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Francis Turbine Test Rig: Theory

The document summarizes an experiment conducted to determine the output power and efficiency of a Francis turbine. Key details include: - The experiment measures turbine speed, pressure differences, discharge rates, output power, and efficiency at varying loads on the turbine. - Efficiency is found to increase with discharge rate up to a point, after which higher speeds lead to lower efficiencies. - Sources of error are identified as friction in the load measuring devices and changes to nozzle discharge during testing.

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anil chejara
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1K views4 pages

Francis Turbine Test Rig: Theory

The document summarizes an experiment conducted to determine the output power and efficiency of a Francis turbine. Key details include: - The experiment measures turbine speed, pressure differences, discharge rates, output power, and efficiency at varying loads on the turbine. - Efficiency is found to increase with discharge rate up to a point, after which higher speeds lead to lower efficiencies. - Sources of error are identified as friction in the load measuring devices and changes to nozzle discharge during testing.

Uploaded by

anil chejara
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Anil Chejara Roll No. 9003022 Group No.

Francis Turbine Test Rig


THEORY: The Francis Turbine is an inward mixed flow reaction turbine. The water under pressure enters the runner from the guide vanes towards the center in radial direction and discharge out of the runner axially. The Francis Turbine operates under medium head and also requires medium quality of water. A part of the head acting on the turbine is transformed into kinetic energy and rest remains as pressure head. There is a difference of pressure between the guide vanes and the runner, which is called the reaction pressure and is responsible for the motion of the runner. That is why a Francis Turbine is also known as reaction turbine. In this turbine the pressure at the inlet is more than that at the outlet. This means that the water in the turbine must flow in a closed conduit, unlike the Pelton type where the water strikes only a few of the runner buckets at a time. In the Francis turbine the runner is always full of water. The movement of runner is affected by the change of both the Kinetic and potential energies of water. After doing work the water is discharged to the tailrace through a closed tube of gradually enlarging section. This tube is known as draft tube. The free end of the draft tube is submerged deep in the tailrace water. The size of turbine is much smaller for a given shaft power and specified speed as compared to Pelton wheel. The specific speed varies from 50 to 250.

AIM: To determine the output power of Francis Turbine. To determine the efficiency of the Francis Turbine.

APPRATUS: Francis turbine. D.p. cell to measure the pressure diference. Sump Tank and centrifugal Pump for storage and circulation of the water. Tachometer to measure R.P.M. Spring Balance to measure load.

PROCEDURE: First of all check the tension of the belt and loose it. Clean and fill the Sump Tank with clean Water. Turn on the starter. Pump is started and water is allowed to flow through the turbine. Adjust the spear valve for a particular nozzle opening. Adjust the bypass valve for the desired inlet water pressure. Load the flywheel by tightening the bolt up to 0.5 kg. Record the pressure reading, Manometer reading, speed readings of the circular spring balance. Repeat the experiment for different weights. Switch off the pump. Close all the valves.

For Flow Rate Q1: W=W1 W2 (Kg) 0.7 1.75 2.9 3.25

S.no.

RPM (N) 3360 3050 2720 2400

1 2 3 4

Pr. Gauge Reading Pi(kgf/cm2) 1.5 1.45 1.45 1.45

PO (mm of Hg) 100 90 90 90

Differential Pressure h (mm) 45 45 50 48

W1 (Kg) 0 0 .1 .25

W2 (Kg) 0.7 1.75 3 3.5

For Flow Rate Q2: S. No. RPM N Pr. Gauge Reading Pi (Kg/cm2) 1.30 1.25 1.20 1.20 Po (mm of Hg) Differential Pressure h ( mm) Dead weight W1 (kg) Spring W=W1-W2 Balance (Kg) W2 (Kg) 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.55 0.95 1.35 1.75

1 2 3 4

3225 3100 2800 2715

100 100 90 90

35 35 35 35

0.05 0.05 0.150 0.250

Calculation: Given Data: D = 0.19 m (Diameter of Pipe) A = 0.005345 m2 (Area of Pipe) g = 9.81 m/s2 (Accln Due to Gravity) w = 1000 kg/m3 (Density of Water) m = 13600 kg/m3 (Density of Mercury) DR = 0.013 m (Diameter of Rope) Cv = 0.98 (Coefficient of Velocity) Re = (Db + 2 DR) /2 = 0.108 m (Effective Radius) Total Head: H = 10.33 * P m of water Discharge: Q = A x V m3/sec where Turbine Output = Turbine Output = Turbine Input = H.P H.P Watt

m/sec

Turbine Input = Watt turbine = Output /Input * 100 % For Discharge Q1:

S.no. 1 2 3 4

RPM 3360 3050 2720 2400

Head (m) 15.50 14.98 14.98 14.98

Discharge (m3/sec)*10-3 17.47 17.47 18.42 18.42

Output (kW) 0.26 0.60 0.89 0.88

Input (kW) 2.69 2.60 2.74 2.69

Efficiency (%) 9.82 23.06 32.32 32.62

For Discharge Q2: S.no. 1 2 3 4 RPM 3225 3100 2800 2715 Head (m) 13.43 12.91 12.40 12.40 Discharge (m3/sec) 15.41 15.41 15.41 15.41 Output (Watt) 0.20 0.33 0.43 0.53 Input (Watt) 2.06 1.98 1.90 1.90 Efficiency (%) 9.69 16.73 22.37 28.12

Graph: Efficiency vs (w1-w2)


35 30 Efficiency (%) 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 flow rate Q1 flow rate Q2

weight difference (W1-W2) kg

Conclusion: 1. Efficiency increases as discharge increases. 2. For high discharge RPM was higher but the efficiency was also lower. 3. At high RPM the efficiency achieved is less than lower rpm hence it is not the optimum. Sources of Error and Precautions: 1. Make sure rope is loose initially. 2. Check the load measuring device it should be set to zero at initial position. 3. Tachometer should be stable during measuring RPM. 4. Do not change nozzle discharge during the experiment. 5. Keep the weight measuring apparatus (Rope) wet otherwise friction will cause error. 6. Pipes should tight rigidly.

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