MOTHER TONGUE VS.

SECOND LANGUAGE: IMPACT ⎯ Losing the mother tongue means losing a part
ON COMMUNICATIONAND IDENTITY of one's identity and being disconnected from
their roots.
I. LANGUAGE
⎯ Mother tongue plays a crucial role in cognitive
⎯ Language is a fundamental aspect of human
development.
communication and identity.
B. Second Language
⎯ It shapes the way we express our thoughts,
⎯ second languages can facilitate
emotions, and cultural nuances.
communication in diverse societies.
II. MOTHER TONGUE
⎯ break down linguistic barriers between people
⎯ “Native language or first language,” refers to the
from different cultural backgrounds.
language that a person learns naturally from their
⎯ promote intercultural understanding.
parents and family members during early
VII. CHALLENGES IN LANGUAGE SHIFT
childhood.
1. Communication challenges
⎯ Acquired organically, often before formal
2. Psychological impact
education begins, and plays a vital role in shaping
3. Educational barriers
an individual's thought processes and emotional
4. Cultural and identity loss
expressions.
5. Economic disadvantage
⎯ In many cultures, mothers historically played a
VIII. IMPACT OF MOTHER TONGUE AND SECOND
central role in a child's early education and
LANGUAGE IN COMMUNICATION AND IDENTITY
language acquisition.
⎯ There is a necessity for learning a second language
III. SECOND LANGUAGE
that can offer economic and social advantages.
⎯ A language that is learned in addition to a person's
⎯ It can also contribute to the gradual erosion of the
mother tongue, or first language and often picked
use and transmission of the mother tongue in a
up at your own pace.
community.
IV. LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION
⎯ Proficiency in a mother tongue often leads to “What is a country without a Mother Tongue?” – Jack
better communication skills. Edwards
HOW?
1. Cultural and Emotional Connection
2. Vocabulary and Expressiveness
3. Confidence and Fluency
4. Cultural Understanding
5. Facilitating Complex Topics
6. Connection with Community
7. Preserving Heritage
V. IMPACT ON IDENTITY
⎯ Mother Tongue is closely tied to cultural identity.
HOW?
1. Language as a reflection of culture
2. preservation of traditions
3. cultural nuances and idioms
4. Cultural Identity and self-expression
5. sense of belonging
6. cultural identity in multilingual societies
7. cultural resistance and resilience
8. identity in diaspora
VI. CULTURAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT
⎯ open opportunities for cross-cultural exchanges,
economic collaboration, and global diplomacy,
contributing to a more interconnected world.
⎯ enhance social cohesion, foster cooperation, and
promote a sense of unity among people with
varied linguistic backgrounds.
A. Mother Tongue
⎯ Mother tongue is part of a person's identity
and culture.
⎯ It reflects their background, history, and
heritage.
⎯ Mother tongue connects individuals to their
cultural roots.
 LANGUAGE ACQUISITION IN INFANTS 2. Longitudinal
3. Case Studies
I. LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
VI. METHODS TO MEASURE CHILD’S LANGUAGE
⎯ Language acquisition refers to the process by DEVELOPMENT
which humans acquire the capacity to perceive 1. Observations
and comprehend language. As well as to produce 2. Comprehension
and use words and sentences to communicate. 3. Act-out
⎯ Can be natural (native) 4. Preferential looking
⎯ Can be acquire or nurture. 5. Neuroimaging
How do infants acquire their first language? VII. STUDIES ON CHILD LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
1. Interaction A. Genie Case Study
2. Listening B. Swingley’s
3. Imitation
4. Repetition
II. STAGES OF LANGUAGE ACQUISITION IN INFANTS
A. Prelinguistic Stage
⎯ This stage begins at birth and involves non-verbal
communication through crying, cooing, and
gestures.
B. Babbling Stage
⎯ Around 6 months, infants start to produce
repetitive syllables and sounds.
C. Holophrastic Stage
⎯ At around 12 months, infants begin to use single
words to convey entire ideas.
D. Telegraphic Stage
⎯ By age 2, they start to combine words to form
simple phrases.
III. FACTORS AFFECTING LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
1. Cognitive
2. Affective
3. Personal
4. Environmental
5. Cultural
IV. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS
TYPICALLY FOLLOWS A SERIES OF MILESTONES
1. Crying: Infants communicate their basic needs
through crying from birth.
2. Cooing: Around 2-4 months, babies start
making cooing sounds, like "ooh" and "aah,"
expressing pleasure.
3. Babbling: Between 6-9 months, babbling
begins with repeated consonant-vowel
combinations like "ba-ba" or "da-da."
4. Gestures: Babies often use gestures, such as
waving bye-bye, pointing, or reaching for
objects, to communicate their intentions.
5. First Words: At around 12 months, many
infants say their first recognizable words, like
"mama" or "dada."
6. Vocabulary Growth: Between 18-24 months,
vocabulary rapidly expands, and toddlers can
learn new words quickly.
7. Combining Words: Around 2 years old,
children start combining words to form simple
phrases and sentences.
8. Complex Sentences: By age 3-4, children can
form more complex sentences and have more
advanced language skills.
V. METHODOLOGIES IN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
1. Cross-sectional
 LANGUAGE LEARNING TECHNIQUES GAMES & Play word games, crossword puzzles,
PUZZLES or mobile apps designed for
⎯ Language learning techniques are strategies and language learning.
methods used to acquire proficiency in a new DIVERSE Explore various content types,
language. CONTENT including news articles, blogs, and
⎯ Effective language learning often involves a YouTube videos, to expose yourself
combination of these techniques to develop well- to different accents and contexts.
rounded language skills. FLASHCARDS Create digital or physical flashcards
⎯ Rigney (1978), and Rubin (1987), define language to memorize new words and
learning strategies as behaviours, steps, or phrases.
techniques that language learners apply to SOCIAL MEDIA Follow accounts or groups that share
facilitate language learning. content in the target language to stay
engaged and learn informally.
I. FORMAL LANGUAGE LEARNING TECHNIQUES
PODCASTS & Listen to podcasts and audiobooks in
⎯ refer to structured, systematic methods of AUDIOBOOKS the language during your daily
learning a language. commute or while doing chores.
GRAMMAR Learning the rules of a language's
RULES grammar, including syntax, III. LANGUAGE LEARNING METHODS
morphology, and semantics.
A. Direct Method
VOCABULARY Systematic expansion of your
⎯ In the direct method, all teaching occurs in the
BUILDING vocabulary through word lists,
flashcards, or language apps. target language.
READING & Practicing reading and writing in the ⎯ This method improves understanding, fluency,
WRITING language to improve comprehension reading, and listening skills.
and composition skills ⎯ The goal for learners is to develop connections
LISTENING & Engaging in conversations, listening to between experience and language.
SPEAKING native speakers, and practicing B. Audio-Lingual
pronunciation. ⎯ The audio-lingual approach encourages
LANGUAGE Enrolling in formal language classes or learners to develop habits that support
CLASSES courses with experienced instructors. language learning.
⎯ Students learn primarily through pattern drills
LANGUAGE Using language learning software or
SOFTWARE apps that provide interactive lessons and particularly dialogues, which help
and exercises. students practice and memorize the language.
LANGUAGE Utilizing textbooks and workbooks 1. Repetition
BOOKS designed for language learners. 2. Inflection
3. Replacement
LANGUAGE Preparing for language proficiency
4. Restatement
EXAMS exams like TOEFL, IELTS, or DELE.
LANGUAGE Participating in language exchange C. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
EXCHANGE programs to converse with native ⎯ stresses interaction and communication to
speakers. teach a second language effectively. Students
IMMERSION Immerse yourself in the language by participate in everyday situations they are
living in a place where it's spoken, if likely to encounter in the target language.
possible. D. Task-Based Language Teaching (TBL)
II. INFORMAL LANGUAGE LEARNING TECHNIQES ⎯ With this method, students complete real-
⎯ refers to a more casual and spontaneous. world tasks using their target language.
⎯ This technique encourages fluency by boosting
IMMERSE Surround yourself with the language
the learner’s confidence with each task
YOURSELF as much as possible, like watching
accomplished and reducing direct mistake
TV shows, movies, or listening to
music in the target language correction.
CONVERSATION Engage in casual conversations with 1. Information gap task
PRACTICE native speakers or fellow learners, 2. Reasoning gap task
even if it's just online. 3. Opinion gap task
LANGUAGE Find language exchange partners to IV. IMPORTANCE
EXCHANGE practice speaking and get real-time
PARTNERS feedback. MOTIVATION Effective techniques can keep you
READ FOR Read books, magazines, or websites motivated and engaged in the
PLEASURE in the language on topics you enjoy. learning process.
Reading extensively helps with COMMUNICATION Ultimately, language learning is
vocabulary and comprehension. about being able to communicate
KEEP A Write a diary or journal in the in the target language.
LANGUAGE language to improve your writing ADAPTABILITY Different people have different
JOURNAL skills and reflect on your learning learning styles and preferences.
journey
 COMPREHENSION Language learning techniques help LINGUISTIC Certain innovations in language
improve your comprehension of INNOVATIONS such as from borrowing words
the language. and phrases, grammatical
CONFIDENCE When you know you're using modifications, and the use of
effective techniques, your pidgin or creole languages can
confidence in your language occur for there to be
abilities grows. understanding and collaboration
among individuals with different
languages.
LANGUAGE CONTACT IN MULTILINGUAL SOCIETIES ECONOMIC Attract multiple investments and
OPPORTUNITY offer opportunities. This is
I. MULTILINGUALISM mainly because languages can
⎯ Multilingualism refers to the to the presence of help build trade relations
several languages in each space, particularly in industries .
independently of those who use them: for COGNITIVE Learning different languages can
example, the fact that two languages are IMPROVEMENT lead to the enhancement of
present in the same geographical area does not performance, concentration, and
indicate whether inhabitants know both communication skills.
languages or only one.
⎯ Often be seen to refer more to societies and V. NEGATIVE EFFECT OF MULTILINGUAL SOCIETY
states rather than individuals. IN LANGUAGE CONTACT
II. LANGUAGE CONTACT
⎯ Language contact in multilingual society BRAIN CONFUSION AND Switching between
where groups, or individuals, are using FREQUENT MIX-UPS languages make a
different languages, as a result their use of person confused and
language is modified. mix up the words
FEELING Growing up in a
⎯ English, for example, has borrowed a great
DISCONNECTED FROM multilingual household
deal of vocabulary from French, Latin, Greek,
YOUR MOTHER could very easily make
and many other languages in the course of its TONGUE you feel disconnected
history without speakers of the different from your roots and
languages having actual contact; book learning make you feel like you
by teachers causes them to pass on the new don't fit in anywhere.
vocabulary to other speakers via literature, STRUGGLE TO GET Some people see the
religious texts, dictionaries, etc But many ALONG WITH effort to speak multiple
other contact situations have led to language MONOLINGUAL languages as a desire to
transfer of various types, often so extensive SOCIETIES create open borders in
that new contact languages are created. their country.
III. MULTICULTURAL SOCIETIES
⎯ Multicultural societies are characterized by VI. HOW LANGUAGES AFFECT EACH OTHER
people of different races, ethnicities, and ⎯ The simplest kind of influence that one
nationalities living together in the same language may exert on another is the
community. "borrowing" of words. When there is cultural
⎯ people retain, pass down, celebrate, and share borrowing there is always the likelihood that
their unique cultural ways of life, languages, the associated words may be borrowed too.
art, traditions, and behaviours.
⎯ If people from a more dominant language
community move into the same location as the
members of a less dominant culture, there will
be interaction in a wider variety of social
situations. In such a case, people from both
languages may begin adopting phrases and
vocabulary from the other language.
⎯ Language contact in multilingual societies is
centered on the interaction of people within a
community that has a variety of languages
spoken
IV. POSITIVE EFFECT OF MULTILINGUAL SOCIETY IN
LANGUAGE CONTACT

CULTURAL Their understanding of the

ENRICHMENT diverse cultural practices as well
as traditions that other people
broadens.
 BILINGUALISM VS MULTILINGUALISM IV. COGNITIVE ADVANTAGES

Bilingualism Multilingualism Neurological Health

Ability to use 2 Ability to use more than 1. Increase Metalinguistic Delay
languages 2 languages 2. awareness. Alzheimer’s
Bilingual, Trilingual, 3. Maximized/Stretching
Polyglot 4. memory
5. Visual-spatial skills
6. Problem-solving skills
I. CAUSES OF BILINGUALISM 7. Having the ability to multitask
⎯ Having parents of different nationalities who V. CHALLENGES
speak different languages. 1. Language problem
⎯ Moving to a country where the language is 2. Academic learning
something other than a person’s native tongue. 3. Difficulty having conversations
⎯ Requiring to learn a second language for 4. Language Dominance
business purposes. 5. Mixing language
⎯ Having a personal desire to learn a second
language.
II. TYPES OF BILINGUALISM
A. Level of language fluency

ADDITIVE learns the second language while

reinforcing the first one.
SUBTRACTIVE learns a second language without
reinforcing the first one. The child
will lose some knowledge from
their first language.
RECEPTIVE refers to individuals who
understand a second language but
cannot actively use it.
“passive bilingualism”
SUBORDINATE referring to mostly adults learning
second language. They have on
strong language (mother tongue)
and they learn the second
language through their first
language.

B. Learning in the same context

COMPOUND refers to learning two languages in

the same context. Both languages
are used at home or at school
COORDINATE learning each language in a
separate environment.
C. Depending on the time of acquiring the
second language

SIMULTANEOUS when a child is learning two

languages at the same.
SEQUENTIAL when a child learns a second
language after acquiring the first
one. “successive bilingualism”
III. BENEFITS
1. Improved communication skills
2. Heightened linguistic recognition.
3. Increased career opportunities
4. Academic advantages
5. Economic benefits
6. Preservation of heritage
7. Artistic and creative expression
 LANGUAGE CHANGE THROUGH TECHNOLOGY 1. Exposure
2. Flexible learning
⎯ As language grows and continuously adapts, 3. Improves core communication skills
evolving as we come up with better words that V. NEGATIVE EFFECTS
reflect our society or culture. 1. Becomes inarticulate
⎯ With our technology evolves quicker than ever 2. Miscommunication
before, so too does our language. Because, as with 3. Misunderstanding
technology, we strive to optimise language so we 4. Ineffiective communication
can communicate complex ideas, with the
minimal amount of ambiguity in the most
efficient way.
I. HOW DOES IT OCCUR THROUGH TECHNOLOGY
1. Expansion of Vocabulary: Technology
introduces new words and terminology as
new products and software emerge.
2. Abbreviations and Acronyms: Technology
promotes the use of abbreviations and
acronyms to enhance the efficiency of
communication.
3. Slang and Jargon: Tech-related subcultures
and online communities often develop their
distinct language and terminology/slang and
jargon.

II. INTERNET SLANG

SLANG JARGON
a type of language that special words or
consists of words and expressions that are
phrases that are used by a particular
regarded as very profession or group and
informal, and are are difficult for others to
typically restricted to a understand.
particular context or
group of people

III. WHY DOES LANGUAGE CHANGE OCCUR?

MOVEMENT OF Trade and migration and

PEOPLE interaction
SYNCHRONIC Words have multiple meaning
VARIATION in different contexts
ADVANCEMENT Communication Platforms:
OF TECHNOLOGY Text messaging and email,
Social Media
Abbreviation, User-generated
content

IV. POSITIVE EFFECTS

 LANGUAGE PRESERVATION D. COLLABORATION

⎯ involves efforts to maintain and safeguard a PARTNERSHIP Collaborate with linguists,

language, especially when it is at risk of becoming & universities.
extinct or endangered. GOVERNMENT Advocate for government funding
I. IMPORTANCE SUPPORT and recognition of language
1. Cultural Heritage and Identity preservation efforts.
2. Linguistic Diversity
3. Knowledge Preservation E. LANGUAGE REVITALIZATION
4. Communication and Social Cohesion
5. Historical and Scientific Understanding CREATE Publish books, newspapers, and
A. DOCUMENTATION & RESEARCH WRITTEN magazines in the language.
MATERIALS Record and distribute music in
LINGUISTIC Assessing a community's usage of AND the language.
RESEARCH dialects and determining if the ESTABLISH Safe spaces for children to learn
language is gradually diminishing. LANGUAGE the language.
CREATE Produce comprehensive NESTS
DICTIONARIES resources to aid language learners
and researchers
RECORD ORAL Capture riddles, musics, stories, F. POLICY AND LEGISLATION
STORIES legends, and cultural knowledge SUPPORT Advocate for policies that protect
in the endangered Language LEGAL the rights of language speakers
PROTECTION ⎯ Educate yourself and others
B. LANGUAGE EDUCATION ⎯ Join Organizations
⎯ Adhere Laws
LAMGUAGE Develop immersive learning OFFICE Seek official recognition of the
IMMERSION environments where students use RECOGNITION language at the local, regional, or
PROGRAM the language in daily activities. national level.
SCHOOL Include the language in formal ⎯ Choose qualified
CURRICULUM education systems. representative
INTEGRATION ⎯ Approach suitable
government group
C. COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
WHY IS IT NOT FULLY EFFECTIVE?
CULTURAL Organizing cultural events and
EVENTS festivals that celebrate the language 1. Double-edged sword (Indian Act of 1876)
and its heritage. 2. Treated as a “Stand alone” solution
ORAL Promoting the use of language 3. Restrictive system
TRADITION through storytelling, songs, and 4. Lack of representation
traditional oral practices.
HOW TO IMPROVE?
D. TECHNOLOGY & MEDIA ⎯ Create a community wherein those who speak
the native language = those who want to
DIGITAL Technology enables
preserve them via ORGANIC
DOCUMENTATION communities to digitally
REPRESENTATION and GOVERMENT/LEGAL
document their language,
creating digital repositories of VISIBILITY
vocabulary, grammar, and ⎯ Ex. Revival of Maori language in New Zealand
pronunciation.
LANGUAGE With the advancement of
LEARNING APPS mobile technology, language-
learning apps have become
widely available.
SOCIAL MEDIA & Social media platforms and
ONLINE online communities provide
PLATFORMS spaces for language
enthusiasts and native
speakers to connect, share
resources, and engage in
conversations.
RADIO & TV Radio and TV broadcasts
BROADCAST expose people to a wide range
of languages
ROLE OF CULTURE IN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION other cultures, which can affect
their willingness to learn and use
LANGUAGE CULTURE that culture's language.
Language is intrinsic to A "historically
the expression of transmitted system of
culture. As a means of symbols, meanings, and
communicating values, norms." Knowing a NURTURE NATURE
beliefs, and customs, it language automatically Though we mostly learn Many linguists now say
has an important social enables someone to the language that we use that a newborn's brain is
function and fosters identify with others who most of the time through already programmed to
feelings of group speak the same other people and other learn language, and in
identity and solidarity. language. external factors. fact that when a baby is
You can relate to their culture since you are a Filipino, born he or she already
and therefore, you can also communicate in their instinctively knows a lot
language, which is Tagalog. about language.

LANGUAGE Once you speak a certain

language CONCLUSION:
CULTURE You are either a part of the
culture that speaks that ⎯ Our environment highly impacts our ability to
language or at least acquire the language that is used in the culture
knowledgeable about it; of that specific environment.
UNDERSTANDING Which grants you and the other ⎯ The use of formal and informal language
person better understanding forms, politeness markers, and gestures can all
and identify with someone vary greatly across cultures, which helps with
who speaks the same language how we should use certain languages in a
as you! certain culture.
⎯ Cultural stereotypes and biases can influence
LANGUAGE Occurs within a cultural and language acquisition and communication.
SOCIALIZATION social context.
LANGUAGE In which language is learned can
LEARNING influence the way individuals
ENVIRONMENT learn and use language.
CULTURAL Language is closely tied to one's
IDENTITY cultural identity.
SOCIAL It dictates appropriate language
ETIQUETTE & use in various social contexts,
NORMS which newcomers to a culture
need to learn.

CULTURAL Learning a new language within a

CHALLENGES culture can present challenges,
including culture shock, the fear of
making cultural mistakes, or
encountering cultural barriers
that affect language learning.

CULTURAL Language learners must develop

SENSITIVITY cultural sensitivity and respect.
& RESPECT
LANGUAGE Languages are not static; they
EVOLUTION evolve over time due to cultural
changes and influences.
STEREOTYPES People may hold preconceived
& BIASES notions about individuals from