relation with the The following items below are the
crafting of handmade food products, such as art forms which one may use in order to
bread, beverages or cheese. express his artistic inclinations:
- Many of these have traditionally been
handmade, rural or pastoral goods but are Architecture.
also now commonly made on a larger scale - Architecture is an art form that reflects how
with automated mechanization in factories we present ourselves across the earth’s
and other industrial areas. landscape, and, like other expressive
- Artisans were the dominant producers of mediums, it changes with styles,
consumer products before the Industrial technologies and cultural adaptations
Revolution. In ancient Greece, artisans were - Architecture not only provides worldly
drawn to agoras and often built workshops needs of shelter, workspace and storage but
nearby. also represents human ideals in buildings
like courthouses and government buildings
and manifestations of the spirit in churches
and temples.
- Traditional architecture has survived over
thousands of years in one form or another,
while contemporary design offers new
approaches in how we use materials and
technology to shape the look of our
environment.
- Architecture is considered as the
most functional of all the art forms.
- Some examples of architectural
works are The Malacanang Palace,
the Philippines’ seat of
government, The Cultural Center of
the Philippines, the center of
cultural activities of the country
and Burj Khalifa, the highest
skyscraper in the United Arab
The Art Forms Emirates to name a few.
The arts refers to the theory, human
application and physical expression of Sculpture.
creativity found in human cultures and - Sculpture, an artistic form in
societies through skills and imagination in which hard or plastic materials are
order to produce objects, environments and worked into three-dimensional art
experiences. objects.
 - The designs may be embodied in into something that becomes
freestanding objects, in reliefs on intensely expressive and that may
surfaces, or in environments delight spectators who feel no wish
ranging from tableaux to contexts to dance themselves.
that envelop the spectator. - These two concepts of the art of
- An enormous variety of media may dance—dance as a powerful
be used, including clay, wax, stone, impulse and dance as a skillfully
metal, fabric, glass, wood, plaster, choreographed art practiced largely
rubber, and random “found” by a professional few—are the two
objects. most important connecting ideas
- Materials may be carved, modeled, running through any consideration
molded, cast, wrought, welded, of the subject.
sewn, assembled, or otherwise - In dance, the connection between
shaped and combined. the two concepts is stronger than in
- Some example of sculptures are the some other arts, and neither can
following: The Jose Rizal exist without the other.
Monument in Rizal Park, the - dance is an art form or activity that
University of the Philippines utilizes the body and the range of
Oblation in all UP campuses movement of which the body is
around the Philippines and the capable.
Black Nazarene in the Minor - Some of the examples of this art
Basilica of the Black Nazarene in form are the folk dances of the
Quiapo district, Manila, Philippines like Tinikling and Subli,
Philippines. ballet, and modern dances to name a
few.
Painting.
- Painting is the application of Music
pigments to a support surface that - Music is an art form, and cultural
establishes an image, design or activity, whose medium is sound.
decoration. - General definitions of music
- In art the term “painting” describes include common elements such as
both the act and the result. pitch (which governs melody and
- Most painting is created with harmony), rhythm (and its
pigment in liquid form and applied associated concepts tempo, meter,
with a brush. and articulation), dynamics
- Painting as a medium has survived (loudness and softness), and the
for thousands of years and is, along sonic qualities of timbre and texture
with drawing and sculpture, one of (which are sometimes termed the
the oldest creative media. "color" of a musical sound).
- It’s used in some form by cultures - Different styles or types of music
around the world. may emphasize, de-emphasize or
- Painting media are extremely omit some of these elements.
versatile because they can be - Music is performed with a vast
applied to many different surfaces range of instruments and vocal
(called supports) including paper, techniques ranging from singing to
wood, canvas, plaster, clay, lacquer rapping; there are solely
and concrete. instrumental pieces, solely vocal
- Some of the examples of this two- pieces (such as songs without
dimentional art form are Juan instrumental accompaniment) and
Luna’s Spolarium, Mona Lisa by pieces that combine singing and
Leonardo da Vinci and The instruments.
Fishermen by Ang Kiukok among - Some of the examples which may
others. be associated with music are the
Philippine folk songs and the
Dance produced popular music of Filipino
- Dance is the movement of the singers like Sarah Geronimo and
body in a rhythmic way, usually to Gary Valenciano to name a few.
music and within a given space, for
the purpose of expressing an idea Theater
or emotion, releasing energy, or - Theatre or theater is a
simply taking delight in the collaborative form of performing
movement itself. art that uses live performers,
- Dance is a powerful impulse, but typically actors or actresses, to
the art of dance is that impulse present the experience of a real or
channeled by skillful performers imagined event before a live
 audience in a specific place, often a Two Navels by Nick Joaquin, Po-
stage. on by F. Sionil Jose, Myths,
- The performers may communicate Legends and Folktales by Maximo
this experience to the audience D. Ramos and Stupid is Forever by
through combinations of gesture, the late Senator Miriam Defensor
speech, song, music, and dance. Santiago.
- Elements of art, such as painted
scenery and stagecraft such as The art forms may be classified as
lighting are used to enhance the visual arts and performing arts.
physicality, presence and - Visual arts are those which are felt
immediacy of the experience. by the senses which includes
- The specific place of the sculpture, painting and architecture.
performance is also named by the - Music, Dance and Theater are
word "theatre" as derived from the under the performance arts
Ancient Greek théatron, "a place category.
for viewing", itself from theáomai, - Literature may be visual or
"to see", "to watch", "to observe". performance depending upon the
- Modern theatre includes manner as to how it shall be
performances of plays and musical presented.
theatre. - At present, there are other
- The art forms of ballet and opera emerging art forms that have
are also theatre and use many evolved. These art forms are digital
conventions such as acting, arts which includes photography
costumes and staging. and installation arts.
- They were influential to the
development of musical theatre. Appreciating the Arts
- Some examples of theatrical
presentations are the following: The aim of making the students learn to
Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s appreciate the arts are the ff:
Dream and Romeo and Juliet,
Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables and - To engage relationship with a
the local theatrical presentations of particular art work and for one to
Noli Me Tangere and chosen understand the meaning behind an
zarzuelas and moro-moro artistic creation, the messages that
performances. it would want to convey to its
viewers and to appreciate one’s
Literature. product of art should one will be
- Literature, most generically, is compelled to produce or make one.
any body or collection of written
work. how art appreciation may be applied?
- More restrictively, literature refers
to writing considered to be an art 1. Give a good physical description of
form or any single writing deemed the artwork based on their knowledge of art
to have artistic or intellectual value, elements and materials;
and sometimes deploys language in 2. Analyze the artwork in terms of
ways that differ from ordinary what the artist wants his work to represent
usage. and the learner’s subjective reaction to the
- Literature is classified according to works which includes their thoughts and
whether it is fiction or nonfiction, feelings;
and whether it is poetry or prose. 3. Perceive the art work in the context of its
- Fiction can be further distinguished history. This would enlighten the learners
according to major forms such as of the artist’s intention in doing the work
the novel, short story, or drama; and add to the understanding of the
and such works are often meaning the work is supposed to convey;
categorized according to historical 4. Give meaning to the artwork based
periods or their adherence to certain on its description, analysis and context; and
aesthetic or genre. 5. Judge the artwork as to whether it is
- Literature may be in any form such good or bad based on the learner’s
as poetry, novel, short story, essay, perception of it and its aesthetic and
epic and legends among others. cultural value.
Literature may be oral or written
and are also sometimes meant to be - Art is not meant to be looked at
performed before an audience. only for what it is.
- Some exmaples of this literary - It is meant to stimulate thought
pieces are The Woman Who Had because it allows viewers to draw
their own emotions and pull from
 their personal experiences when How are they conveying that message?
viewed.
- It is very powerful in this way and In artwork, the subject matter would be
it naturally develops critical and what the artist has chosen to paint, draw or
innovative thinking skills. sculpt.
- Art also teaches many important - The subject matter or topic is
qualities such as listening, entirely up to the artist. Art is really
observing and responding to liberating in that sense.
multiple perspectives. Having an - It allows you to say whatever you
appreciation for art also helps us to want to say. Whether the message
develop an appreciation for each is understood by others is another
other and how we are all unique in story, and whether the artist
our own way. discloses the meaning of it or not is
- For many people, art is meant to also a personal choice.
express something that we - Some artists don't like to assign a
ourselves feel unable to express or strict explanation of their art so that
convey. they are not imposing on the
- Through its visual medium it viewers own narrative and concept
evokes feelings of joy, sadness, of the work.
anger and pain.
- That is why art appreciation is so Some artworks have subjects and
important in bringing that one final some do not. The art pieces which use a
element to complete the work, and specific subject is called representational
that is our interpretation. art or objective art; while those that have
- Our perspective brings the artwork no subjects are called non-representational
to life as it changes for every or non-objective art.
person around it.
- It is important to foster art - Representational art refers to art
appreciation and analysis, as it which represents something,
helps us value the art in how it whether that be a tree in a
appeals to us and what it means to landscape, apple in a still life, or
each person. figure in a portrait.
- It delves into the history and the - Or in other words, it is art which is
story behind the art, as well as a clearly identifiable as something
look into the lives of the artists. which already exists in life.
- It enables one to critically analyze - Representational art does not need
a work, along lines of design, to be a completely realistic
mastery and techniques. depiction of the subject; there will
- Most importantly, however, art often be varying levels of
appreciation stimulates thought and abstraction.
analysis, provokes an individual to
look past what meets the eye and - Representational Art is a term that
open our mind to the views of generally refers to a painting or
others. sculpture that is clearly
- Art is here to stay. It is a person’s recognizable for what it claims to
history and legacy which is an be.
ultimate proof that his personal
experiences can be articulated and - It references images such as a
his immortality can be defined. human form or a tree, and although
these images may not always be
Unit 2 portrayed as true to life in color or
Subject and Content position, they are still recognizable
to the viewer.
The term subject in arts refers to the main
idea that is represented in the artwork. The - Representational Art depicts any
subject in art is basically the essence of the identifiable object or series of
piece. objects and their physical
appearance in reality.
To determine subject matter in a particular
piece of art, one may be guided by the - It is also referred to as Figurative
questions: Art, being that it is derived from
What is actually depicted in this artwork? real object sources.
What is the artist trying to express to the
world? - Oftentimes, representational artists
What is his or her message? act as observers, and interpret what
 they see in their own way through - An artist’s thoughts, moods and
their work. even the genre of a certain art
work may be depicted by people
by means of clues as takeaways.
Non-representational or non-objective art, - People as subjects may be
on the other hand, refers to compositions presented as individuals or
which do not rely on representation or groups and may perform tasks as
mimesis to any extent. how they do in their everyday
-Abstract art, non figurative art, life.
nonobjective art, and nonrepresentational
art are related terms that indicate a
departure from reality in the depiction of History.
imagery in art. - It is the depiction of factual
events that occured in the past
- Meaning in nonrepresentational art is whose purpose is either to
highly subjective and can be difficult to remember important events of
define. long ago or to
teach the learners about the lessons
- We can focus on the elements of the of the past.
artwork (form, shape, line, color, space,
and texture) in terms of the aesthetic Legends.
value of the work, but the meaning will - Artworks based on legends
always be personal to the viewer unless present to viewers of the art
the artist has made a statement about his something tangible even when
or her intentions. unverified.
- Generally, we can look at non- - Art brings life to these stories.
representational art as the personal
expression of an artist's subjective Religion.
experience. Certain movements have - Religion has played an
described their intentions as an aim to enormous role in inspiring works
evoke moods or emotions in the viewer. of visual arts, music, architecture
and literature through ages.
Lesson 2: The Sources of Subject - Artists used as inspiration the
religious texts as the Bible,
It is noteworthy to remember that artists Quran and Torah in conveying
are unique both in personal experiences their ideas and beliefs through
and human attributes hence their their art works.
differences in the manner of creating art - It was also established that art is
pieces or in producing art works. considered the handmaid of
- As art is a way of man in religion.
expressing himself, an artist’s
choice of subject or the source of Mythology.
his inspiration only explains his - These are sources of subjects that
inner world and his personality come from the stories of gods
in general. With this, it is and goddesses of Ancient
noteworthy to present the sources Greece, Rome, Norse and
Egyptians.
of artists’ inspiration in doing
- These so called deities of the
their works. mythological world depict
present humanlike behaviours.
Nature.
- Nature, in the broadest sense, is Dreams and Fantasy.
equivalent to the natural world, - The wonder of the unconscious is what is
physical universe, material world being expressed by art works under this
or material universe. “Nature” subject source.
refers to the phenomena of the - These works of art somehow explain to the
physical world, and also to life in viewers the content of the art piece including
general.” the hidden meaning behind each work.
- It is considered the most - The unconscious is being made to be
commonly used source of art. understood by this source of subject.

Technology.
People.
- The modernity of the present is also an
- They are considered the most
inspiration being used by artists as a source of
interesting subject of an artwork subject.
which may be real or imagined.
 - The wondrous use of machines, the towering lifeforms, perspective, and the
skyscrapers, state of the art robotics technology, details of light and colour.
top of the line transportation machineries as - But realist or naturalist works of art
cars, ships and motorcycles to name a few are may, as well or instead of illusionist
sources of subjects of interest under technology. realism, be "realist" in their subject
matter, and emphasize the mundane,
Lesson 3: Ways of Presenting the Subject ugly or sordid.
- Realism is the most popular way of
Their choice of a method may depend upon his presenting art subjects.
expertise, exposure to certain art pieces or simply of
his personal preferences. The following are some of
the methods or ways on how an artist presents his Abstraction.
subject to his audience. - Abstraction finds its roots in
‘intuition’ (of the artist) and
Naturalism. ‘freedom’ (for the artist as well as
- Naturalism in art refers to the for the viewer).
depiction of realistic objects in a - It is the capability of the artist to use
natural setting. their imagination to look beyond
- The Realist movement of the 19th what we can physically see and
translate intangible emotions onto
century advocated naturalism in
the canvas.
reaction to the stylized and idealized
- It is also the ability of the audience
depictions of subjects in to then try to connect to the artist’s
Romanticism, but many painters intention and free their own mind of
have used a similar approach over visual restrictions.
the centuries. - Historically, the abstract art
- Naturalism began in the early movement emerged in the
Renaissance, and developed itself nineteenth century as a reaction to
further throughout the Renaissance, academic painting or realism.
such as with the Florentine School. - In fact, a very simple way to
- Naturalism is a type of art that pays understand the essence of abstract
attention to very accurate and art is to think of it as a visual
precise details, and portrays things opposite of realistic art.
as they are. - While realism pays attention to
- Artworks in naturalism always every tiny fold or wrinkle,
depict pieces showing the idealized abstraction gives the artist the
human form. freedom to trust their intuition to
- One would immediately recognize create art that is equally worthy of
that these images were imitated an audience.
from the human form. - This is a method of presenting the
- Similar to the superheroes of subject where the artist moves away
today’s comic books and films, from reality. The artist usually alters
these figures were made almost the shapes and colors in rendering a
perfect to imbue them with a greater particular art piece.
degree of stature and significance Abstraction may be in these
worthy of superbeings. forms:
- In this way, the imagery did not Distortion.
focus on the specific attributes of an
individual but on the more universal - Distortion is the alteration of the
characteristics of the human form as original shape (or other
is accepted by the culture of the day. characteristic) of something. In the
art world, a distortion is any change
made by an artist to the size, shape
Realism. or visual character of a form to
- Realism in the arts is generally the express an idea, convey a feeling or
attempt to represent subject matter enhance visual impact.
truthfully, without artificiality and Elongation.
avoiding speculative fiction and
- Elongation is when the art subject is
supernatural elements.
lengthened, protracted or extended.
- Realism has been prevalent in the
arts at many periods, and can be in Mangling.
large part a matter of technique and - Artists show the subject as cut,
training, and the avoidance of lacerated, mutilated or hacked with
stylization. repeated blows.
- In the visual arts, illusionistic Cubism.
realism is the accurate depiction of - This is the presentation of abstract
figures through the use of a cone,
 cylinder, sphere, triangle, square, - Futurist painters wanted their works
cube and circle in place of real to capture the mechanical energy of
pictorial elements. modern life.
Symbolism.
- This is the use of a visible sign of an Surrealism
idea to convey to the viewers, - This method mirrors the evils of the
readers or audiences the message of present society.
his work. - Surrealism means super realism,
- In this way, mystery is advocated by influenced by Freudian psychology
an art work making it more which emphasizes the activities of
interesting to the viewers. the subconscious state of the mind.
- The key to eliciting symbolic art - The art movement began in Paris in
involves studying the background 1924 by the French poet Andre
and personality of the artist and his Breton. It emphasized the activities
inspiration in producing the said of the subconscious mind mostly
piece of work. exemplifying violence and cruelty.
- The surrealist’s aim is to reveal the
deep and ugly part of human nature.
Fauvism.
- Fauvism is the name applied to the
work produced by a group of artists Expressionism.
(which included Henri Matisse and
André Derain) from around 1905 to - This features art works describing
1910, which is characterised by pathos, morbidity, chaos or even
strong colours and fierce brushwork. defeat and was introduced in
- The name les fauves (‘the wild Germany from 1900 – 1910.
beasts’) was coined by the critic
Louis Vauxcelles when he saw the - Expressionists believe that man
work of Henri Matisse and André needs spiritual rebirth for him to
Derain in an exhibition, the salon correct defects that ruin the society.
d’automne in Paris, in 1905.
- The paintings Derain and Matisse
exhibited were the result of a Unit 3 The Artist and His Medium
summer spent working together in Lesson 1 - The Process of Art Production
Collioure in the South of France and
were made using bold, non- Production is at the heart of
naturalistic colours (often applied making art.
directly from the tube), and wild - Artists and theorists have long
loose dabs of paint. acknowledged its importance as
- The forms of the subjects were also both an artistic action and an idea to
simplified making their work appear be explored.
quite abstract. - And as the role of production has
shifted in our lives, so have the
Dadaism. ways in which artists have
- Dadaism is a protest movement in responded to it.
the art that is playful and - While some contemporary artists
experimental. foreground production as a tool,
- “Dada” means a “hobby horse”. others use their work to explore
Dadaism is most often nonsensical. ideas around production we might
Marcel Duchamp is the famous otherwise overlook.
painter using this method. - It can refer to the making of
- It is considered a revolt against something, or to a final product, like
a theatrical performance.
tradition because it does not follow
- It can be the process of bringing a
the principles in art and shows the
song or musical to life or honing
wickedness of society in its that work to perfection.
presentation. - Production might bring out images
- The aim of this method is to shock of factory production lines, or even
and provoke its viewers. the theories of scientists and
philosophers after the mind has
Futurism. conceived it through a certain
- This was developed in Italy about process.
the same time as cubism appeared in
France. A. Medium
When an artist is ready to express
himself in art and to give shape to his
 vision, his first thought would be on ✔ Stippling- Using pastel of different
what medium to use. colors to produce small marks, thus,
creating a pattern.
B. The Technique
The technique of the artwork shows the ✔ Feathering- Using the point of the
level of familiarity with the medium pastel to make parallel strokes creating a
being manipulated. feather-like effect.

C. Curation
✔ Scumbling- It is like layering but
using pastel. The side of the pastel is
Derived from the word “curare” which lightly drawn on top of an existing color
means to take care. It is a process that but still making the color of the first
involves managing, overseeing and
layer visible. ✔ Impasto- The
assembling or putting together a technique of thickly applying the pastel
presentation or exhibit for some type of by pressing it hard on the paper creating
artistic collection. an opaque effect.

Lesson 2 - The Different Media of the ✔ Sgraffito- Technique that applies a

Visual Arts thick deposit of pastel on the support
then using a blunt pen, scrapes it off to
I. Graphic or Two-Dimensional Arts reveal the underlying color.

4. Charcoal- An organic medium that

A. Drawing
comes from burnt wood.
The fundamental skill needed in the visual arts.
i. 2 Kinds of Charcoal:
Different Media for Drawing:
✔ Compressed Charcoal- The vine
1. Pencils- Made of graphite which charcoal which comes in thin sticks that
comes in different hardness from soft to is easy to blend and erase.
hard or thickness from thick to needle-
like.
✔ Manufactured Charcoal- Made
from loose charcoal mixed with a binder
i. Shading Techniques:
and pressed into sticks.
✔ Hatching- A series of thin
parallel lines that run in the same 5. Paper- The most common surface used in two-
direction. dimensional art.
✔ Cross-hatching- A series of thin
3 Types of Paper:
parallel lines and criss-crossing it
with another set of tin parallel
Hot-pressed Paper – Smooth
lines.
- Cold-pressed Paper – has moderate texture
✔ Stippling- Uses the sharp point - Rough Paper – has the most texture (tooth)
of the pencil to make dot patterns
in some parts of the drawing. B. Painting
It is the process of applying paint onto a smooth
✔ Blending- May be accomplished surface (ground/support) like paper, cloth, canvas,
by using the finger or a paper wood, or plaster.
stump to gradually change the
tone from dark to light. a. Pigment – part of the paint that gives color
b. Different Media for Painting
2. Ink- It is one of the oldest materials 1. Watercolor – Pigments are mixed with
for drawing that is still in use. It allows water and applied to paper
for a great variety of qualities, 2. Gouache- The pigment has been
depending on the tools and technique mixed with water and added with a
used in the application. chalk-like material to give it an
opaque effect.
3. Oil Paints- Pigments are mixed
3. Pastel- This is composed of dry
with oil as its binder. It is a dense
pigment held together by a gum binder
painting medium and gives rich,
and compressed into sticks. beautiful colors. Discovered by a
Flemish painter, Jan Van Eyck in
i. 3 Kinds of Pastel: the 15th century.
4. Tempera- Pigment is mixed with egg yolk
✔ Soft Pastel (sometimes with the white) as binder.
✔ Hard Pastel ✔ Oil Pastel ii. 5. Fresco- Pigment is mixed with water and
Pastel Techniques: applied on a portion of the wall with wet
plaster. It is used for mural paintings.
 6. Acrylic- Modern medium with synthetic Involves removing or cutting away
paint using acrylic emulsion as binder. pieces of the material to form the figure.

C. Mosaic B. Additive Process

Wall or floor decorations made of small The process involves the construction of
tiles or irregularly cut pieces of colored a figure by putting together bits of the
stones or glass called tesserae. material or by welding together metal
parts to create figures.
D. Collage
Derived from a French word “coller” which means C. Process of Substitution
to stick. This is a technique of making art by gluing This process is also known as casting.
or pasting on firm support materials or found This method involves using a mold to
objects. produce a 3D figure in another material.

E. Printmaking D. Different Media of Sculpture:

Process used for making reproductions of graphic a. Stone- A natural medium.Hard
works. Allows for the repeated transfer of a master and relatively permanent.
image from a printing plate (matrix) onto a surface. b. Wood- Also a natural medium. It
a. Printmaking Techniques: varies in hardness and durability
1. Relief Painting (Raised)- The depending on the kind of tree it
oldest method of printmaking. The came from.
technique involves cutting away certain c. Metal- It has three unique
parts of the surface and leaving the qualities: tensile strength,
‘raised’ part to produce the image. ductility and malleability.
2. Intaglio Printing (Depressed)- d. Plaster- It is finely ground
Instead of the surface of the plate for the gypsum mixed with water and
image, the lines of the image are cut or poured into mold.
incised to a metal plate. e. Terra cotta (cooked earth)-
3. Surface Printing (Flat)- Includes Baked clay or clay fired in a kiln
all processes in which printing is done at a relatively high temperature.
from a flat surface. f. Glass- Made by heating and
cooling a combination of sand
II. Plastic or Three-Dimensional Arts and soda lime.
g. Plastic- Synthetic medium made
A. Sculpture from organic polymers.
Originated from the Latin word
“sculpere” which means to carve . It is Lesson 4 - Architecture
defined as the art or practice of creating Art of designing buildings and other
three-dimensional forms or figures. structures which will serve a definite
function.
a. 3 Kinds of Sculptures:
A. Construction Principles
1. Freestanding- Sculptures which a. Post and Lintel- Makes use of two
can be viewed from all sides. vertical supports (post) and spanned by a
2. Relief- Sculptures in which the horizontal beam (lintel). It was invented
figures project from a by the Greeks.
background. b. Arch- A Roman invention that
consists of separate pieces of wedge-
Two Variations of Relief Sculpture: shaped blocks called voussoirs arranged
in a semi-circle.
✔ Low Relief (bas relief)- Figures are
slightly raised/projected from its
i. Structures that can be Built
background.
from the Principle of Arch:
✔ High Relief- Almost half of the Arch: ✔ Barrel Vault- A
figures project from its background, succession of arches.
more shadows are created.
✔ Groin Vault- A structure that is
formed by intersecting arches
4. Kinetic (mobile)- A sculpture that
resulting in four openings.
is capable of movement by wind, water or
other forms of energy. ✔ Dome- Structure with the shape
of an inverted cup.
Lesson 3 - The Process of Creating Sculptures c. Truss- System of triangular
forms assembled to form a rigid
A. Subtractive Process framework.
 d. Cantilever- A structure that B. Media in Music
makes use of a beam or slab that a. Vocal Medium- The oldest and
extends horizontally into space most popular medium for music is the
beyond its supporting post. human voice.
e. Buttress- A structure that is built i. Classification of Human Voice
as a support for the wall. (Komien,2008):

Lesson 5 - Media of Architecture ✔ Soprano- Highest female singing

voice.
A. Compressive Strength- Refers to ✔ Contralto- Female singing
those materials that can support voice that is low and rich in
heavy weights without crumbling or quality.
breaking down. ✔ Tenor- Highest adult male
singing voice.
B. Materials that are used for
Creating Building and ✔ Bass- Male singing voice that is
low and rich in quality.
Infrastructures:
a. Stones and Bricks- Stones are ✔ Baritone- Male singing voice
favored over other materials for that is between tenor and bass. b.
its durability, adaptability to Instrumental Medium-
sculptural treatment and its use Materials that produce/create
for building simple structures in sound
its natural state. i. Traditional Instruments of Music:
b. Lumber (wood)- All parts of a
building can be constructed using ✔ String Instruments- Provide
wood except the foundations. basic orchestral sounds. Two
c. Iron and Steel- Provide stronger kinds are: Bowed strings that
and taller structures with less use produce tones by means of a bow
of material when compared to of horse hair and Plucked
stone or wood. strings that produce tones by
plucking the strings with a finger
d. Concrete- Mixture of cement
or with a plectrum held in one’s
and water, with aggregates of hand.
sand and gravel.
✔ Woodwind Instruments- Create
Lesson 6 - Literature and the Combined Arts sounds by blowing into them.
✔ Brass Instruments- Have cup-
A. Literature shaped mouthpieces and expands
Art of combining spoken or written into a bellshaped end.
words and their meanings into forms
which have artistic and emotional ✔ Percussion Instruments- Makes
appeal. sound by hitting them.
B. Types of Literature ✔ Keyboard Instruments- Make
a. Poetry- It used to follow strict sound by means of a keyboard
rules s to the number and length which consist of a series of black
of lines and stanzas but in recent and white keys.
years they have become more
free-flowing C. Some Genres of Music:
b. Fiction- Written work that is not a. Classical Music- European tradition
real and which uses elaborate that covered the years of 1750 to
figurative language. 1830. Forms such as the symphony,
c. Non-fiction- Subject matter concerto, and sonata were
comes from real life. standardized.
d. Drama- Includes all plays or any b. Folk Music- Originated in the
written works that are meant to traditional popular culture or is
be performed. written in such a style.
c. Pop Music- Began in the 1950s and is
Lesson 7 - Music, Media in Music, some inspired in the tradition of rock and
Genres of Music roll.
d. Jazz- Originated in the African-
A. Music American communities in the late 19 th
Defined as the art of combining and and early 20th centuries.
regulating sounds of varying pitch to e. Blues- Originated from the African
produce compositions that express Americans in the deep South of the
various ideas and feelings. United States in the late 19th Century.
 f. Rock Music- Form of popular music Lesson 10 - Cinema, Genres of Motion
that evolved from rock and roll and Pictures and People Behind Motion Pictures
pop music.
g. Alternative Music- A style of rock A. Cinema
music that emerged from the Series of images that are projected onto a
independent music of the 1980s and screen to create the illusion of motion.
gained popularity in the 1990s.
B. Genres of Motion Pictures:
Lesson 8 - Dance, Types of Dance a. Feature Films- Commonly
shown in movie theaters.
A. Dance b. Animated movies- Use images
Is said to be the oldest of the arts. It is created by artists/ animators.
the man’s gestures that express c. Documentary movies- deal
emotions through rhythmic primarily with facts, not fiction.
movements. d. Experimental films- Sequence
B. Types of Dance: of images, literal or abstract,
a. Ethnologic (ethnic)- Includes which do not necessarily form a
folk dances associated with narrative.
national and/or cultural groups. e. Educational Films- Specifically
b. Social or Ballroom- Type of intended to facilitate learning at
dancing that are generally home or classrooms.
performed in pairs.
c. Ballet- Originated in the royal
courts of the Medieval era. C. People Behind a Motion Picture
d. Social or Ballroom- Sometimes a. Actors- Play the roles of the
called contemporary or characters.
interpretative dances. They b. Producer- handles finances.
represent rebellion against the c. Screenwriter- develops stories
classical formalism of ballet. and ideas for the screen or adapts
e. Musical Comedy (musicale)- interesting written pieces of work
Refers to those dances performed as motion pictures.
by one dancer or a group of d. Director- Studies the script,
dancers. plans and visualizes how the film
should be portrayed and guides
Lesson 9 - Drama and Theatre and Genres of the actors and the production
Drama crew as they carry out the
A. Drama project.
Genre of literature that is intended to be
acted-out or performed on stage in front
of an audience. Unit 4 Elements and Principles of Art
Lesson 1 - Line and Kinds of Line
B. Theatre
Combined art that includes music, dance, A line can be defined in several ways: It is
painting, sculpture, and architecture. a path made by a moving point; a series of
dots; a prolongation of points or according
C. Genres of Drama (DiYanni, 2000): to Paul Klee is a dot that went for a walk.
a. Tragedy- literature’s greatest One definition of a line, however, that
dramatic genre. captures its essence in the visual arts is it
b. Melodrama- Emphasizes the being an intended mark made by the artist
never ending battle between good to convey meaning beyond its physical
and evil wherein good always description.
wins.
c. Comedy- Exact opposite of Kinds of lines
tragedy.
d. Satire- Portrays human weakness
● Straight lines are geometric,
and criticized human behavior to
pave the path to some form of impersonal and differ in the direction
salvation for human actions. that they take. The straight lines may
e. Farce- Light humorous play in move from left to right, start from the
which the emphasis is on the top going down, slant or move up and
jokes, humorous physical action, down forming angles. Whatever is the
exaggerated situations and direction, each kind indicates a specific
improbable characters. type of emotion.
■ Horizontal lines - move from left to - Also the materials used by the artists
possess characteristics of color.
right or vice versa. It is a line that - Color adds beauty and meaning to all
appears to be laying down. forms of art.
- The world would be a gloomy place if
it is devoid of color.
■ Vertical Line - start from bottom to - Color is the property of light. So when
top or vice versa. It is a line that appears light goes out, color goes with it.
- Color is composed of a series of
to be standing. wavelengths which strike the retina of
■ Diagonal lines - are slanting lines. In the eyes.
- A ray of light contains all the colors of
the visual art, diagonals suggest two
the visible spectrum- red, orange,
meanings, a positive and a negative one.
yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet
On the positive diagonals indicate action
(ROYGBIV).
and movement i.e. to move forward and
- visible spectrum was discovered by sir
act. On the negative, it conveys a feeling
Isaac Newton when light was allowed to
of uncertainty, stress and defeat.
pass through a glass prism.
 Zigzag lines - Are angular lines that
- Passing white light through a prism
resulted in abrupt change in the
breaks it into a band of the visible colors
direction of a straight line thus
(just like a rainbow).
forming angles. The lines are
unpleasant and harsh which portrays
Properties of Color
tension, conflict, chaos, or violence.
■ Curved lines - are technically curvilinear
● Hue - It is the name given to the color,
lines. Curve lines suggest grace, movement and
for example; red, green, violet and blue.
flexibility indicative of life and energy. When a
curve line moves continuously in opposite ■ For pigments, RED, YELLOW and
directions, it forms a wavy line which shows BLUE are called primary hues. They
fluidity because of the gradual change in are considered primary because these
direction. hues cannot be produced from
combining any hues. ■ When two
Lines can possess a variety of primary hues are mixed in equal
characteristics, depending on shape, amounts, secondary hues are produced.
density,rhythm, angularity, and the These are ORANGE, GREEN and
material that have produced them. VIOLET.
- Lines may be short or long, fine or
■ Mixing equal amounts of the primary
thick, heavy or light, wavy or
jagged, and secondary hues produces
- No matter what type of line it is, it
always has direction. intermediate hues which are RED
ORANGE, BLUE GREEN and BLUE
VIOLET.

■ Combining in equal mixtur

secondary hues produces the tertiary hues.

Lesson 2 - Properties of Color and How

Colors Relate and Light and Shadow

● Color - The significance of color as an

element of the visual arts cannot be over
emphasized.
- People see and perceive the world as a ● Value - refers to the lightness or
multitude of colors. darkness of a color. The value of any
hues can be changed by adding a neutral
 such as black or white. This results in white cool colors have blue as their
changing the quantity of light the hue dominant component.
reflects.

■ Shade - When black is combined with hue.

■ Tint - When white is added with hue.

● Intensity - denotes the brightness or

dullness of a color. It gives color its
strength. Colors differ in intensity or
vividness.

Light and Shadow (Value)

■ Hues become less intense (dull) when
white is added because color becomes Light and shadow focuses on
what is known as achromatic value.
lighter in value.
- This refers to the changes in the
amount of reflected light which
■ The hues’ intensity diminishes when ranges from black to gray to white
and vice versa.
added and as the value darkens. - An artist who has mastered the
manipulation of achromatic value in
■ If gray is added, the result will be a a composition gives his work the
illusion of depth and form.
variation in intensity without any change
in value. Chiaroscuro is the technique of
manipulating light and shadow in
How Colors Relate painting. Masters who have perfected the
use of this technique are Da Vinci,
Michelangelo, Rembrandt, and
Color harmony is one method of
Caravaggio.
establishing color quality in a
Rembrandt and Caravaggio went a step
composition. There are several ways of
further and exaggerated the use of
creating harmony that an artist can use.
shadows to an extreme called tenebrism
The most common are the following:
or “dark manner”.
In the local scene, Fernando
● Monochromatic harmony - When Amorsolo, also mastered chiaroscuro,
a single color in the composition is but his focus was more on the
manipulation of light rather than
varied in intensity and value by adding shadow.
white or black.
Lesson 3 - Shape and Classification of Shapes

● Complementary Harmony - Shapes - In visual arts, a shape is formed

when two ends of a line meet to enclose
results when two colors that are opposite
an area. The area may stand out from the
each other in the color wheel are placed surface because of a difference in color,
side by side. value or texture. They may also present
themselves as flat or two-dimensional
● Analogous harmony - results when and solid or threedimensional on a
picture plane.
hues that are adjacent or beside each
other in the color wheel is used in a Picture plane - any flat surface onto
which the artwork is created.
composition.
Negative shapes - these are between the
● Color temperature - refers to the shapes that are not occupied by any
form. In painting, these spaces can be as
relative warmth or coolness of a color. important as the shapes themselves. In
Warm colors are colors that have sculpture and architecture, the shape of
YELLOW as its dominant component the artwork can be determined by
viewing the work against its background
(Marquardt & Eskilson, 2005). Methods of Creating Space

● Overlapping planes
Classification of Shapes
(interposition) - create space when an
● Natural or organic shapes - object covers a part of another object
those are seen in nature like the which is behind it.
shape of leaves, animals,
mountains, flowers and seashells. ● Relative size - objects that appear
large/big indicate nearness and small-
sized objects as distant. Aside from
● Abstract shapes - those that creating the illusion of space, this can
have little or no resemblance to also be interpreted as power and import.
natural objects.

● Non-objective or biomorphic ● Position on the picture plane

(relative height) - In some paintings,
shapes - seldom have reference spatial representation is based upon the
to recognizable objects, but most position of objects relative to the bottom
of the frame. Those objects found at the
often show a similarity to some bottom of the frame will appear closer to
organic forms. the viewer. Farther distances are
indicated by the positions of the objects
higher on the picture plane. The point of
● Geometric shapes - these are reference is the horizon line which is
triangles, rectangles, squares, the line at the eye level. A picture plane
cylinders, cubes. can be divided into three parts;
■ Foreground - the bottom part.
Sculpture and architecture are
three-dimensional forms, which are ■ Middle ground - where the horizon is.
identified either by mass or volume. ■ Background - the topmost part.
- When mass is structured or has a
definite shape, it is said to have
volume. ● Color is also used to give the
- The sculptor is concerned with illusion of distance. Warm colors
volume because sculpture occupies advance and make objects look closer
space. while cool colors recede making objects
- Single volume is the fundamental look farther away.
unit in sculpture.

Lesson 4 - Texture, Methods of creating Space

and Movement

Texture - refers to the feel or tactile

quality of the surface of an object. It has
to do with the characteristic of the
surface, whether it is rough or smooth,
fine or coarse, polished or dull, plain or
irregular. They also add richness and
vitality in paintings.

Visual texture - in such cases where

touching the artwork is not allowed,
textured can be perceived by the eyes.
● Perspective - deals with the effect
of distance on the appearance of objects.
Space - An illusion in the graphic arts. It
It enables the viewer to perceive distance
is created by techniques that add depth
and distance to two-dimensional art. In and to see the position of objects in
sculpture and architecture, however, space.
space is actually present.
 or mechanically through some energy
source (batteries or electricity).

● Implied movement - results when a

variety of lines are used together,
repeated, change in position, or
decreased/increased in size. This gives
the impression of movement in a
■ Linear perspective - give the stationary two dimensional art.

perception distance by means of E

converging lines. It has to do with the l
e
direction of lines and with the size of m
objects. e
n
t
■ Aerial perspective (gradient) - the s
effect of haze, mist or atmosphere on the
object. Near objects are seen in detail o
with the full intensity of color and as f
objects recede, details are lost and
objects appear grayer. t
Space in sculpture may be viewed in h
two ways: it may be considered a single e
solid object or an assemblage of solids
that exhibits space; or space may be C
perceived as it enters into relations with o
its surroundings － extending into it, m
enveloping it, or relating across it. b
i
Space in architecture is created and n
defined by the shape, position, and the e
materials employed by the architect. d

A
r
t
s

L
e
s
s
o
n

5
Movement
Over the years, artists of the visual arts -
have manipulated the medium and
elements in order to portray motion in E
their artworks. They have also l
experimented on which techniques to
e
employ to be able to incorporate in their
m
works the perception of movement.
e
n
Two ways to present motion or movement in
t
their art
s

● Actual movement - in art, o

specifically in sculptures results in f
kinetic art. Actual movements may be
achieved naturally using wind and water M
u
 s ● Dynamics - is the loudness and
i
c softness of the sound in music
indicated by symbols to regulate
the volume of the sound.
● Rhythm - is a movement or
■ pp pianissimo - very soft
pattern with uniform recurrence
■ p piano - soft
of accented and accented beat
■ mp mezo piano - half soft
● Melody - is the succession of ■ ff fortissimo - very loud

tones arranged in such a way as ■ crescendo - gradually becoming louder

to give it a musical sense. It may ■ decrescendo - gradually becoming softer
also refer to the rising and falling
Elements of Dance
of the tune in time.
● Harmony - is the sounding of a ● Music plays an important role in the
series of groups of tones in the dance to which it is closely related. It
same time. It may also refer to should be melodic and harmonious and
the pleasing sound that is fits into the movements of the dance.
produced when two or more Music motivates the dancers to move in
notes are played together. tune with its rhythm. The background
Concordance results when the music of the dance functions to captivate
combination of sounds are in the interest and awe of the audience.
agreement which makes it sound
● Movement is how the dancers use
good while dissonance results
when the combination is not their bodies to move and create
pleasant to hear. organized patterns. Dancers also use
gestures which express specific emotions
● Timbre - is tonal quality or the
or ideas in sign language.
character of the tone that is
produced by an instrument or by ● Choreography refers to how the
the human voice. Timbre allows steps and movements are connected for
the listener to distinguish the it to be performed in an organized
sound between a guitar and a manner. The choreography guides the
violin for example. In the same dancers’ movements for them to perform
way, people can be identified by the movement, convey the message and
their voices. A man’s voice tell the story through body language.
sounds different from a woman’s ● Technique is the skill of the dancer
voice and an old person’s voice
in executing the movements. A good
is different from that of a child.
dancer has complete control over the
● Form - is the structure or the muscles of the body thus creating grace
framework of a composition and fluidity of movements.
● Theme is the content or the main
Vocal Forms
■ ingredient
Opera is a drama set to music complete with of the dance. It tells what the
actions, costumes and scenery dance is trying to convey. It has
■ Cantata is a religious story told in music something to do with the message of the
without actions dance.
■ Moro-moro is a Philippine drama set
● Design is the planned organization
to music which depicts the conflict or patterns of movement in time and
between the Christians and the Muslims. space. Pattern in time, is provided by
rhythm to be executed in space on a
stage or dance floor.
Instrumental Forms
● Costume. The type of dance
■ Sonata is a long composition for solo
performed and the costumes worn relate
instruments (piano, Violin) closely to the customs, beliefs, and
■ Symphony is a sonata for the orchestra environment of the people. Costumes
enhance the effect of the dance.
Lesson 6 - Elements of Drama
Lesson 7 - Elements of Theater
Drama is basically one of the genres of
literature that is written primarily to be Theater art is performed live. Its
performed. The performance is done by performance is immediate and once
actors on stage before a live audience. performed cannot be undone. Its magic
begins when the curtains are raised and
● Plot is the overall structure of the the stage lights go on.
play. It is concerned about what the story
is all about. Traditional plots have a ● The Playwright’s role is to work
beginning, a middle, and an ending.The
out the plot in terms of the actual
Plot progresses through the following:
Exposition is the part that familiarizes actions to be performed and
the audience with the characters and the dialogue to be spoken by actors
situation they are in.
within the limited facilities of the
Complication happens in the middle
part of the play which develops the stage.
conflict that was started in the
exposition.
● The Performers are the ones
Resolution is also called the anticlimax who portray the characters in a
or the part where conditions in the story play.
are normalized and the situation
becomes stable. ● The Director works with the
playwright to present which is
● Setting is the locale and period in
which the story takes place. It includes interpreted and translated into
the scenery, props and costumes used in dramatic action.
staging. It is the background of the play
that informs the audience where and
when the story will take place. ● Production Design includes the
scenery, props, make-up,
● Characters are the persons costumes, lights, music, sound
involved in the story. They may seem and all other special effects used
real to the audience depending on how
the playwright structures the dialogues in a theater production.
to make the characters come to life.
Characters can be the protagonist or the
Lesson 8 - Elements of Cinema (Motion
antagonist. Protagonist is the character
Picture)
from which the story revolves around
while the antagonist is the person who ● Acting and the Stars.Acting is
challenges the role of the protagonist. the art of portraying or
impersonating a character in the
● Dialogue refers to the words uttered story. A performer during filming
should embody the character he
by the characters in the story. It what the
is portraying. The actor’s
characters use when conversing with
portrayal must be perfect and
each other or when expressing his
complete.
thoughts and emotions. Dialogues let the
audience know the kind of character that
the actor is portraying. There are, ● Set and Directors should know
however, plays with no dialogues. the setting of the story and build
Pantomimes rely heavily on actions, artificial sets.
gestures, facial expression and sound
effects.
● Music and Musical Director.
Music is indispensable in motion
● Theme is what the story means. It is
pictures. The musical director is
how the individual elements are put in charge of selecting, composing
together to give the story significance new songs, writing orchestration,
and perspective. It relates something preparing background music,
about life that is presented in its totality. creating musical scores and
The theme may be directly or indirectly supervising all recording.
stated.
● Color in the movies is an ■ Factual is the literal interpretation of
innovation in cinematography. It the work, its images, attributes, actions
costs twice as much as the black and poses.
and white films. Most films are ■ Conventional level takes into
now shown in high definition
consideration the basic genres and the
(HD) color.
figurative meanings usually indicated by
familiar signs and symbols and the
● Make-up, Hair and Costume
quality of work.
Design. These people are
responsible for applying the ■ Subjective level takes into
specific type of make-up,
hairstyle and costume to the consideration the effect of form and
actors before they face the content on the viewers of the art.
camera.

● Context refers to the various

● Sound, Camera and Special
Effects Technicians. Sound circumstances that influence how a work
technicians are responsible for of art was produced and interpreted. The
making the dialogue clear and two types of context are:
music of fine quality. They make
sure that there is no background ■ Primary context pertains to the
noise. The use of cameras and the
functions of the special effects characteristic of the artist, his
technician is indispensable in personality, beliefs, interests and values.
cinematography. They decide on
the use of masking, the choice of ■ Secondary context pertains to the
lens, the camera angle and the setting. The historical period, time in
control of camera movements.
which the work was produced. Included
Lesson 9 - Principles of Art here are the functions served by the art
work, its religious and philosophical
Generally, the visual arts are made-up
of three key elements that are conviction, socio political and
independent of each of their specific economical undertones, climate and
elements. In the appreciation of the
visual arts, these three elements present geography.
themselves as:
Lesson 10 - Principles of Design
● Form refers to how specific
The principles of design describe the
elements in the artwork are organized to ways in which an artist has used or can
produce a unified whole. Form is further use the elements of art to create beautiful
compositions. (Grieder 1996)
classified into:
■ Primary Features. This is how the ● Balance is the distribution of the
artwork appears to the viewers.Its visual weight of objects, color, texture
and space. The use of these elements
physical attributes in terms of medium, should be balanced to make the viewers
color, texture and size. see and feel design as stable. Three types
of balance:
■ Secondary Features. This is how the
primary features of the artwork relate to
■ Symmetrical balance results when
one another. Particularly, this refers to
balance, proportion, unity and harmony the elements used on one side of the
that are used to create the whole
design are similar to those on the other
composition.
side.
● Content refers to the message the
artist wants to convey through his art.
The levels of content are:
■ Asymmetrical balance is when the work of art, which creates a feeling of
completeness in the composition.
sides of the composition are different but
still looked balanced.

■ Radial balance is achieved when the

elements are arranged around a central
point. Elements may exhibit similarities
as they spread around the central point.

● Emphasis is the part of the design

that catches the viewer's attention. The
artist will usually make one area stand
out by contrasting it with other areas.

● Movement is the path the viewer's

eye takes when looking through the
work of art. Such movement can be
(www.googleimages
m)
implied along lines edges, shape, and
color within the work of art. Lesson 11 - The Rule of Thirds and the Seven
Da Vincian Principles
● Pattern is the repetition of objects,
The Rule of Thirds is used by visual
shapes, lines, or symbols all over the artists (painters, digital artists, and
space or picture plane. photographers) to create compositions
that meet the requirements for a good
design. Most artists today, however, do
● Proportion is the feeling of unity not use this rule, they opt for free
flowing composition that is more of their
created when all parts relate well with individual expression rather than of
each other. works limited or bounded by basic rules.
The point of this discussion is to
encourage artists to first be aware of the
● Repetition works with patterns to basic rules before they start venturing to
make the work seem active. The unorthodox techniques in expressing
their art.
repetition of elements of design creates
unity within the artwork.

● Rhythm is created when one or

more elements of design are used The Rule of Thirds
repeatedly to produce a feeling of
organized, continuous, sometimes
flowing movement. To keep rhythm
exciting and active, variety is important.

● Variety is the use of several

elements of design that adds interest in
order to hold the viewer's attention and
guide the viewer’s eye through and
around the work of art. (www.googleimages.com)
● The surface with two equally
● Unity is the feeling of harmony spaced vertical lines and two
between and among the parts of the equally spaced horizontal lines.
● These lines divide the picture knowing and realizing that not
everything is cause and effect and that
plane into nine equal parts with events happen that even logic can
four intersecting points. explain.
5. Arte/Scienza is finding a balance
● Based on studies, placing an between art and science or logic and
imagination. This relates to the concept
object in one of the intersecting
of a whole brain thinking (not just the
points results in a pleasing left and right brain).
composition. 6. Corporalita is taking care of one’s
body. Ensuring that healthy habits are
● Balance is achieved by placing practiced and sustained. A sound mind is
another object at the point usually the product of a sound body and
opposite the first one. vice versa.
7. Connessione is realizing that all
The major function of the Rule of things are interconnected. It is
Thirds is to serve as a guide for visual discovering patterns in the way things
artists on the proper placement of their work and how things and lives work out.
subjects on the picture plane to achieve a Interconnectedness is seeing how events
more interesting composition. Placing in the past led to the present state of
the subject at the center does not provide affairs. A closer study of history would
enough interest for viewers to be able to make one realize how events in the past
appreciate the work. explains the present.

The Seven Da Vincian Principles

Leonardo da Vinci was more

than an artist. He was also an architect,
scientist, inventor, anatomist, geologist,
historian and writer. Through the
centuries, Da Vinci influenced various
areas in many disciplines. Based on the
research conducted by Michael J. Gleb
(born 1952), specifically, in his book
“How to Think like Leonardo da Vinci”
(1998), da Vinci’s genius was based on 7
principles which he called the seven da
Vincian Principles.

1. Curiosita is approaching life with a

heightened level of wonder and
continuous search to know and learn
more.
2. Dimostrazione is the commitment
to test knowledge and to persist in this
task, which includes experiencing both
success and failures in undertaking.
3. Sensazione is experiencing life
through refinement of the senses. For
example, the eyes should do more than
see, it should be able to distinguish
between the beauty of various colors,
note minute details and savor the
physicality of everything the world has
to offer.
4. Sfumato literally translates to
“going up in smoke”. It is accepting
life’s paradoxes and uncertainties. It is